451

451 - Events. April 7 - The Huns sack Metz June 20 - Attila, king of the Huns is defeated at Troyes by Aëtius in the Battle of Chalons. Thorismund succeeds Theodorid his father as king of the Visigoths. October 8 - Council of Chalcedon, Ecumenical council of the Christian church. As a result of this council the Oriental Orthodox churches became a separate communion. Jerusalem becomes a Patriarchate. The Oriental Orthodox churches separate from the rest of the ch ...

Including:

• 451 - Events
• 451 - Births
• 451 - Deaths

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Constantine IV (649-685) was Byzantine emperor from 668-685. He had been named a co-emperor with his father Constans II in 654, and became emperor when Constans was assassinated in 668. The most immediate threat to the empire under his reign were the Arabs, who sent a fleet to attack Constantinople by sea in 674. While Constantine was diverted by this, the Slavs attacked Thessalonika. Constantinople survived the Arab siege until 678, when the Byzantines employed Greek fire against the Arab fleet at the Battle of Syllaeum ...

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The Burgundians or Burgundes were an East Germanic tribe which may have emigrated from mainland Scandinavia to the island of Bornholm, whose old form in Old Norse still was Burgundarholmr (the Island of the Burgundians), and from here to mainland Europe. In the Thorsteins saga Víkingssonar, Veseti settled in an island or holm, which was called Borgund's holm, i.e. Bornholm. Alfred the Great's translation of Orosius uses the name Burgenda land. The poet and early mythologist Viktor Rydberg (1828–18 ...

Including:

• Burgundians - Early History
• Burgundians - Tribal Origins
• Burgundians - Religion
• Burgundians - Early Relationship with the Romans
• Burgundians - The Burgundian Kingdoms
• Burgundians - The First Kingdom
• Burgundians - The Second Kingdom
• Burgundians - The Fall of the Second Kingdom
• Burgundians - The Burgundian Laws
• Burgundians - Origin of Burgundy
• Burgundians - Notes

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Bulgars (also Bolgars or proto-Bulgarians) - a people of Central Asia, originally Pamirian or Turkic, whose branches became Slavicized and Turkic over time. The Turkic etymology most often given for their name is Bulgha meaning sable and is of totemistic origin. Bulgars - History. Bulgars - Migration to Europe. In the 2nd century AD, some groups of Bulgars migrated to the European continent and settled on the plains between the Caspian and the Black S ...

Including:

• Bulgars - History
• Bulgars - Migration to Europe
• Bulgars - Establishment of Great Bulgaria
• Bulgars - Subsequent migrations
• Bulgars - List of Bulgar tribes

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The Council of Chalcedon was an ecumenical council that took place from October 8–November 1, 451 at Chalcedon, a city of Bithynia in Asia Minor. It is the fourth of the first seven Ecumenical Councils in Christianity, and is therefore recognized as infallible in its dogmatic definitions by the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches. It repudiated the Eutychian doctrine of monophysitism, and set forth the Chalcedonian Creed, which describes the full humanity and full divinity of Jesus, the second person of the Holy Trinity.

• Council of Chalcedon - Historical background
• Council of Chalcedon - Relics of Nestorianism
• Council of Chalcedon - Eutychian controversy
• Council of Chalcedon - Latrocinium of Ephesus
• Council of Chalcedon - Convocation and session
• Council of Chalcedon - Consequences of the council

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Coptic Orthodox Christianity is the indigenous form of Christianity that, according to tradition, the apostle Mark established in Egypt in the middle of the 1st century AD (approximately 42). The Church belongs to the Oriental Orthodoxy, and the see of Alexandria in Coptic Christianity has been a distinct church body since the Council of Chalcedon in 451. Her leader is the Pope of Alexandria and the Patriarch of the Holy See of Saint Mark, currently Pope Shenouda III. More than 95% of Egypt's Christians belong to the Coptic Orthodox C ...

Including:

• Coptic Christianity - History
• Coptic Christianity - The Catechetical School of Alexandria Egypt
• Coptic Christianity - Monasticism and missionary work
• Coptic Christianity - Council of Nicea
• Coptic Christianity - Council of Constantinople
• Coptic Christianity - Council of Ephesus
• Coptic Christianity - Council of Chalcedon
• Coptic Christianity - From Chalcedon to the Arab conquest of Egypt
• Coptic Christianity - The Arab conquest of Egypt
• Coptic Christianity - From the 19th century to the 1952 revolution
• Coptic Christianity - Coptic Christianity today
• Coptic Christianity - Prominent Copts
• Coptic Christianity - Bibliography

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Saint Brigid of Ireland (Bridget, Bridgit, Brigit, Bride) (451- 525) was born at Faughart near Dundalk, County Louth, Ireland. According to her hagiography, her parents were Dubhthach, pagan king of Leinster, and Brocca, a Christian Pictish slave who had been baptized by Saint Patrick. Brigid bore the name of one of the most powerful goddesses of the pagan religion that Dubhthach practiced. Brigid was the goddess of fire, whose manifestations were song and poetry, which the Irish considered the flame of knowledge. Brigid suppos ...

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Attila the Hun (Old Norse: Atle, Atli; German: Etzel; ca. 406–453 AD) was the last and most powerful king of the Huns. He reigned over what was then Europe's largest empire, from 434 until his death. His empire stretched from Central Europe to the Black Sea and from the Danube River to the Baltic. During his rule he was among the direst enemies of the Eastern and Western Roman Empires: he invaded the Balkans twice and encircled Constantinople in the second invasion. He marched through France as far as Orleans before being turned back at Chalons; and he drove the western empero ...

Including:

• Attila the Hun - Background and beginnings
• Attila the Hun - Shared kingship
• Attila the Hun - Sole ruler
• Attila the Hun - Attila in the west
• Attila the Hun - Invasion of Italy and death
• Attila the Hun - Appearance character and name
• Attila the Hun - Notes

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His Holiness, the Catholicos of Armenia and of All Armenians (plural Catholicoi, due to its Greek origin) is the head archbishop of Armenia's dominant church, the Armenian Apostolic Church. It is one of the Oriental Orthodox churches that separated from the rest of the Christian church in 451 as a result of the decisions of the Council of Chalcedon. The first Catholicos of Armenia and of All Armenians was Saint Thaddeus, one of Jesus's apostles. It was Saint Thaddeus alongside Saint Bartholomew, another apostle of Je ...

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History of Christianity Jesus of Nazareth The Apostles Ecumenical councils Great Schism The Crusades Reformation The Trinity God the Father Christ the Son The Holy Spirit The Bible Old Testament New Testament Apocrypha The Gospels Ten Commandments Sermon on the Mount Christian theology Salvation · Grace Christian worship Christian Church Catholicism Orthodox Christianity Protestantism Christian denominations C ...

Including:

• Catholicism - Catholic Church
• Catholicism - Brief organizational history of the Church
• Catholicism - The Roman Catholic Church
• Catholicism - Other Catholic groups
• Catholicism - Distinctive beliefs and practices
• Catholicism - Beliefs
• Catholicism - Sacraments
• Catholicism - Footnotes
• Catholicism - Sources
• Catholicism - Additional reading

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The Visigoths were one of two main branches of the Goths, the Ostrogoths being the other. Together these tribes were among the loosely-termed Germanic peoples who disturbed the late Roman Empire during the Migration Period. After the collapse of the western Roman Empire the Visigoths played a major role in western European affairs for another two and a half centuries. Visigoth - Visigoths as Tervingi. The naming of this people is problematic. Some time shortly after 291 Mamertinus made a eulogy of Em ...

Including:

• Visigoth - Visigoths as Tervingi
• Visigoth - Early history
• Visigoth - Visigothic Kingdom in Aquitaine
• Visigoth - Visigothic Kingdom in Iberia
• Visigoth - Kings of the Visigoths
• Visigoth - Early kings
• Visigoth - Balti dynasty
• Visigoth - Later kings
• Visigoth - Doubtful kings
• Visigoth - Select bibliography

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Chalcedon (Χαλκεδον, sometimes transliterated by purists as Chalkedon; see also List of traditional Greek place names) was an ancient maritime town of Bithynia, in Asia Minor, almost directly opposite Byzantium, south of Scutari (modern Üsküdar). It was a Megarian colony founded on a site so obviously inferior to that which was within view on the opposite shore, that it received from ...

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Chalons or Châlons is the name or part of the name of several communes in France: Châlons, in the Isère département Châlons-en-Champagne, formerly Châlons-sur-Marne, in the Marne département Chalon-sur-Saône, in the Saône-et-Loire département There is also the 451 Battle of Chalons between Attila the Hun and the Roman general Flavius Aetius. Other related archives451, Attila the Hun, Battle of Cha

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History of Christianity Jesus of Nazareth The Apostles Ecumenical councils Great Schism The Crusades Reformation The Trinity God the Father Christ the Son The Holy Spirit The Bible Old Testament New Testament Apocrypha The Gospels Ten Commandments Sermon on the Mount Christian theology Salvation · Grace Christian worship Christian Church Catholicism Orthodox Christianity Protestantism Christian denominationsIncluding:

• Christian denomination - Denominations
• Christian denomination - Historical schisms and methods of classification schemes
• Christian denomination - Western groups
• Christian denomination - Eastern groups
• Christian denomination - Non-mainstream Christianity
• Christian denomination - Christians with Jewish Roots
• Christian denomination - Uncategorized
• Christian denomination - Messianic Movements
• Christian denomination - New Thought
• Christian denomination - Mandaeans
• Christian denomination - Christian Related Movements
• Christian denomination - Related Independent Religions

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The Eastern Orthodox Church (encompassing national Orthodox jurisdictions such as Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, etc.—see Eastern Orthodox Church organization) is a body of Christians which claims origins extending directly back to Jesus and his Apostles through unbroken Apostolic Succession. Its doctrines were formalized through a series of church councils, the most authoritative being the Seven Ecumenical Councils held between the 4th and 8th centuries. These councils were convened out of the necessity to resolve conflicts that ...

Including:

• Eastern Orthodox Church - Beliefs
• Eastern Orthodox Church - The Trinity
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Salvation
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Tradition
• Eastern Orthodox Church - The Bible
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Sin and redemption
• Eastern Orthodox Church - The Incarnation
• Eastern Orthodox Church - The Theotokos
• Eastern Orthodox Church - The Resurrection
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Saints relics and the deceased
• Eastern Orthodox Church - The Last Things
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Art and Architecture
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Church buildings
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Icons
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Traditions
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Chanting
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Incense
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Monasticism
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Fasting
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Almsgiving
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Baptism
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Chrismation
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Holy Communion
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Repentance
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Marriage
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Holy Orders
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Anointing with Holy Oil
• Eastern Orthodox Church - History
• Eastern Orthodox Church - The early Church
• Eastern Orthodox Church - The Roman/Byzantine Empire
• Eastern Orthodox Church - The Seven Ecumenical Councils
• Eastern Orthodox Church - The Great Schism
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Conversion of the Slavs
• Eastern Orthodox Church - The Church in North America
• Eastern Orthodox Church - The Church today

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War elephants were important, although not widespread, weapons in ancient military history. Their main use was in charges, to trample the enemy and/or break their ranks. War elephants were exclusively male animals, because they were faster, more aggressive, and the females had a tendency to run away from other females. War elephant - History. Elephant taming began in the Indus valley around 4,000 years ago. Taming is not used here as a synonym of domestication. Domesticated animals, such as cows or dogs, ar ...

Including:

• War elephant - History
• War elephant - Tactical use
• War elephant - Battles
• War elephant - War elephants in popular culture
• War elephant - External link

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In Christian theology the filioque clause or filioque controversy (filioque meaning "and the Son") is a disputed part of the Nicene Creed and is most often referred to as simply "filioque" or "the filioque." Filioque clause - Explanation of the creed. Following John 15:26b, the Nicene Creed states that the Holy Spirit "proceeds from the Father." This creed was first promulgated at the First Council of Nicea in 325 and modified at the First Council of Constantinople in 381. Hence, it is also ca ...

Including:

• Filioque clause - Explanation of the creed
• Filioque clause - Historical origins
• Filioque clause - Orthodox Church
• Filioque clause - Catholic Church
• Filioque clause - Overview
• Filioque clause - Recent discussions and statements

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The hypostatic union (also known as the mystical union), in Christian theology, refers to the dual nature of Jesus Christ as being simultaneously God and Man. The opposite of hypostatic union is monophysitism. Hypostatic union is a theological term used with reference to the Incarnation to express the revealed truth that in Christ one person subsists in two natures; the divine and the human. Hypostasis means, literally, "that which stands beneath"; as the basis or foundation. It thus came to be used by the Greek philosop ...

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Nestorianism is the Christian doctrine that Jesus existed as two persons, the man Jesus and the divine Son of God, rather than as a unified person. This doctrine is identified with Nestorius (c.386–c.451), Patriarch of Constantinople, although it is inappropriately named since he himself denied holding this belief. This view of Christ was condemned at the Council of Ephesus in 431, and the conflict over this view led to the Nestorian schism, separating the Ass ...

Including:

• Nestorianism - Nestorius
• Nestorianism - Christological implications
• Nestorianism - The involvement of the Assyrian Church
• Nestorianism - The spread of Nestorianism
• Nestorianism - Modern Nestorianism

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Cyril I (376 – June 27, 444), surnamed The Pillar of Faith, was Pope of Alexandria. He is revered as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church, the Oriental Orthodox Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. In 1883 the Holy See declared him a Doctor of the Church. Cyril of Alexandria - Life and character. His early life is known only from notices in Socrates Scholasticus and a few elsewhere. He was a nephew of the archbishop Theophilus, whom he accompanied in 403 to Constantinople to attend the synod ...

Including:

• Cyril of Alexandria - Life and character
• Cyril of Alexandria - Literary activities
• Cyril of Alexandria - Cyril's teachings
• Cyril of Alexandria - Links

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