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650s | A Wisdom Archive on 650s | | 650s A selection of articles related to 650s | |
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650s, 650s
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ARTICLES RELATED TO 650s | |
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| | |  650s: Encyclopedia II - Penda of Mercia - Descent beginning of reign and battle with the West SaxonsPenda was a son of Pybba and said to be a descendant of Icel, with a lineage purportedly extending back to Woden. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle gives his descent as follows:
Penda was Pybba's offspring, Pybba was Cryda's offspring, Cryda Cynewald's offspring, Cynewald Cnebba's offspring, Cnebba Icel's offspring, Icel Eomer's offspring, Eomer Angeltheow's offspring, Angeltheow Offa's offspring, Offa Wermund's offspring, Wermund Wihtlaeg's offspring ...
See also:Penda of Mercia, Penda of Mercia - Descent beginning of reign and battle with the West Saxons, Penda of Mercia - Alliance with Cadwallon and the Battle of Hatfield Chase, Penda of Mercia - During the reign of Oswald, Penda of Mercia - Maserfield, Penda of Mercia - Campaigns between Maserfield and the Winwaed, Penda of Mercia - Relations with Bernicia; Christianity and Middle Anglia, Penda of Mercia - Final campaign and the battle of the Winwaed, Penda of Mercia - Aftermath and historical appraisal, Penda of Mercia - Notes Read more here: » Penda of Mercia: Encyclopedia II - Penda of Mercia - Descent beginning of reign and battle with the West Saxons |
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| | | | 650s: Encyclopedia II - Northumbria - History Northumbria was originally composed of the union of two independent kingdoms, Bernicia and Deira. Bernicia covered lands north of the Tees, whilst Deira corresponded roughly to modern-day Yorkshire. Bernicia and Deira were first united by Aethelfrith, a king of Bernicia who conquered Deira around the year 604. He was defeated and killed around the year 616 in battle at the River Idle by Raedwald of East Anglia, who installed Edwin, the son of ...
See also:Northumbria, Northumbria - History, Northumbria - King Oswald, Northumbria - Religious Union and the Loss of Mercia, Northumbria - The kingdom's rise and fall, Northumbria - Norman invasion and partition of the earldom, Northumbria - Middle Ages, Northumbria - Flag, Northumbria - Language Read more here: » Northumbria: Encyclopedia II - Northumbria - History |
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| | | | 650s: Encyclopedia II - List of Khazar rulers - Khazar Khagans Ashina dynasty The Khagans were the supreme chiefs of the people, holding a position of much influence and spiritual authority, but not much actual day-to-day command.
List of Khazar rulers - 618 — 650.
For the period between the 650s and the 680s, one will sometimes see references to a Khalga, fl. mid 660s, and a Kaban, fl. late 660s. Researchers should be aware that these names derive from a single document, the Djagfar tarikhy, and that a great many scholars have severely attacke ...
See also:List of Khazar rulers, List of Khazar rulers - Early Khazar rulers, List of Khazar rulers - Khazar Khagans Ashina dynasty, List of Khazar rulers - 618 — 650, List of Khazar rulers - 690 — 715, List of Khazar rulers - 720 — 732, List of Khazar rulers - 730s — 840s, List of Khazar rulers - 861 -, List of Khazar rulers - Khazar Beks, List of Khazar rulers - Bulanid dynasty, List of Khazar rulers - Late Khazar Rulers Read more here: » List of Khazar rulers: Encyclopedia II - List of Khazar rulers - Khazar Khagans Ashina dynasty |
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| | | | 650s: Encyclopedia II - Penda of Mercia - Relations with Bernicia; Christianity and Middle Anglia Despite these apparent instances of warfare, relations between Penda and Oswiu were probably not entirely hostile during this period, since Penda's daughter Cyneburh married Alhfrith, Oswiu's son, and Penda's son Peada married Alhflaed, Oswiu's daughter. According to Bede, who dates the events to 653, the latter marriage was made contingent upon the baptism and conversion to Christianity of Peada; Peada accepted this, and the preaching of Christianity began among the Middle Angles, whom he ruled. Bede wrote that Penda tolerated the preaching ...
See also:Penda of Mercia, Penda of Mercia - Descent beginning of reign and battle with the West Saxons, Penda of Mercia - Alliance with Cadwallon and the Battle of Hatfield Chase, Penda of Mercia - During the reign of Oswald, Penda of Mercia - Maserfield, Penda of Mercia - Campaigns between Maserfield and the Winwaed, Penda of Mercia - Relations with Bernicia; Christianity and Middle Anglia, Penda of Mercia - Final campaign and the battle of the Winwaed, Penda of Mercia - Aftermath and historical appraisal, Penda of Mercia - Notes Read more here: » Penda of Mercia: Encyclopedia II - Penda of Mercia - Relations with Bernicia; Christianity and Middle Anglia |
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| | | | 650s: Encyclopedia II - Penda of Mercia - Final campaign and the battle of the Winwaed In 655,1 Penda invaded Bernicia with a large army, reported to have been thirty legions strong, with thirty royal or noble commanders (duces regii, as Bede called them), including rulers such as Cadfael ap Cynfeddw of Gwynedd and Aethelhere of East Anglia. Penda also enjoyed the support of Aethelwald, the king of Deira and the successor of Oswine, who had been murdered on Oswiu's orders in 651; Bede says Aethelwald acted as Penda's guide during his invasion.
The cause of ...
See also:Penda of Mercia, Penda of Mercia - Descent beginning of reign and battle with the West Saxons, Penda of Mercia - Alliance with Cadwallon and the Battle of Hatfield Chase, Penda of Mercia - During the reign of Oswald, Penda of Mercia - Maserfield, Penda of Mercia - Campaigns between Maserfield and the Winwaed, Penda of Mercia - Relations with Bernicia; Christianity and Middle Anglia, Penda of Mercia - Final campaign and the battle of the Winwaed, Penda of Mercia - Aftermath and historical appraisal, Penda of Mercia - Notes Read more here: » Penda of Mercia: Encyclopedia II - Penda of Mercia - Final campaign and the battle of the Winwaed |
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| | | | 650s: Encyclopedia II - Penda of Mercia - Campaigns between Maserfield and the Winwaed Defeat at Maserfield must have weakened Northumbrian influence over the West Saxons, and the new West Saxon king Cenwealh—who was still pagan at this time—was married to Penda's sister. It may be surmised that this meant he was to some extent within what Kirby called a "Mercian orbit".36 However, when Cenwealh (according to Bede) "repudiated" Penda's sister in favor of another wife, Penda drove Cenwealh into exile in East Anglia in 645, where he remained for three years before reg ...
See also:Penda of Mercia, Penda of Mercia - Descent beginning of reign and battle with the West Saxons, Penda of Mercia - Alliance with Cadwallon and the Battle of Hatfield Chase, Penda of Mercia - During the reign of Oswald, Penda of Mercia - Maserfield, Penda of Mercia - Campaigns between Maserfield and the Winwaed, Penda of Mercia - Relations with Bernicia; Christianity and Middle Anglia, Penda of Mercia - Final campaign and the battle of the Winwaed, Penda of Mercia - Aftermath and historical appraisal, Penda of Mercia - Notes Read more here: » Penda of Mercia: Encyclopedia II - Penda of Mercia - Campaigns between Maserfield and the Winwaed |
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| | | | 650s: Encyclopedia II - Penda of Mercia - Aftermath and historical appraisal With the defeat at the Winwaed, Oswiu came to briefly dominate Mercia, permitting Penda's son Peada to rule its southern portion. Two of Penda's other sons, Wulfhere and Aethelred, later ruled Mercia in succession after the overthrow of Northumbrian control in the late 650s. The period of rule by Penda's descendants came to an end with his grandson Ceolred's death in 716, after which power passe ...
See also:Penda of Mercia, Penda of Mercia - Descent beginning of reign and battle with the West Saxons, Penda of Mercia - Alliance with Cadwallon and the Battle of Hatfield Chase, Penda of Mercia - During the reign of Oswald, Penda of Mercia - Maserfield, Penda of Mercia - Campaigns between Maserfield and the Winwaed, Penda of Mercia - Relations with Bernicia; Christianity and Middle Anglia, Penda of Mercia - Final campaign and the battle of the Winwaed, Penda of Mercia - Aftermath and historical appraisal, Penda of Mercia - Notes Read more here: » Penda of Mercia: Encyclopedia II - Penda of Mercia - Aftermath and historical appraisal |
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| | | | 650s: Encyclopedia II - Penda of Mercia - During the reign of Oswald Oswald of Bernicia became king of Northumbria after his victory over Cadwallon at Heavenfield.10 Penda's status and activities during the years of Oswald's reign are obscure. It has been presumed that Penda acknowledged Oswald's authority in some sense after Heavenfield,23 although Penda was probably an obstacle to Northumbrian supremacy south of the Humber.24 Kirby says ...
See also:Penda of Mercia, Penda of Mercia - Descent beginning of reign and battle with the West Saxons, Penda of Mercia - Alliance with Cadwallon and the Battle of Hatfield Chase, Penda of Mercia - During the reign of Oswald, Penda of Mercia - Maserfield, Penda of Mercia - Campaigns between Maserfield and the Winwaed, Penda of Mercia - Relations with Bernicia; Christianity and Middle Anglia, Penda of Mercia - Final campaign and the battle of the Winwaed, Penda of Mercia - Aftermath and historical appraisal, Penda of Mercia - Notes Read more here: » Penda of Mercia: Encyclopedia II - Penda of Mercia - During the reign of Oswald |
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| | | | 650s: Encyclopedia II - Northumbria - Language Apart from standard English, Northumbria has a series of closely related but distinctive dialects, descended from the early Germanic languages of the Angles and Vikings, and of the Celtic Romano-British tribes. Early Northumbrian is regarded as the forerunner of the Scots Language, which was called Ynglis as late as the early 16th century. (Until the end of the 15th century the name Scots (or Scottis) referred to Scottish Gaelic). There are many similarities between modern Scots (Yn ...
See also:Northumbria, Northumbria - History, Northumbria - King Oswald, Northumbria - Religious Union and the Loss of Mercia, Northumbria - The kingdom's rise and fall, Northumbria - Norman invasion and partition of the earldom, Northumbria - Middle Ages, Northumbria - Flag, Northumbria - Language Read more here: » Northumbria: Encyclopedia II - Northumbria - Language |
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| | | | 650s: Encyclopedia II - Penda of Mercia - Alliance with Cadwallon and the Battle of Hatfield Chase At some point in the late 620s or early 630s, Cadwallon ap Cadfan, the British (Welsh) king of Gwynedd, became involved in a war with Edwin of Northumbria, the most powerful king in Britain at the time. Cadwallon apparently was initially unsuccessful, but he joined with Penda to defeat the Northumbrians in October 6332 at the Battle of Hatfield Chase. Penda was probably not yet king of the Mercians at this time, but he is thought to have become king soon afterwards, based on Bede's cha ...
See also:Penda of Mercia, Penda of Mercia - Descent beginning of reign and battle with the West Saxons, Penda of Mercia - Alliance with Cadwallon and the Battle of Hatfield Chase, Penda of Mercia - During the reign of Oswald, Penda of Mercia - Maserfield, Penda of Mercia - Campaigns between Maserfield and the Winwaed, Penda of Mercia - Relations with Bernicia; Christianity and Middle Anglia, Penda of Mercia - Final campaign and the battle of the Winwaed, Penda of Mercia - Aftermath and historical appraisal, Penda of Mercia - Notes Read more here: » Penda of Mercia: Encyclopedia II - Penda of Mercia - Alliance with Cadwallon and the Battle of Hatfield Chase |
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| | | | 650s: Encyclopedia II - List of Khazar rulers - Khazar Beks The Beks were warlords, military commanders who exercised considerable day-to-day authority, and were sometimes regarded by outsiders as the supreme lords of the Khazar nation. It is not entirely clear that the individuals listed before 737 AD were or were not Bulanids, or were Beks. They may have been simply warlords. Nevertheless, their activity parallels that of later Beks, and so are included.
Hazer's army was annihilated at Itil in 737 AD and the Caliphate imposed Islam upon the Khazars. Nevertheless, the Caliphs could not adequa ...
See also:List of Khazar rulers, List of Khazar rulers - Early Khazar rulers, List of Khazar rulers - Khazar Khagans Ashina dynasty, List of Khazar rulers - 618 — 650, List of Khazar rulers - 690 — 715, List of Khazar rulers - 720 — 732, List of Khazar rulers - 730s — 840s, List of Khazar rulers - 861 -, List of Khazar rulers - Khazar Beks, List of Khazar rulers - Bulanid dynasty, List of Khazar rulers - Late Khazar Rulers Read more here: » List of Khazar rulers: Encyclopedia II - List of Khazar rulers - Khazar Beks |
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| | | | 650s: Encyclopedia II - Penda of Mercia - Maserfield On August 5, 642 31, Penda defeated the Northumbrians at the Battle of Maserfield, which was fought near the lands of the Welsh, and Oswald was killed. Surviving Welsh poetry suggests that Penda fought in alliance with the men of Powys—apparently he was consistently allied with some of the Welsh—perhaps including Cynddylan ap Cyndrwyn, of whom it was said that "when the son of Pyb desired, how ready he was", presumably meaning that he was an ally of Penda, the son of Pybba.See also:Penda of Mercia, Penda of Mercia - Descent beginning of reign and battle with the West Saxons, Penda of Mercia - Alliance with Cadwallon and the Battle of Hatfield Chase, Penda of Mercia - During the reign of Oswald, Penda of Mercia - Maserfield, Penda of Mercia - Campaigns between Maserfield and the Winwaed, Penda of Mercia - Relations with Bernicia; Christianity and Middle Anglia, Penda of Mercia - Final campaign and the battle of the Winwaed, Penda of Mercia - Aftermath and historical appraisal, Penda of Mercia - Notes Read more here: » Penda of Mercia: Encyclopedia II - Penda of Mercia - Maserfield |
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