457

This is a list of the Emperors of the late Roman Empire, called Byzantine. The title of all Emperors listed preceding Heraclius was officially Augustus, although various other titles such as Dominus were used as well. For official purposes, their names were preceded by Imperator Caesar Flavius and followed by Augustus. Following Heraclius, the title became the Greek Basileus (Gr. Βασιλευς), which had formerly meant "king" but now was used in place of Augustus. Other (and to Roman minds, lesser) kings were titled by the neologi ...

Including:

• List of Byzantine Emperors - Constantinian dynasty
• List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic
• List of Byzantine Emperors - Valentinian-Theodosian dynasty
• List of Byzantine Emperors - Leonid dynasty
• List of Byzantine Emperors - Justinian dynasty
• List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic
• List of Byzantine Emperors - Heraclian dynasty
• List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic
• List of Byzantine Emperors - Heraclian dynasty
• List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic
• List of Byzantine Emperors - Isaurian dynasty
• List of Byzantine Emperors - Phocid dynasty
• List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic
• List of Byzantine Emperors - Phrygian dynasty
• List of Byzantine Emperors - Macedonian dynasty
• List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic
• List of Byzantine Emperors - Comnenid dynasty
• List of Byzantine Emperors - Doukid dynasty
• List of Byzantine Emperors - Comnenid dynasty restored
• List of Byzantine Emperors - Angelid dynasty
• List of Byzantine Emperors - Laskarid dynasty in exile in the Empire of Nicaea
• List of Byzantine Emperors - Palaeologid Dynasty restored to Constantinople
• List of Byzantine Emperors - Ottomans
• List of Byzantine Emperors - Palaeologid Dynasty in exile

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This article is about the ancient form of Christianity in Britain and Ireland, which was addressed at the Synod of Whitby[citation needed] in 664 in an attempt to reconcile it with the Roman rite. The existence of a Celtic Church, or a Celtic Catholic Church (also known as "Culdee Church"), is generally agreed upon by Roman sources but highly debated among scholars. Celtic Christianity - What is Celtic Christianity?. Celtic Christianity, or The Celtic Church, is thought to be a form ...

Including:

• Celtic Christianity - What is Celtic Christianity?
• Celtic Christianity - The Debate about the Church's Existence
• Celtic Christianity - Antiquity of the Celtic Church: Tradition & Legend
• Celtic Christianity - Antiquity of the Celtic Church: Known and Generally Accepted
• Celtic Christianity - Ecclesiastical Structure: How separate was the Celtic church?
• Celtic Christianity - Differences from the rest of Catholicism
• Celtic Christianity - The Easter problem
• Celtic Christianity - Celtic Saints
• Celtic Christianity - Celtic Christianity today

Read more here: » Celtic Christianity: Encyclopedia - Celtic Christianity

The Burgundians or Burgundes were an East Germanic tribe which may have emigrated from mainland Scandinavia to the island of Bornholm, whose old form in Old Norse still was Burgundarholmr (the Island of the Burgundians), and from here to mainland Europe. In the Thorsteins saga Víkingssonar, Veseti settled in an island or holm, which was called Borgund's holm, i.e. Bornholm. Alfred the Great's translation of Orosius uses the name Burgenda land. The poet and early mythologist Viktor Rydberg (1828–18 ...

Including:

• Burgundians - Early History
• Burgundians - Tribal Origins
• Burgundians - Religion
• Burgundians - Early Relationship with the Romans
• Burgundians - The Burgundian Kingdoms
• Burgundians - The First Kingdom
• Burgundians - The Second Kingdom
• Burgundians - The Fall of the Second Kingdom
• Burgundians - The Burgundian Laws
• Burgundians - Origin of Burgundy
• Burgundians - Notes

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Attila the Hun (Old Norse: Atle, Atli; German: Etzel; ca. 406–453 AD) was the last and most powerful king of the Huns. He reigned over what was then Europe's largest empire, from 434 until his death. His empire stretched from Central Europe to the Black Sea and from the Danube River to the Baltic. During his rule he was among the direst enemies of the Eastern and Western Roman Empires: he invaded the Balkans twice and encircled Constantinople in the second invasion. He marched through France as far as Orleans before being turned back at Chalons; and he drove the western empero ...

Including:

• Attila the Hun - Background and beginnings
• Attila the Hun - Shared kingship
• Attila the Hun - Sole ruler
• Attila the Hun - Attila in the west
• Attila the Hun - Invasion of Italy and death
• Attila the Hun - Appearance character and name
• Attila the Hun - Notes

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Events 5 October - Theodoric II of the Visigoths, in the name of the emperor Avitus, defeats the Sueves on the river Urbicus near Astorga in Gallaecia; this shatters the power of the Sueves. The Emperor Marcian quells disturbances on the Armenian frontier. Capua is destroyed by the Vandals. Ricimer beats the Vandals in a sea battle near Corsica. 17 October - The magistri militum Ricimer and Majorian defeat the emperor Avitus and compel him to renounce the purple and become Bishop of Placentia. Ricimer becomes de facto (and Majorian on 1 April 457 de jure ...

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The Bishopric and Archbishopric of Trier was one of the important ecclesiastical principalities of the Holy Roman Empire. Unlike the other Rhenish archbishoprics— Mainz and Cologne— Trier, as the important Roman provincial capital of Augusta Treverorum, had been the seat of a bishop since Roman times. It was raised to to archepiscopal status during the reign of Charlemagne, whose will mentio ...

Including:

• Archbishopric of Trier - Reference
• Archbishopric of Trier - Bishops and Archbishops of Augusta Treverorum 50-791
• Archbishopric of Trier - Archbishops of Trier 791-1242
• Archbishopric of Trier - Archbishop-Electors of Trier 1242-1803
• Archbishopric of Trier - Modern Bishops of Trier 1801-present

Read more here: » Archbishopric of Trier: Encyclopedia - Archbishopric of Trier

The Holy Catholic and Apostolic Assyrian Church of the East is a Christian church that traces its origins to the See of Babylon, said to be founded by Saint Thomas the Apostle. It sometimes calls itself the Assyrian Orthodox Church, but should not be confused with the distinct Syriac Orthodox Church, which is an Oriental Orthodox body. In India, it is known as the Chaldean Syrian Church. In the Wes ...

Including:

• Assyrian Church of the East - Early history
• Assyrian Church of the East - The consolidation of the Church
• Assyrian Church of the East - Schism with the Western Church
• Assyrian Church of the East - Subsequent history
• Assyrian Church of the East - Southern expansion
• Assyrian Church of the East - Eastern expansion
• Assyrian Church of the East - Modern times

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The Coptic Orthodox Church is a member of the Oriental Orthodox churches, not to be mistaken with the Eastern Orthodox group of churches. The Coptic Orthodox Chruch has its own Pope and Patriarch, whom is currently His Holiness Pope Shenouda III, Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and the See of St. Mark. The following is a list of all the Popes who have held led the Coptic Orthodox Church since the Council of Chalcedon. For the earlier Patriarchs of Alexandria prior to the schism, see List of Patriarchs of Alexandr ...

Read more here: » List of Coptic Popes: Encyclopedia - List of Coptic Popes

Christianity in Iran has had a long history. It has always been a minority religion, overshadowed by the majority state religions - Zoroastrianism in the past, and Shia Islam today. Christians of Iran have played a significant part in the history of Christian mission. Christians in Iran - Main denominations. A number of Christian denominations are represented in Iran. Many members of the larger, older churches belong to ethnic groups with their own distinctive culture and language. The members of the newer, ...

Including:

• Christians in Iran - Main denominations
• Christians in Iran - History
• Christians in Iran - Current situation
• Christians in Iran - The Bible in Iranian languages
• Christians in Iran - Further Literature

Read more here: » Christians in Iran: Encyclopedia - Christians in Iran

To determine when an embolismic month needs to be inserted, some calendars rely on direct observations of the state of vegetation, while others compare the ecliptic longitude of the sun and the phase of the moon. On the other hand, in arithmetical lunisolar calendars, an integral number of synodic months is fitted into some integral number of years by a fixed rule. To construct such a calendar, the average length of the tropical year is divided by the average length of the synodic month, which gives the nu ...

See also:

Lunisolar calendar, Lunisolar calendar - Examples, Lunisolar calendar - Determining leap months, Lunisolar calendar - Calculating a leap month

Read more here: » Lunisolar calendar: Encyclopedia II - Lunisolar calendar - Determining leap months

The early history of Phocis remains quite obscure. During the Persian invasion of 480 BC the Phocians at first joined in the national defence, but, by their irresolute conduct at the Battle of Thermopylae lost that position for the Greeks; at the Battle of Plataea they were enrolled on the Persian side. In 457 an attempt to extend their influence to the headwaters of the Cephissus in the territory of Doris brought a Spartan army into Phocis in defence of the "metropolis of the Dorians". A similar enterprise against Delphi in 448 was again fr ...

See also:

Phocis, Phocis - Geography, Phocis - History, Phocis - Phocis today, Phocis - Transportation, Phocis - Provinces, Phocis - Municipalities, Phocis - Persons, Phocis - External link and references

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An uncompromising foe of heresy, Leo found that in the diocese of Aquileia, Pelagians were received into church communion without formal repudiation of their errors; he wrote to rebuke this culpable negligence, and required a solemn abjuration before a synod. Manicheans fleeing before the Vandals had come to Rome in 439 and secretly organized there; Leo learned of this around 443, and proceeded against them by holding a public debate with their representatives, burning their books, and warning the Roman Christians against them. His efforts led to the edic ...

See also:

Pope Leo I, Pope Leo I - Early life, Pope Leo I - Zeal for orthodoxy, Pope Leo I - Asserts his authority in Gaul, Pope Leo I - The Tome, Pope Leo I - Leo's significance

Read more here: » Pope Leo I: Encyclopedia II - Pope Leo I - Zeal for orthodoxy

The Merovingian king was the master of the booty of war, both movable and in lands and their folk, and he was in charge of the redistribution of conquered wealth among the first of his followers. "When he died his property was divided equally among his heirs as though it were private property: the kingdom was a form of patrimony" (Rouche 1987 p 420). The kings appointed magnates to be comites or counts, charging them with defense, administration, and the judgement of disputes. This happened against the backdrop of the collapse of the ...

See also:

Merovingian, Merovingian - Dynastic origins, Merovingian - Dynastic character, Merovingian - Dynastic story, Merovingian - Merovingian numismatics, Merovingian - Merovingian historiography, Merovingian - External link

Read more here: » Merovingian: Encyclopedia II - Merovingian - Dynastic character

2000 years ago the Baltic Sea was known to the Romans as the Mare Suebicum. Partially because of his unfamiliarity with the various Germanic peoples interacting with Rome at the time, the historian Tacitus referred to all Elbe-Germanics as Suebi. More recent scholarship has shown that view to be an oversimplification. The Suebi eventually migrated south and west to reside for a while in the Rhineland area of modern Germany, where their name survives in the historic region known as Swabia. The Suebi under Ariovistus were invited into Gallia by the Aedui but soon came to dominate them and were fina ...

See also:

Suebi, Suebi - Early history, Suebi - Sueve kingdom of Gallaecia, Suebi - Suebi Kings of Gallaecia

Read more here: » Suebi: Encyclopedia II - Suebi - Early history

509 Lucius Junius M.f. Brutus, Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus 509 then Publius Valerius Volusi f. Publicola. (Sp. Lucretius Tricipitinus, who was old and weak; nothing remarkable happened during his days, according to Livy.) Marcus Horatius M.f. Pulvillus 508 Publius Lucretius T.f. Tricipitinus, Publius Valerius Volusi f. Publicola 507 Publius Valerius Volusi f. Publicola III, Marcus Horatius M.f. Pulvillus II < ...

See also:

List of Republican Roman Consuls, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 6th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 5th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 4th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 3rd century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 2nd century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 1st century BC

Read more here: » List of Republican Roman Consuls: Encyclopedia II - List of Republican Roman Consuls - 6th century BC

List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic. Jovian (Iovianus) (332 - 364, ruled 363 - 364) – Soldier, restored Christianity ...

See also:

List of Byzantine Emperors, List of Byzantine Emperors - Constantinian dynasty 306-363, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Valentinian-Theodosian dynasty 364-457, List of Byzantine Emperors - Leonid dynasty 457-518, List of Byzantine Emperors - Justinian dynasty 518-602, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Heraclian dynasty 610-695, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic 695-705, List of Byzantine Emperors - Heraclian dynasty 705-711, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic 711-717, List of Byzantine Emperors - Isaurian dynasty 717-802, List of Byzantine Emperors - Phocid dynasty 802-813, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Phrygian dynasty 820-867, List of Byzantine Emperors - Macedonian dynasty 867-1056, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Comnenid dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Doukid dynasty 1059-1081, List of Byzantine Emperors - Comnenid dynasty restored 1081-1185, List of Byzantine Emperors - Angelid dynasty 1185-1204, List of Byzantine Emperors - Laskarid dynasty in exile in the Empire of Nicaea 1204-1261, List of Byzantine Emperors - Palaeologid Dynasty restored to Constantinople 1259-1453, List of Byzantine Emperors - Ottomans, List of Byzantine Emperors - Palaeologid Dynasty in exile

Read more here: » List of Byzantine Emperors: Encyclopedia II - List of Byzantine Emperors - Constantinian dynasty 306-363

The name under which Edessa figures in cuneiform inscriptions is unknown; the later native name was Osroe, after its purported founder (who was probably only legend), this being the Armenian form for Chosroes; it became in Syriac Ourhoï, in Armenian Ourhaï in Arabic Er Roha, commonly Orfa or Sanli Urfa, its present name. Due to similarity of names, folk mythology in Islam connects Edessa with Ur as the abode of Abraham. Seleucus I Nicator, when he refounded the town as a military colony, mixing Macedonians and Greeks with its eastern popul ...

See also:

Edessa Mesopotamia, Edessa Mesopotamia - History, Edessa Mesopotamia - Christianity, Edessa Mesopotamia - Cultural

Read more here: » Edessa Mesopotamia: Encyclopedia II - Edessa Mesopotamia - History

List of Roman Emperors - Julio-Claudian dynasty. List of Roman Emperors - Year of the four emperors. List of Roman Emperors - Flavian Dynasty. List of Roman Emperors - Nervan-Antonian dynasty - Five Good Emperors. List of Roman Emperors - Severan Dynasty African Asian and Syrian Emperors. ...

See also:

List of Roman Emperors, List of Roman Emperors - The Principate, List of Roman Emperors - Julio-Claudian dynasty, List of Roman Emperors - Year of the four emperors, List of Roman Emperors - Flavian Dynasty, List of Roman Emperors - Nervan-Antonian dynasty - Five Good Emperors, List of Roman Emperors - Severan Dynasty African Asian and Syrian Emperors, List of Roman Emperors - Crisis of the Third Century, List of Roman Emperors - Emperors during the height of the Crisis, List of Roman Emperors - Gallic Empire 260 to 274, List of Roman Emperors - Illyrian Emperors, List of Roman Emperors - Tetrarchies unifications and new splits, List of Roman Emperors - Dominate, List of Roman Emperors - Britannic Empire 286 to 297, List of Roman Emperors - Late Roman Empire

Read more here: » List of Roman Emperors: Encyclopedia II - List of Roman Emperors - The Principate

Irish battles - Bruce Wars in Ireland. 1316 - Second Battle of Athenry 1318 - Battle of Dysert O'Dea 1318 - Battle of Faughart 1328 - battle of Thomond. Battle of Devlin (Delbhna Bethra); the MacGeoghegan kills three thousand English. 1330 - battle of Fiodh-an-atha; Ualgarg O'Rourke defeated by the English. Ath-Disirt-Nuadan. Berna-an-Mhil; Tomaltagh Mac Dermot and Mac William were defeated by the Brown Earl and Tomalta ...

See also:

Irish battles, Irish battles - Pre-Historic Era, Irish battles - Early Medieval Battles, Irish battles - Late Medieval Battles, Irish battles - Bruce Wars in Ireland, Irish battles - Early Modern Era, Irish battles - Desmond Rebellions, Irish battles - Nine Years War Ireland, Irish battles - Irish Confederate Wars/Wars of the Three Kingdoms, Irish battles - Williamite war in Ireland/War of the Two Kings, Irish battles - Modern Times, Irish battles - 1798 Rebellion, Irish battles - Tithe War 1831-36, Irish battles - 20th Century

Read more here: » Irish battles: Encyclopedia II - Irish battles - Late Medieval Battles

The Merovingian king was the master of the booty of war, both movable and in lands and their folk, and he was in charge of the redistribution of conquered wealth among the first of his followers. "When he died his property was divided equally among his heirs as though it were private property: the kingdom was a form of patrimony" (Rouche 1987 p 420). The kings appointed magnates to be comites, charging them with defence, administration, and the judgement of disputes. This happened against the backdrop of a newly isolated Europe withou ...

See also:

Merovingian, Merovingian - Origins, Merovingian - Character, Merovingian - History, Merovingian - Historiography and sources, Merovingian - Numismatics, Merovingian - External link

Read more here: » Merovingian: Encyclopedia II - Merovingian - Character