5600 BC

The Sea of Azov (Russian: Азовское море, Azovskoye more; Ukrainian: Азовське море, Azovs'ke more) is a northern section of the Black Sea, linked to the larger body through the Kerch Strait. It is bounded on the north by Ukraine, on the east by Russia and on the west by the Crimean peninsula. The Black Sea deluge theory dates the genesis of the Sea of Azov to 5600 BC, and there are traces of Neolithic settlement in the area now covered by it. In antiquity, it was known as the M ...

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• Sea of Azov - External link

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The Black Sea (known as the Euxine Sea in antiquity) is an inland sea between southeastern Europe and Asia Minor. It is connected to the Mediterranean Sea by the Bosporus and the Sea of Marmara, and to the Sea of Azov by the Strait of Kerch. There is a net inflow of seawater through the Bosporus, 200 km³ per year. There is an inflow of freshwater from the surrounding areas, especially central and middle-eastern Europe, totalling 320 km³ per year. The most important ...

Including:

• Black Sea - Name
• Black Sea - Geology
• Black Sea - Ryan-Pitman Deluge Theory
• Black Sea - History
• Black Sea - Holiday resorts and spas

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The Bosporus (Greek: Βόσπορος) is a strait that separates the European part (Rumeli) of Turkey from its Asian part (Anadolu), connecting the Sea of Marmara (Turkish: Marmara Denizi, Greek: Θάλασσα του Μαρμαρά) with the Black Sea (Turkish: Karadeniz, Greek: Μαύρη Θάλασσα). It is 30 km long, with a maximum width of 3,700 metres at the northern entrance, and a minimum width of 750 metr ...

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• Bosporus - Associations
• Bosporus - History

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The various subgroups of the Indo-European family include (in historical order of their first attestation): Anatolian languages — earliest attested branch, from the 18th century BC; extinct, most notable was the language of the Hittites. Indo-Iranian languages, descending from a common ancestor, Proto-Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan languages, including Sanskrit, attested from the 2nd millennium BC Iranian languages, attested from roughly 1000 BC, including Avestan and Persian Dardic languages ...

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Indo-European languages, Indo-European languages - Classification, Indo-European languages - Satem and Centum languages, Indo-European languages - Suggested superfamilies, Indo-European languages - History, Indo-European languages - Kurgan hypothesis, Indo-European languages - Competing hypotheses, Indo-European languages - Sound changes

Read more here: » Indo-European languages: Encyclopedia II - Indo-European languages - Classification

An equivalent of the name "Black Sea", Μαύρη Θάλασσα, cannot be traced to an earlier date than the 13th century. Strabo (1.2.10) reports that in antiquity, the Black Sea was often just called "the Sea" (pontos), just like Homer was often simply called "the Poet". For the most part, Graeco-Roman tradition refers to the Black Sea as Εύξεινος Πόντος Euxeinos Pontos "Hospitable sea". This is a euphemism replacing an earlier Pontos Axeinos "Inhospitable Sea", first attested in Pindar (early 5th centu ...

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Black Sea, Black Sea - Name, Black Sea - Geology, Black Sea - Ryan-Pitman Deluge Theory, Black Sea - History, Black Sea - Holiday resorts and spas

Read more here: » Black Sea: Encyclopedia II - Black Sea - Name

The various subgroups of the Indo-European family include (in historical order of their first attestation): Anatolian languages — earliest attested branch, from the 18th century BC; extinct, most notable was the language of the Hittites. Indo-Iranian languages, descending from a common ancestor, Proto-Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan, including Sanskrit, attested from the 2nd millennium BC Iranian languages, attested from roughly 1000 BC, including Avestan and Persian. Greek language — ...

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Indo-European languages, Indo-European languages - Classification, Indo-European languages - Satem and Centum languages, Indo-European languages - Suggested superfamilies, Indo-European languages - History, Indo-European languages - Kurgan hypothesis, Indo-European languages - Competing hypotheses, Indo-European languages - Sound changes

Read more here: » Indo-European languages: Encyclopedia II - Indo-European languages - Classification

main article: Ancient Near East Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 9th millennium BC Beginning of the Neolithic time period of the Holocene epoch. Agriculture in Mesopotamia Domestication of sheep and goats in the Middle East Circa 8350 BC – Neolithic settlement at Jericho Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 8th millennium BC. Circa 8000 BC–Settlements at Nevali Cori in present-day Turkey are established.

Gods Enlil Ishtar Tiamat and Tablets of Destiny Annunaki Marduk and Babylon Heroes Utnapishtim Tammuz Gilgamesh and Enkidu Monsters Zu Humbaba Kingu Resheph Namtar Related Me, divine decrees Ma, primeval land Irkalla, the underworld Mesopotamian religion The Fertile Crescent

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Deluge mythology, Deluge mythology - Flood myths in various cultures, Deluge mythology - Ancient Near East, Deluge mythology - Europe, Deluge mythology - Americas, Deluge mythology - India, Deluge mythology - China, Deluge mythology - Batak Indonesia, Deluge mythology - Theories of origin, Deluge mythology - Other references

Read more here: » Deluge mythology: Encyclopedia II - Deluge mythology - Flood myths in various cultures

The name, meaning ox passage, is associated with a Greek myth about Io's travels after Zeus turned her into an ox for her protection. It is also said in myth that floating rocks once crushed any ship that attempted passage of the Bosporus until the hero Jason obtained passage by trickery, whereupon the rocks became fixed, and Greek access to the Black Sea was opened. ...

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Bosporus, Bosporus - Associations, Bosporus - History

Read more here: » Bosporus: Encyclopedia II - Bosporus - Associations

Gods Enlil and 7 who decree fate Ishtar and planet Venus Tiamat and Tablets of Destiny Annunaki and astronauts Marduk and Babylon Heroes Utnapishtim and world-flood Tammuz and new life Gilgamesh and Cedar Forest Enkidu, the man-beast Monsters Zu, the lion-eagle Kingu, mankind's bloodSee also:

Deluge mythology, Deluge mythology - Flood myths in various cultures, Deluge mythology - Ancient Near East, Deluge mythology - Europe, Deluge mythology - Americas, Deluge mythology - India, Deluge mythology - China, Deluge mythology - Batak Indonesia, Deluge mythology - Theories of origin, Deluge mythology - Other references

Read more here: » Deluge mythology: Encyclopedia II - Deluge mythology - Flood myths in various cultures

(circa since 1453 when Ottoman emirs captured Constantinople) (main article: History of the Ottoman Empire) 1869 - Construction of the Suez Canal is completed. ...

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Timeline of Middle Eastern History, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - Prehistoric and Ancient Period, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 9th millennium BC Beginning of the Neolithic time period of the Holocene epoch, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 8th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 7th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 6th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 5th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 4th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 3rd millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 2nd millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - The Arab Middle East, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 1st millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 1st millennium AD, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 2nd millennium AD, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - Turks Crusaders and Mongols, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - The Ottoman era, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - European domination of the Arabic and Turkish regions especially since WWI, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - Contemporary Middle East

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Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 1st millennium BC. Egypt declined as a major power The Tanakh was written Cyrus the Great conquered Babylon and created the Persian Empire (6th century BC) Sparta and Athens fought the Peloponnesian War Alexander the Great conquered Greece, Egypt, Persia and Afghanistan Hellenic Greek culture spread ...

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Timeline of Middle Eastern History, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - Prehistoric and Ancient Period, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 9th millennium BC Beginning of the Neolithic time period of the Holocene epoch, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 8th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 7th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 6th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 5th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 4th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 3rd millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 2nd millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - The Arab Middle East, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 1st millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 1st millennium AD, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 2nd millennium AD, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - Turks Crusaders and Mongols, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - The Ottoman era, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - European domination of the Arabic and Turkish regions especially since WWI, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - Contemporary Middle East

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(The dominance of the Arabs came to a sudden end in the mid 11th century with the arrival of the Seljuk Turks) c. 1347, a fleet of Genoese trading ships fleeing Kaffa (Feodosiya) reached the port of Messina and spreads the Black Death (see also: Turks, Crusaders, Mongols) ...

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Timeline of Middle Eastern History, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - Prehistoric and Ancient Period, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 9th millennium BC Beginning of the Neolithic time period of the Holocene epoch, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 8th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 7th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 6th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 5th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 4th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 3rd millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 2nd millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - The Arab Middle East, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 1st millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 1st millennium AD, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 2nd millennium AD, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - Turks Crusaders and Mongols, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - The Ottoman era, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - European domination of the Arabic and Turkish regions especially since WWI, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - Contemporary Middle East

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As the Indo-European languages broke up, the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) sound system diverged as well. The difference between the palatalized and plain velars (or perhaps velars and uvulars) seems to have been allophonic in PIE, but became phonemic in many of the daughter languages. Note - this draught table needs to be completed, verified, and the allophones explained. Notes: C- is an initial consonant, -C a final consonant, -C- an intervocalic consonant, and 'C a consonant following PIE s ...

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Indo-European languages, Indo-European languages - Classification, Indo-European languages - Satem and Centum languages, Indo-European languages - Suggested superfamilies, Indo-European languages - History, Indo-European languages - Kurgan hypothesis, Indo-European languages - Competing hypotheses, Indo-European languages - Sound changes

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The Black Sea is the largest anoxic, or oxygen-free, marine system. This is a result of the great depth of the sea and the relatively high salinity (and therefore density) of the water at depth; freshwater and seawater mixing is limited to the uppermost 100 to 150 m, with the water below this interface (called the pycnocline) being exchanged only once every thousand years. There is therefore no significant gas exchange with the surface, and as a result decaying organic matter in the sediment consumes any available oxygen. In these anoxic con ...

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Black Sea, Black Sea - Name, Black Sea - Geology, Black Sea - Ryan-Pitman Deluge Theory, Black Sea - History, Black Sea - Holiday resorts and spas

Read more here: » Black Sea: Encyclopedia II - Black Sea - Geology

For more detail, see the main article at Black Sea deluge theory. In 1997, William Ryan and Walter Pitman from Columbia University published a theory that a massive flood through the Bosporus occurred in ancient times. They claim that the Black and Caspian Seas were vast freshwater lakes, but that about 5600 BC, the Mediterranean spilled over a rocky sill at the Bosporus, creating the current communication between the Black and Mediterranean Seas. Subsequent work has been done to both support and discredit this theory, and it re ...

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Black Sea, Black Sea - Name, Black Sea - Geology, Black Sea - Ryan-Pitman Deluge Theory, Black Sea - History, Black Sea - Holiday resorts and spas

Read more here: » Black Sea: Encyclopedia II - Black Sea - Ryan-Pitman Deluge Theory

The steppes to the north of the Black Sea have been suggested as the original homeland (Urheimat) of the speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language, (PIE) the progenitor of the Indo-European language family, by some scholars (see Kurgan; others move the heartland further east towards the Caspian Sea, yet others to Anatolia). The name 'Black Sea' (initially Pontos Axeinos, "inhospitable sea", later renamed Pontos Euxeinos, "hospitable sea" to gain the sea's good favor) was coined by the Ancient Greek navigators, ...

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Black Sea, Black Sea - Name, Black Sea - Geology, Black Sea - Ryan-Pitman Deluge Theory, Black Sea - History, Black Sea - Holiday resorts and spas

Read more here: » Black Sea: Encyclopedia II - Black Sea - History

Some geologists believe that quite dramatic, greater than normal flooding of rivers in the distant past might have influenced the myths. One of the latest, and quite controversial, theories of this type is the Ryan-Pitman Theory, which argues for a catastrophic deluge about 5600 BC from the Mediterranean Sea into the Black Sea. Many other prehistoric geologic events, including tsunamis, have also been advanced as possible foundations for these myths. For example, some have asserted that the original versions of the Greek myth of Deukalion's ...

See also:

Deluge mythology, Deluge mythology - Flood myths in various cultures, Deluge mythology - Ancient Near East, Deluge mythology - Europe, Deluge mythology - Americas, Deluge mythology - India, Deluge mythology - China, Deluge mythology - Batak Indonesia, Deluge mythology - Theories of origin, Deluge mythology - Other references

Read more here: » Deluge mythology: Encyclopedia II - Deluge mythology - Theories of origin

See also: Proto-Indo-European, Historical linguistics, Glottochronology. The possibility of common origin for some of these languages was first proposed by Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn in 1647, proposing their derivation from "Scythian". However, the suggestions of van Boxhorn did not become widely known and were not pursued. The hypothesis was again proposed by Sir William Jones, who noticed similarities between four of the oldest languages known in his time, Latin, Greek, Sanskrit, and Persian. Systematic comparison of these an ...

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Indo-European languages, Indo-European languages - Classification, Indo-European languages - Satem and Centum languages, Indo-European languages - Suggested superfamilies, Indo-European languages - History, Indo-European languages - Kurgan hypothesis, Indo-European languages - Competing hypotheses, Indo-European languages - Sound changes

Read more here: » Indo-European languages: Encyclopedia II - Indo-European languages - History