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Located on the edge of the Yungui Plateau, Chongqing is intersected by the Jialing River and the upper reaches of the Yangtze. It contains Daba Shan in the north, Wu Shan in the east, Wuling Shan in the southeast, and Dalou Mountain to the south. The city is very hilly and is the only major metropolitan area in China without significant numbers of bicycles. ...

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Chongqing, Chongqing - History, Chongqing - Subdivisions, Chongqing - Geography, Chongqing - Economy, Chongqing - Climate, Chongqing - Astronomical phenomena, Chongqing - Landmarks, Chongqing - City tree, Chongqing - Colleges and Universities, Chongqing - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Chongqing: Encyclopedia II - Chongqing - Geography

The municipality is divided in to 40 county-level subdivisions (3 were abolished since 1997): 15 districts, 4 county-level cities, and 21 counties. The origin column indicates which city the entity belonged to prior to the 1997 conglomeration of Chongqing with Fuling, Wanxian (now Wanzhou), and Qianjiang. ...

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Chongqing, Chongqing - History, Chongqing - Subdivisions, Chongqing - Geography, Chongqing - Economy, Chongqing - Climate, Chongqing - Astronomical phenomena, Chongqing - Landmarks, Chongqing - City tree, Chongqing - Colleges and Universities, Chongqing - Miscellaneous

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When Muhammad first declared his message of Islam, `Umar resolved to defend the traditional religion of the Quraish (regarded by Muslims as idolatry). `Umar was most adamant in opposing Muhammad and very prominent in persecuting the Muslims. According to an early story, recounted in Ibn Ishaq's Sīrah, `Umar is said to have resolved to assassinate Muhammad. A Muslim he met on the way told him to set his own house in or ...

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Umar, Umar - His early life, Umar - His conversion to Islam, Umar - `Umar in Medina, Umar - The death of Muhammad, Umar - `Umar's caliphate, Umar - Death, Umar - The Sunni view of `Umar, Umar - The Shi'a view of `Umar, Umar - Non-Muslim view of Umar, Umar - Farūqī

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Jiangsu has an extensive irrigation system supporting its agriculture, which is based primarily on rice and wheat, followed by maize and sorghum. Main cash crops include cotton, soybeans, peanuts, rape, sesame, ambary hemp, and tea. Other products include peppermint, spearmint, bamboo, medicinal herbs, apples, pears, peaches, loquats, ginkgo. Silkworms also form an important part of Jiangsu's agriculture, with the Lake Taihu region to the south a major base of silk production in China. Jiangsu is also an important producer of freshwat ...

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Jiangsu, Jiangsu - History, Jiangsu - Geography, Jiangsu - Administrative divisions, Jiangsu - Economy, Jiangsu - Demographics, Jiangsu - Culture, Jiangsu - Famous people, Jiangsu - Tourism, Jiangsu - Miscellaneous topics, Jiangsu - Sports, Jiangsu - Colleges and Universities

Read more here: » Jiangsu: Encyclopedia II - Jiangsu - Economy

Jiangsu is divided into 13 prefecture-level divisions, all of them prefecture-level cities: Nanjing (Simplified Chinese: 南京市, Hanyu Pinyin: Nánjīng Shì) Xuzhou (徐州市 Xúzhōu Shì) Lianyungang (连云港市 Liányúngǎng Shì) Suqian (宿迁市 Sùqiān Shì) Huai'an (淮安市 Huái'ān Shì) Yancheng (盐城市 Yánchéng Shì) Yangzhou (扬州市 Yángzhōu Shì) Taizhou (泰州市 Tàizhōu Shì) Nantong (南通市 Nántōng Shì)

Jiangsu is very flat and low-lying, with plains covering 68 percent of its total area (water covers another 18 percent), and most of the province not more than 50 m above sea level. Jiangsu is also laced with a well-developed irrigation system, which earned it (especially the southern half) the moniker of 水乡 (shuǐxiāng "land of water"); the southern city of Suzhou is so crisscrossed with canals that it has been dubbed "Venice of the East". The Grand Canal of China cuts through Jiangsu from north to south, traversing all the east-west r ...

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Jiangsu, Jiangsu - History, Jiangsu - Geography, Jiangsu - Administrative divisions, Jiangsu - Economy, Jiangsu - Demographics, Jiangsu - Culture, Jiangsu - Famous people, Jiangsu - Tourism, Jiangsu - Miscellaneous topics, Jiangsu - Sports, Jiangsu - Colleges and Universities

Read more here: » Jiangsu: Encyclopedia II - Jiangsu - Geography

The majority of Jiangsu residents are ethnic Han Chinese. Other minorities include the Hui and the Manchus. Demographic indicators in 2000: Population: 74.058 million (urban: 34.637 million; rural: 39.421 million) (2003) Birth rate: 9.04 per 1000 (2003) Death rate: 7.03 per 1000 (2003) Sex ratio: 102.55 males per 100 females Average family size: 3.25 Han Chinese proport ...

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Jiangsu, Jiangsu - History, Jiangsu - Geography, Jiangsu - Administrative divisions, Jiangsu - Economy, Jiangsu - Demographics, Jiangsu - Culture, Jiangsu - Famous people, Jiangsu - Tourism, Jiangsu - Miscellaneous topics, Jiangsu - Sports, Jiangsu - Colleges and Universities

Read more here: » Jiangsu: Encyclopedia II - Jiangsu - Demographics

There are wide disparities in culture in Jiangsu. North Jiangsu is closer to Shandong and Henan provinces in culture while south Jiangsu is more similar to Zhejiang and Shanghai. Two main subdivisions of the Chinese language, Mandarin and Wu, are spoken in different parts of Jiangsu. Dialects of Mandarin are spoken over most of northern Jiangsu and central Jiangsu, as well as parts of southern Jiangsu, such as in the provincial capital, Nanjing; a more detailed classification would put dialects of northern Jiangsu (such as in Xuzhou) ...

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Jiangsu, Jiangsu - History, Jiangsu - Geography, Jiangsu - Administrative divisions, Jiangsu - Economy, Jiangsu - Demographics, Jiangsu - Culture, Jiangsu - Famous people, Jiangsu - Tourism, Jiangsu - Miscellaneous topics, Jiangsu - Sports, Jiangsu - Colleges and Universities

Read more here: » Jiangsu: Encyclopedia II - Jiangsu - Culture

Transmission is by prolonged face-to-face contact, direct contact with infected body fluids or contaminated objects, and rarely, by a virus in the air of enclosed spaces. Infection in the natural disease will be via the lungs. The incubation period to obvious disease is around 12 days. In the initial growth phase the virus seems to move from cell to cell, but around the 12th day, lysis of many infected cells occurs and the virus will be found in the bloodstream in large numbers. The initial or prodromal symptoms are essentially similar to ot ...

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Smallpox, Smallpox - Infection, Smallpox - History, Smallpox - Eurasia, Smallpox - The Americas, Smallpox - Inoculation, Smallpox - Vaccination, Smallpox - Eradication, Smallpox - Post-eradication

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The climate is semi-tropical, with the two-season monsoonal variations typical of south asia. During World War II the frequent dense fogs were welcomed for their protection from Japanese aircraft bombing attacks. As is true of most of China, severe air pollution is frequently present, largely as a result of the burning of coal without pollution controls, both for industrial processess and for the production of electric power. Chongqing - Astronomical phenomena. The previous total solar eclipse as seen from Chongqing (downtown) was Solar ec ...

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Chongqing, Chongqing - History, Chongqing - Subdivisions, Chongqing - Geography, Chongqing - Economy, Chongqing - Climate, Chongqing - Astronomical phenomena, Chongqing - Landmarks, Chongqing - City tree, Chongqing - Colleges and Universities, Chongqing - Miscellaneous

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Anhui is quite diverse topographically. The north of the province is part of the North China Plain while the north-central areas are part of the Huai He River watershed. Both of these regions are very flat and densely populated. The land becomes more uneven further south, with the Dabie Mountains occupying much of southwestern Anhui and a series of hills and ranges cutting through southeastern Anhui. The Yangtze River finds its way through south Anhui in between these two mountainous regions. The highest peak in Anhui is Lotus Peak, part of the Huangshan Mountains in southeastern A ...

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Anhui, Anhui - History, Anhui - Geography, Anhui - Administrative divisions, Anhui - Economy, Anhui - Demographics, Anhui - Culture, Anhui - Tourism, Anhui - Miscellaneous topics, Anhui - Colleges and universities

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In the fourteenth century the Renaissance began in Europe. Some modern scholars have questioned whether this flowering of art and humanism was a benefit to science, but the era did see an important fusion of Arab and European knowledge. One of the most important developments was the caravel, which combined the Arab lateen sail with European square rigging to create the first vessels that could safely sail the Atlantic Ocean. Along with important developments in navigation, this technology allowed Christopher Columbus in 1492 to penetrate across the Atlantic Ocea ...

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History of the world, History of the world - Hunter-Gatherers, History of the world - Agriculture, History of the world - State, History of the world - City and trade, History of the world - Bronze and Iron Ages, History of the world - The classical empires, History of the world - Age of kingdoms, History of the world - Rise of Europe, History of the world - Age of Discovery, History of the world - Twentieth century

Read more here: » History of the world: Encyclopedia II - History of the world - Age of Discovery

The second half of the second millennium was dominated by the expansion of European power around the world. Why Europe, which had been a peripheral area during its Middle Ages, came to dominate the planet is one of the most important questions of world history. Other parts of the world had become more advanced than Europe. China had developed an advanced monetary economy by 1000 CE. China had a free peasantry who were no longer subsistence farmers, and could sell their produce and actively participate in the market. The agriculture wa ...

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History of the world, History of the world - Hunter-Gatherers, History of the world - Agriculture, History of the world - State, History of the world - City and trade, History of the world - Bronze and Iron Ages, History of the world - The classical empires, History of the world - Age of kingdoms, History of the world - Rise of Europe, History of the world - Age of Discovery, History of the world - Twentieth century

Read more here: » History of the world: Encyclopedia II - History of the world - Rise of Europe

Throughout the temperate zones of Eurasia, America, and North Africa, large empires continued to rise and fall. The gradual breakup of the Roman Empire, which spanned several centuries following the 2nd century CE, coincided with the spread of Christianity westward from the Middle East. The western part of the Roman Empire fell under the domination of various Germanic tribes in the 5th century, and these polities gradually developed into a number of warring Catholic states. The remaining part of the Roman Empire in the eastern Mediter ...

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History of the world, History of the world - Hunter-Gatherers, History of the world - Agriculture, History of the world - State, History of the world - City and trade, History of the world - Bronze and Iron Ages, History of the world - The classical empires, History of the world - Age of kingdoms, History of the world - Rise of Europe, History of the world - Age of Discovery, History of the world - Twentieth century

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By the last centuries BCE the Mediterranean, the Ganges and the Yellow River became the seats of empires which future rulers would strive to imitate. In China the Qin and Han dynasties extended the rule of imperial government through political unity, improved communications and also notably the establishment of state monopolies by Emperor Wu. In India, the influence of the Mauryas spread over much of the north subcontinent and Pandyas at the south of the subcontinent. In the west, the Romans began expanding their territory through conquest a ...

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History of the world, History of the world - Hunter-Gatherers, History of the world - Agriculture, History of the world - State, History of the world - City and trade, History of the world - Bronze and Iron Ages, History of the world - The classical empires, History of the world - Age of kingdoms, History of the world - Rise of Europe, History of the world - Age of Discovery, History of the world - Twentieth century

Read more here: » History of the world: Encyclopedia II - History of the world - The classical empires

Patriarchate of Carthage - Apostolic Vicar of Tunis c. 1650-1884. Jean le Vacher (1650-1683), from 1668 also Apostolic Vicar of Algiers unknown; Suppressed in 1798 and restored in 1843 Mgr. Sutter (1843-1881) Patriarchate of Carthage - Archbishops of Carthage 1884-1964. Charles-Martial Allemand-Lavigerie (1881-1892), archbishop from 1884. Barthélemy Clément Combes (1893-1922) Alexis Lemaître (192 ...

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Patriarchate of Carthage, Patriarchate of Carthage - Bishops and Archbishops of Carthage Tunis, Patriarchate of Carthage - Restored Catholic Bishops and Archbishops of Carthage Tunis, Patriarchate of Carthage - Apostolic Vicar of Tunis c. 1650-1884, Patriarchate of Carthage - Archbishops of Carthage 1884-1964, Patriarchate of Carthage - Prelate of Tunis 1964-1995, Patriarchate of Carthage - Bishops of Tunis 1995-present

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The word homosexual translates literally as "same-sex," being a hybrid of the Greek prefix homo- meaning "same" and the Latin root sex- meaning "sex." The first known appearance of the term homosexual in print is found in an anonymously published 1869 German pamphlet written by the Hungarian Karl-Maria Kertbeny. The term homosexual can be used as a noun or adjective to describe persons as well as their sexual orientation, sexual history, or self-identification. Since homosexual places emphasis ...

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Homosexuality, Homosexuality - Etymology and usage, Homosexuality - Academic study, Homosexuality - Anthropology, Homosexuality - Biology, Homosexuality - Psychology, Homosexuality - Nature versus nurture, Homosexuality - Societal attitudes, Homosexuality - Modern law, Homosexuality - Understudied phenomena, Homosexuality - Political aspects, Homosexuality - Military, Homosexuality - Youth groups, Homosexuality - Religion, Homosexuality - Polemic, Homosexuality - Historical and geographical practices, Homosexuality - Africa, Homosexuality - Americas, Homosexuality - East Asia, Homosexuality - Europe, Homosexuality - Middle East and Central Asia, Homosexuality - South Pacific, Homosexuality - Modern Developments, Homosexuality - Art and literature, Homosexuality - Articles, Homosexuality - Categories

Read more here: » Homosexuality: Encyclopedia II - Homosexuality - Etymology and usage

One of the main ways in which the record of same-sex love has been preserved is through literature and art. Homoerotic sensibilities are at the foundation of art in the west, to the extent that those roots can be traced back to the ancient Greeks. Homer's Iliad is considered to have the love between two men as its central feature, a view held since antiquity. Plato's Symposium also gives readers commentary ...

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Homosexuality, Homosexuality - Etymology and usage, Homosexuality - Academic study, Homosexuality - Anthropology, Homosexuality - Biology, Homosexuality - Psychology, Homosexuality - Nature versus nurture, Homosexuality - Societal attitudes, Homosexuality - Modern law, Homosexuality - Understudied phenomena, Homosexuality - Political aspects, Homosexuality - Military, Homosexuality - Youth groups, Homosexuality - Religion, Homosexuality - Polemic, Homosexuality - Historical and geographical practices, Homosexuality - Africa, Homosexuality - Americas, Homosexuality - East Asia, Homosexuality - Europe, Homosexuality - Middle East and Central Asia, Homosexuality - South Pacific, Homosexuality - Modern Developments, Homosexuality - Art and literature, Homosexuality - Articles, Homosexuality - Categories

Read more here: » Homosexuality: Encyclopedia II - Homosexuality - Art and literature

Societal attitudes towards same-sex relationships, reflected in the attitude of the general population, the state and the church, have varied over the centuries, and from place to place, from expecting and requiring all males to engage in relationships, to casual integration, through acceptance, to seeing the practice as a minor sin, repressing it through law enforcement and judicial mechanisms, to proscribing it under penalty of death. See Violence against gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and the transgendered ...

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Homosexuality, Homosexuality - Etymology and usage, Homosexuality - Academic study, Homosexuality - Anthropology, Homosexuality - Biology, Homosexuality - Psychology, Homosexuality - Nature versus nurture, Homosexuality - Societal attitudes, Homosexuality - Modern law, Homosexuality - Understudied phenomena, Homosexuality - Political aspects, Homosexuality - Military, Homosexuality - Youth groups, Homosexuality - Religion, Homosexuality - Polemic, Homosexuality - Historical and geographical practices, Homosexuality - Africa, Homosexuality - Americas, Homosexuality - East Asia, Homosexuality - Europe, Homosexuality - Middle East and Central Asia, Homosexuality - South Pacific, Homosexuality - Modern Developments, Homosexuality - Art and literature, Homosexuality - Articles, Homosexuality - Categories

Read more here: » Homosexuality: Encyclopedia II - Homosexuality - Societal attitudes

Agricultural settlements had until this time been almost completely dependent on stone tools. In Eurasia, copper and bronze tools, decorations, and weapons began to become commonplace around 3000 BCE. After bronze, the Eastern Mediterranean region, Middle East and China saw the introduction of iron tools and weapons. The Americas may not have had metal tools until the Chavin horizon in 900 BCE. We also know that the Moche had metal armor, knives and tableware. Even the metal-poor Inca had metal-tipped plows, at least after the conquest of Ch ...

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History of the world, History of the world - Hunter-Gatherers, History of the world - Agriculture, History of the world - State, History of the world - City and trade, History of the world - Bronze and Iron Ages, History of the world - The classical empires, History of the world - Age of kingdoms, History of the world - Rise of Europe, History of the world - Age of Discovery, History of the world - Twentieth century

Read more here: » History of the world: Encyclopedia II - History of the world - Bronze and Iron Ages

Agriculture also created, and allowed for the storage of, food surpluses that could support people not directly involved in food production. The development of agriculture permitted the creation of the first cities. These were state centers with nearly no agricultural production of their own. The cities were parasites of a sort, absorbing agricultural products from the surrounding countryside. The development of cities led to what has been called civilization: first Sumerian in lower Mesopotamia (3500 BCE), then Egyptian along the Nil ...

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History of the world, History of the world - Hunter-Gatherers, History of the world - Agriculture, History of the world - State, History of the world - City and trade, History of the world - Bronze and Iron Ages, History of the world - The classical empires, History of the world - Age of kingdoms, History of the world - Rise of Europe, History of the world - Age of Discovery, History of the world - Twentieth century

Read more here: » History of the world: Encyclopedia II - History of the world - City and trade

Anhui spans many geographical and cultural regions. The northern, flatter parts of the province, along the river Huai He and further north, are most akin to neighbouring provinces like Henan and Shandong. In contrast, the southern, hilly parts of the province are more similar in culture and dialect to other southern, hilly provinces, like Zhejiang and Jiangxi. Mandarin dialects are spoken over the northern and central parts of the province. Dialects to the north (e.g. Bengbu dialect) are classified as Zhongyuan Mandarin, together with ...

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Anhui, Anhui - History, Anhui - Geography, Anhui - Administrative divisions, Anhui - Economy, Anhui - Demographics, Anhui - Culture, Anhui - Tourism, Anhui - Miscellaneous topics, Anhui - Colleges and universities

Read more here: » Anhui: Encyclopedia II - Anhui - Culture