The Battle of Marathon (490 BC) was the culmination of King Darius I of Persia's first major attempt to conquer the remainder of the Greeks and add them to the Persian Empire, thereby securing the weakest portion of his Western border. Battle of Marathon - Background. Hippias, tyrant of Athens, had been expelled in 510 BC by his people, with the assistance of Cleomenes I, King of Sparta. He fled to the court of Darius to seek assistance. With the failure of the Ionian Revolt (499 BC - 494 BC), Darius ...

Including:

• Battle of Marathon - Background
• Battle of Marathon - Battle
• Battle of Marathon - Aftermath
• Battle of Marathon - Conclusion
• Battle of Marathon - Date of the battle
• Battle of Marathon - Marathon run

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The Babylonian calendar was a lunisolar calendar with years consisting of 12 lunar months, each beginning when a new crescent moon was first sighted low on the western horizon at sunset, plus an intercalary month inserted as needed by decree. This system came into use sometime before 2000 BC. The names of the months were: Nisanu Ayaru Simanu Du`uzu Abu Ululu Tashritu Arakhsamna Kislimu Tebet ...

Including:

• Babylonian calendar - Reference

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Ancient Greece is the term used to describe the Greek-speaking world in ancient times. It refers not only to the geographical peninsula of modern Greece, but also to areas of Hellenic culture that were settled in ancient times by Greeks: Cyprus, the Aegean coast of Turkey (then known as Ionia), Sicily and southern Italy (known as Magna Graecia), and the scattered Greek settlements on the coasts of what are now Albania, Bulgaria, Egypt, Libya, southern France, sout ...

Including:

• Ancient Greece - Origins
• Ancient Greece - The rise of Hellas
• Ancient Greece - Social and political conflict
• Ancient Greece - The Persian Wars
• Ancient Greece - The dominance of Athens
• Ancient Greece - The Peloponnesian War
• Ancient Greece - Spartan and Theban dominance
• Ancient Greece - The rise of Macedon
• Ancient Greece - The conquests of Alexander
• Ancient Greece - Society
• Ancient Greece - Social Structure
• Ancient Greece - Way of Life
• Ancient Greece - Education

Read more here: » Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia - Ancient Greece

Aegina (Greek: Αίγινα Egina), one of the Saronic Islands of Greece in the Saronic Gulf, 31 miles (50 km) from Athens. Tradition derives the name from Aegina, the mother of Aeacus, who was born in and ruled the island. In shape Aegina is triangular, eight miles (13 km) long from northwest to southeast, and six miles (15 km) broad, with an area of about 41 square miles (106 km²). Two thirds of Aegina constitute an extinct volcano. The northern and western side consist of stony but fertile plains, which are well cultivated ...

Including:

• Aegina - Antiquities
• Aegina - Ancient History
• Aegina - Modern History
• Aegina - Communities and villages
• Aegina - Historical population
• Aegina - Daughter of Asopus

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2. The north has a separate president of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). 3. Not recognised by Turkey, which instead recognises the TRNC. The TRNC is only recognised by Turkey 4. Of which 5,895 km² is in the south and 3,355 km² in the north 5. Number does not include approx. 230,000 inhabitants in the north 6. Number does not include any TRNC inhabitants 7. +90-392 (a Turkish access number) is used in the north The Republic of Cyprus (Greek: Κύπρος, Kýpros< ...

Including:

• Cyprus - Terminology
• Cyprus - History
• Cyprus - Prehistoric and Ancient Cyprus
• Cyprus - Post-Classical and Modern Cyprus
• Cyprus - Geography
• Cyprus - Districts
• Cyprus - Politics
• Cyprus - Political division
• Cyprus - Exclaves and enclaves
• Cyprus - Reunification the Annan Plan and EU entry
• Cyprus - Economy
• Cyprus - Demographics
• Cyprus - Education
• Cyprus - Personalities
• Cyprus - Educational Institutes
• Cyprus - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Cyprus: Encyclopedia - Cyprus

Centuries: 6th century BC - 5th century BC - 4th century BC Decades: 540s BC 530s BC 520s BC 510s BC 500s BC - 490s BC - 480s BC 470s BC 460s BC 450s BC 440s BC Years: 499 BC 498 BC 497 BC - 496 BC - 495 BC 490 BC 489 BC 488 BC 487 BC 496 BC - Events. Battle of Lake Regillus: A legendary early Roman victory, won over either the Etruscans or the Latins. King Gon Jian of Yue defeats and banishes King Fucha of Wu, gaining a temporary hegemony in ancient Chi ...

Including:

• 496 BC - Events
• 496 BC - Births
• 496 BC - Deaths

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Centuries: 6th century BC - 5th century BC - 4th century BC Decades: 540s BC 530s BC 520s BC 510s BC 500s BC - 490s BC - 480s BC 470s BC 460s BC 450s BC 440s BC Years: 499 BC - 498 BC - 497 BC 496 BC 495 BC 494 BC 493 BC 498 BC - Events. Leontini subjugated by Hippocrates of Gela Alexander I succeeds his father Amyntas I as king of Macedonia 498 BC - Births. 498 BC - Deaths. ...

Including:

• 498 BC - Events
• 498 BC - Births
• 498 BC - Deaths

Read more here: » 498 BC: Encyclopedia - 498 BC

Early burials show that the site was already occupied in the 8th or 7th century BC. The ancient necropolis lay on a plateau at the foot of the hill below the ancient town. Of the objects found in the oldest graves, and supposed to date from about the 7th century BC, the cups of silver and silver-gilt and most of the gold and amber jewelry are Phoenician (possibly Carthaginian), but the bronzes and some of the ivory articles seem to be of the Etruscan civilization. No objects have been discovered belonging to the period intermediate between t ...

See also:

Palestrina, Palestrina - Ancient Praeneste, Palestrina - Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia, Palestrina - Christian Praeneste

Read more here: » Palestrina: Encyclopedia II - Palestrina - Ancient Praeneste

At the end of the 6th century BC, Darius the Great ruled over an immense realm, from western India to eastern Europe. In 513 BC Darius, for the first time, conquered Thrace and Macedon. Macedonian king Amyntas I became his vassal. But the conquest of Asia Minor (546 BC) left the Ionian Greeks under Persian rule, while the other Greeks were free, a state of affairs that was going to cause trouble sooner or later. Persian satraps (governors of provinces) of Asia Minor installed tyrants in most of Ionian cities and force ...

See also:

Greco-Persian Wars, Greco-Persian Wars - Origins, Greco-Persian Wars - Darius' invasion, Greco-Persian Wars - Xerxes' invasion, Greco-Persian Wars - The Greek counterattack

Read more here: » Greco-Persian Wars: Encyclopedia II - Greco-Persian Wars - Origins

Cyprus - Prehistoric and Ancient Cyprus. Main article: Cyprus (Prehistory), Ancient history of Cyprus There are but scanty traces of the Stone Age, but the Bronze Age is characterized by a well-developed and clearly marked civilization. The people quickly learned to work the rich copper mines of the island. The Mycenæan civilization seems to have reached Cyprus at around 1600 B.C. and several Greek and Phœnician settlements that belong to the Iron Age can be found on the island ...

See also:

Cyprus, Cyprus - Terminology, Cyprus - History, Cyprus - Prehistoric and Ancient Cyprus, Cyprus - Post-Classical and Modern Cyprus, Cyprus - Geography, Cyprus - Districts, Cyprus - Politics, Cyprus - Political division, Cyprus - Exclaves and enclaves, Cyprus - Reunification the Annan Plan and EU entry, Cyprus - Economy, Cyprus - Demographics, Cyprus - Education, Cyprus - Personalities, Cyprus - Educational Institutes, Cyprus - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Cyprus: Encyclopedia II - Cyprus - History

In 502 BC, the people of Naxos, an island in the Aegean Sea controlled by the Persian Empire, revolted. The former rulers of Naxos appealed to Aristagoras, the Greek tyrant of the Ionian city-state of Miletus, for aid. Aristagoras agreed, hoping to annex Naxos for himself once the conflict was resolved. In order to prosecute the campaign, Aristagoras, in turn, sought out the aid of Artaphernes, the satrap of Lydia and brother to Darius I of Persia. Artaphernes agreed to supply Aristagoras with a fleet of ships under the command of the ...

See also:

Ionian Revolt, Ionian Revolt - The Revolt of Naxos, Ionian Revolt - The Ionian Revolt, Ionian Revolt - The Sack of Sardis, Ionian Revolt - The Revolt Spreads, Ionian Revolt - The End of the Revolt

Read more here: » Ionian Revolt: Encyclopedia II - Ionian Revolt - The Revolt of Naxos

Hippias, tyrant of Athens, had been expelled in 510 BC by his people, with the assistance of Cleomenes I, King of Sparta. He fled to the court of Darius to seek assistance. With the failure of the Ionian Revolt (499 BC - 494 BC), Darius was intent on subjugating the Greeks and punishing them for their part in the revolt. In 492 BC Darius dispatched an army under his son-in-law, Mardonius. This army reduced Thrace and compelled Alexander I of Macedon to submit again to Persia. However, in attempting to advance into Greece much of the fleet was wrecked in a s ...

See also:

Battle of Marathon, Battle of Marathon - Background, Battle of Marathon - Battle, Battle of Marathon - Aftermath, Battle of Marathon - Conclusion, Battle of Marathon - Date of the battle, Battle of Marathon - Marathon run

Read more here: » Battle of Marathon: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Marathon - Background

The Dodecanese have been inhabited since prehistoric times. In the oldest historic period, they formed part of the Minoan civilization for several millennia. Following the downfall of the Minoans, the islands were ruled by the Achaeans from circa 1400 BC, until the arrival of the Dorians circa 1100 BC. It is in the Dorian period that they began to prosper as an independent entity, developing a thriving economy and culture through the following centuries. By the early Archaic Period Rhodes and Kos emerged as the major islands in the group, an ...

See also:

Dodecanese, Dodecanese - History, Dodecanese - Municipalities and communities, Dodecanese - External link

Read more here: » Dodecanese: Encyclopedia II - Dodecanese - History

Aegina, according to Herodotus (v. 83), was a colony of Epidaurus, to which state it was originally subject. The discovery in the island of a number of gold ornaments belonging to the latest period of Mycenaean art suggests the inference that the Mycenaean culture held its own in Aegina for some generations after the Dorian conquest of Argos and Lacedaemon (see A. J. Evans, in Journal of Hellenic Studies, vol. xiii. p. 195). It is probable that the island was not dorized before the 9th century BC One of the earliest facts known to us in its ...

See also:

Aegina, Aegina - Antiquities, Aegina - Ancient History, Aegina - Modern History, Aegina - Communities and villages, Aegina - Historical population, Aegina - Daughter of Asopus

Read more here: » Aegina: Encyclopedia II - Aegina - Ancient History

The distinguishing features of ancient Greek society were the division between free and slave, the differing roles of men and women, the relative lack of status distinctions based on birth, and the importance of religion. The way of life of the Athenians was more common in the Greek world than Sparta's special system. Ancient Greece - Social Structure. Only free people could be citizens entitled to the full protection of the law in a city-state. In most city-states, unlike Rome, social promenece did not al ...

See also:

Ancient Greece, Ancient Greece - Origins, Ancient Greece - The rise of Hellas, Ancient Greece - Social and political conflict, Ancient Greece - The Persian Wars, Ancient Greece - The dominance of Athens, Ancient Greece - The Peloponnesian War, Ancient Greece - Spartan and Theban dominance, Ancient Greece - The rise of Macedon, Ancient Greece - The conquests of Alexander, Ancient Greece - Society, Ancient Greece - Social Structure, Ancient Greece - Way of Life, Ancient Greece - Education

Read more here: » Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greece - Society

In Ionia (the modern Aegean coast of Turkey) the Greek cities, which included great centres such as Miletus and Halicarnassus, were unable to maintain their independence and came under the rule of the Persian Empire in the mid 6th century BC. In 499 BC the Greeks rose in the Ionian Revolt, and Athens and some other Greek cities went to their aid. In 490 BC the Persian Great King, Darius I, having suppressed the Ionian cities, sent a fleet to punish the Greeks. The Persians landed in Attica, but were defeated at the Battle of Marathon by a Greek a ...

See also:

Ancient Greece, Ancient Greece - Origins, Ancient Greece - The rise of Hellas, Ancient Greece - Social and political conflict, Ancient Greece - The Persian Wars, Ancient Greece - The dominance of Athens, Ancient Greece - The Peloponnesian War, Ancient Greece - Spartan and Theban dominance, Ancient Greece - The rise of Macedon, Ancient Greece - The conquests of Alexander, Ancient Greece - Society, Ancient Greece - Social Structure, Ancient Greece - Way of Life, Ancient Greece - Education

Read more here: » Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greece - The Persian Wars

Praeneste was chiefly famed for its great Temple of Fortuna Primigenia connected with the oracle known as the Praenestine lots (sortes praenestinae). The temple was redeveloped after 82 BC as a spectacular series of terraces, exedras and porticos on four levels down the hillside, linked by monumental stairs and ramps. The inspiration for this feat of unified urbanistic design lay, not in republican Rome, but in the Hellenistic monarchies of the eastern Mediterranean. Praeneste offered a foretast ...

See also:

Palestrina, Palestrina - Ancient Praeneste, Palestrina - Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia, Palestrina - Christian Praeneste

Read more here: » Palestrina: Encyclopedia II - Palestrina - Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia

An Athenian and Eretian fleet sailed Athenian troops to Ephesus. There they joined with a force of Ionians and marched upon Artaphernes' capital of Sardis. Artaphernes -- who had sent most of his troops to siege Miletus -- was taken by surprise. Despite his disadvantage, however, Artaphernes was able to retreat to the citadel and hold it. Although the Greeks were unable to take the citadel, they were free to pillage the town. During the pillaging, fires set throughout the city sp ...

See also:

Ionian Revolt, Ionian Revolt - The Revolt of Naxos, Ionian Revolt - The Ionian Revolt, Ionian Revolt - The Sack of Sardis, Ionian Revolt - The Revolt Spreads, Ionian Revolt - The End of the Revolt

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In 431 BC war broke out again between Athens and Sparta and its allies. The immediate cause was a dispute between Corinth and one of its colonies, Corcyra (modern-day Corfu), in which Athens intervened. The obviate cause was the growing resentment of Sparta and its allies at the dominance of Athens over Greek affairs. The war lasted 27 years, partly because Athens (a naval power) and Sparta (a land-based military power) found it difficult to come to grips with each other. Sparta's initial strategy was to invade Attica, but the Athenia ...

See also:

Ancient Greece, Ancient Greece - Origins, Ancient Greece - The rise of Hellas, Ancient Greece - Social and political conflict, Ancient Greece - The Persian Wars, Ancient Greece - The dominance of Athens, Ancient Greece - The Peloponnesian War, Ancient Greece - Spartan and Theban dominance, Ancient Greece - The rise of Macedon, Ancient Greece - The conquests of Alexander, Ancient Greece - Society, Ancient Greece - Social Structure, Ancient Greece - Way of Life, Ancient Greece - Education

Read more here: » Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greece - The Peloponnesian War

A bishop of Praeneste is first mentioned in 313. The cathedral, just below the level of the temple, occupies the former civil basilica of the town, upon the facade of which was a sundial described by Varro, traces of which may still be seen. In the modern piazza the steps leading up to this latter basilica and the base of a large monument were found in 1907; so that only a part of the piazza represents the ancient forum. In 1297 the Colonna family, who then owned Praeneste (by then called Palestrina), revolted from the pope. In the fo ...

See also:

Palestrina, Palestrina - Ancient Praeneste, Palestrina - Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia, Palestrina - Christian Praeneste

Read more here: » Palestrina: Encyclopedia II - Palestrina - Christian Praeneste