Main article: East-West Schism At the beginning of Christianity the status and the office of the Bishop of Rome (who would latter become the Pope) was quite unclear. One has to realize that a nascent "underground" and sometimes prosecuted faith simply couldn´t be governed from a single central point, largely due to the deficient communications and slow transports available at that time. Local religious autonomy was the obvious result. Indeed, many of the great christian theological Questions: divergent testaments, dubious tran ...

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Western Roman Empire, Western Roman Empire - Early cultural Differences and Divisions between East and West, Western Roman Empire - Two military Danger Zones Rebellions Uprisings and political consequences, Western Roman Empire - Economic stagnation in the West, Western Roman Empire - Crisis of the 3rd Century, Western Roman Empire - The Tetrarchies and the Constantine Dynasty, Western Roman Empire - Constantine the Great, Western Roman Empire - Origins of the theological Great East-West Schism, Western Roman Empire - Reunification Eastern focus and re-division, Western Roman Empire - Final division, Western Roman Empire - Economic factors, Western Roman Empire - Fall of Rome, Western Roman Empire - Byzantine reconquest, Western Roman Empire - The legacy and the final conquest of Rome, Western Roman Empire - List of western Roman emperors

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Main article: Constantine The Great The system of the Tetrarchy quickly ran aground as the Western Empire's Constantius died unexpectedly in 306 AD, and his son Constantine the Great was proclaimed Augustus of the West by the legions in Britain. A crisis followed as several claimants attempted to rule the Western half. In 308 AD, the Augustus of the East, Galerius arranged a conference at Carnuntum which revived the Tetrarchy by dividing the power between Constantine and a newcomer named Licinius. Constantine was far more inter ...

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Western Roman Empire, Western Roman Empire - Early cultural Differences and Divisions between East and West, Western Roman Empire - Two military Danger Zones Rebellions Uprisings and political consequences, Western Roman Empire - Economic stagnation in the West, Western Roman Empire - Crisis of the 3rd Century, Western Roman Empire - The Tetrarchies and the Constantine Dynasty, Western Roman Empire - Constantine the Great, Western Roman Empire - Origins of the theological Great East-West Schism, Western Roman Empire - Reunification Eastern focus and re-division, Western Roman Empire - Final division, Western Roman Empire - Economic factors, Western Roman Empire - Fall of Rome, Western Roman Empire - Byzantine reconquest, Western Roman Empire - The legacy and the final conquest of Rome, Western Roman Empire - List of western Roman emperors

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Main article: Tetrarchy The external borders were largely quiet for the remainder of the Crisis of the Third Century, although between the death of Aurelius in 275 AD and the accession of Diocletian ten years later, at least eight Emperors or would-be Emperors were killed, many assassinated by their own troops. It was under Diocletian that the political division of the Roman Empire would start. In 286 AD, through the creation of the Tetrarchy, he gave the western part to Maximian as Augustus, and named Constantius Chloru ...

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Western Roman Empire, Western Roman Empire - Early cultural Differences and Divisions between East and West, Western Roman Empire - Two military Danger Zones Rebellions Uprisings and political consequences, Western Roman Empire - Economic stagnation in the West, Western Roman Empire - Crisis of the 3rd Century, Western Roman Empire - The Tetrarchies and the Constantine Dynasty, Western Roman Empire - Constantine the Great, Western Roman Empire - Origins of the theological Great East-West Schism, Western Roman Empire - Reunification Eastern focus and re-division, Western Roman Empire - Final division, Western Roman Empire - Economic factors, Western Roman Empire - Fall of Rome, Western Roman Empire - Byzantine reconquest, Western Roman Empire - The legacy and the final conquest of Rome, Western Roman Empire - List of western Roman emperors

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The Roman Empire was ruled by a single Emperor, but with the death of Constantine in 337 AD, civil war erupted among his three sons, dividing the empire into three parts. The West was reunified in 340 AD, and the complete reunification of the whole empire occurred in 353 AD, with Constantius II. Notably, Constantius II focused most of his power in the East, and he is often regarded as the first Emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Under his rule, the city of Byz ...

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Western Roman Empire, Western Roman Empire - Early cultural Differences and Divisions between East and West, Western Roman Empire - Two military Danger Zones Rebellions Uprisings and political consequences, Western Roman Empire - Economic stagnation in the West, Western Roman Empire - Crisis of the 3rd Century, Western Roman Empire - The Tetrarchies and the Constantine Dynasty, Western Roman Empire - Constantine the Great, Western Roman Empire - Origins of the theological Great East-West Schism, Western Roman Empire - Reunification Eastern focus and re-division, Western Roman Empire - Final division, Western Roman Empire - Economic factors, Western Roman Empire - Fall of Rome, Western Roman Empire - Byzantine reconquest, Western Roman Empire - The legacy and the final conquest of Rome, Western Roman Empire - List of western Roman emperors

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Several times throughout the middle ages, the eastern Byzantine Empire managed to reconquer large areas of the West which had been occupied by several barbarian tribes. The greatest success were the campaigns of the Byzantine generals Belisarius and Narses on behalf of the Emperor Justinian I from 535 AD to 554 AD. Much of the then Vandal occupied former Roman territory in North Africa was regained, particularly the territory centred around the city of Carthage. The campaign eventually moved into Italy itself, eventually reconquering it completly, with some minor territory being take ...

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Western Roman Empire, Western Roman Empire - Early cultural Differences and Divisions between East and West, Western Roman Empire - Two military Danger Zones Rebellions Uprisings and political consequences, Western Roman Empire - Economic stagnation in the West, Western Roman Empire - Crisis of the 3rd Century, Western Roman Empire - The Tetrarchies and the Constantine Dynasty, Western Roman Empire - Constantine the Great, Western Roman Empire - Origins of the theological Great East-West Schism, Western Roman Empire - Reunification Eastern focus and re-division, Western Roman Empire - Final division, Western Roman Empire - Economic factors, Western Roman Empire - Fall of Rome, Western Roman Empire - Byzantine reconquest, Western Roman Empire - The legacy and the final conquest of Rome, Western Roman Empire - List of western Roman emperors

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Gallic Emperors (259 to 273): Postumus: 259 to 268 Laelianus: 268 Usurper Marcus Aurelius Marius: 268 Victorinus: 268 to 271 Domitianus: 271 Usurper Tetricus I: 271 to 273 Tetricus II: 271 to 273 Son and co-emperor of Tetricus I Tetrarchy (293 to 313): Augusti are shown with their Caesares, regents, etc., further indented Maximian: 293 to 305 Constantius Chlorus: 293 to 305 ...

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Western Roman Empire, Western Roman Empire - Early cultural Differences and Divisions between East and West, Western Roman Empire - Two military Danger Zones Rebellions Uprisings and political consequences, Western Roman Empire - Economic stagnation in the West, Western Roman Empire - Crisis of the 3rd Century, Western Roman Empire - The Tetrarchies and the Constantine Dynasty, Western Roman Empire - Constantine the Great, Western Roman Empire - Origins of the theological Great East-West Schism, Western Roman Empire - Reunification Eastern focus and re-division, Western Roman Empire - Final division, Western Roman Empire - Economic factors, Western Roman Empire - Fall of Rome, Western Roman Empire - Byzantine reconquest, Western Roman Empire - The legacy and the final conquest of Rome, Western Roman Empire - List of western Roman emperors

Read more here: » Western Roman Empire: Encyclopedia II - Western Roman Empire - List of western Roman emperors

As the Western Roman Empire crumbled, the barbarian warlords who had conquered the provinces felt compelled to uphold many Roman laws and traditions. These "barbarians" were already christians, but most of them were followers of Arianism. Wisely, they quickly converted to the roman catholic faith gaining more loyalty by the local romanized population and at the same time recognition and support by the powerful Roman Catholic Church. Altough they initially continued to obey tribal l ...

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Western Roman Empire, Western Roman Empire - Early cultural Differences and Divisions between East and West, Western Roman Empire - Two military Danger Zones Rebellions Uprisings and political consequences, Western Roman Empire - Economic stagnation in the West, Western Roman Empire - Crisis of the 3rd Century, Western Roman Empire - The Tetrarchies and the Constantine Dynasty, Western Roman Empire - Constantine the Great, Western Roman Empire - Origins of the theological Great East-West Schism, Western Roman Empire - Reunification Eastern focus and re-division, Western Roman Empire - Final division, Western Roman Empire - Economic factors, Western Roman Empire - Fall of Rome, Western Roman Empire - Byzantine reconquest, Western Roman Empire - The legacy and the final conquest of Rome, Western Roman Empire - List of western Roman emperors

Read more here: » Western Roman Empire: Encyclopedia II - Western Roman Empire - The legacy and the final conquest of Rome

Starting on the 18th of March 235 AD with the assassination of the Emperor Alexander Severus, the Roman Empire fell into a period of fifty years of civil war, today known as the Crisis of the Third Century. The rise of the warlike Sassanid dynasty in Parthia had created a major threat to Rome in the east. Demonstrating the increased danger, in 259 AD, Emperor Valerian was captured by Shapur I. His eldest son and heir-apparent, Gallienus succeeded and was in the Eastern Frontier, fighting. The son of Gallienus, Saloninus and the Praetorian Pr ...

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Western Roman Empire, Western Roman Empire - Early cultural Differences and Divisions between East and West, Western Roman Empire - Two military Danger Zones Rebellions Uprisings and political consequences, Western Roman Empire - Economic stagnation in the West, Western Roman Empire - Crisis of the 3rd Century, Western Roman Empire - The Tetrarchies and the Constantine Dynasty, Western Roman Empire - Constantine the Great, Western Roman Empire - Origins of the theological Great East-West Schism, Western Roman Empire - Reunification Eastern focus and re-division, Western Roman Empire - Final division, Western Roman Empire - Economic factors, Western Roman Empire - Fall of Rome, Western Roman Empire - Byzantine reconquest, Western Roman Empire - The legacy and the final conquest of Rome, Western Roman Empire - List of western Roman emperors

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It was relativly easy to rule the empire, from its capital-city Rome, during peacetime. An eventual rebellion was expected and would happen from time to time: a general or a governor would gain the loyalty of his officers through a mixture of personal charisma, promises and simple bribes. This would be a bad, but not a catastrophic event. The Roman legions were spread around the borders and the rebel leader would in normal circumstances, have only one or two legions under his command. Loyal legions would be detached from other points of the ...

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Western Roman Empire, Western Roman Empire - Early cultural Differences and Divisions between East and West, Western Roman Empire - Two military Danger Zones Rebellions Uprisings and political consequences, Western Roman Empire - Economic stagnation in the West, Western Roman Empire - Crisis of the 3rd Century, Western Roman Empire - The Tetrarchies and the Constantine Dynasty, Western Roman Empire - Constantine the Great, Western Roman Empire - Origins of the theological Great East-West Schism, Western Roman Empire - Reunification Eastern focus and re-division, Western Roman Empire - Final division, Western Roman Empire - Economic factors, Western Roman Empire - Fall of Rome, Western Roman Empire - Byzantine reconquest, Western Roman Empire - The legacy and the final conquest of Rome, Western Roman Empire - List of western Roman emperors

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The first part of Don Quixote has a scene in which the priest and the housekeeper of the knight go through the chivalry books that have turned him mad. In a kind of auto de fe, they burn most of them. The comments of the priest express the literary tastes of Cervantes. It is notable that he saves Tirant lo Blanch. Fahrenheit 451 is a novel by Ray Bradbury, the plot of which centers around the practice of book burning. The title explains the alleged temperature ...

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Book burning, Book burning - Notable book burning incidents, Book burning - Famous incidents of other items ceremoniously burnt in protest, Book burning - In fiction, Book burning - Sources

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Roman Emperor Late Empire - Theodosius. Much as the Valentinian dynasty was loosely connected to the Constantinian dynasty by marriage, the Theodosian dynasty was loosely connected to the Valentinian; the first Theodosian Emperor, Theodosius I (historically known as "the Great") was son-in-law of Valentinian I. Although he was a Spaniard of military background, like Valentinian, he was no "Barracks Emperor"; he was lawfully and voluntarily elevated to the purple in the East by the reigning Emperor Gratian, his ha ...

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Roman Emperor Late Empire, Roman Emperor Late Empire - Eugenius, Roman Emperor Late Empire - Theodosian Dynasty, Roman Emperor Late Empire - Theodosius, Roman Emperor Late Empire - Final division of the Roman Empire in East and West, Roman Emperor Late Empire - Dynastic Relationships, Roman Emperor Late Empire - After the Theodosian Dynasty, Roman Emperor Late Empire - In the West, Roman Emperor Late Empire - The East: Leonine Dynasty, Roman Emperor Late Empire - Dynastic Relationships

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A chief debate regarding Stilicho is whether his defense of the empire was more out of self-interest than loyalty to Rome or Theodosius. Many historians argue that his chief goal was elevating his son to emperor, perhaps while reuniting the whole empire; this theory explains his almost continual struggle against Rufinus, his Eastern equivalent. Another problematic issue is the battle with Alaric in Macedonia. Stilicho may have schemed to obtain the province of Dalmatia for the West, even though the troops he used to achieve the victor ...

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Stilicho, Stilicho - Career, Stilicho - Downfall, Stilicho - Postmortem, Stilicho - Controversy, Stilicho - Sources, Stilicho - Notes

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History of Rome - Barbarian and Byzantine rule. In 476, the last Western Roman emperor Romulus Augustus, a puppet (like almost all emperors of this period) in the hands of a general, his father Orestes, was deposed by a riot of barbarian troops led by Odoacer and exiled to Naples. The fall of the Western Roman Empire had little impact on Rome. Odoacer and later the Ostrogoths continued, like the last emperors, to rule Italy from Ravenna. Meanwhile, the Senate, even though long since stripped of wider powers, cont ...

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History of Rome, History of Rome - Ancient Rome, History of Rome - Origins, History of Rome - Early peoples of Italy, History of Rome - Etruscan dominance, History of Rome - Roman Republic, History of Rome - Roman Empire, History of Rome - Medieval Rome, History of Rome - Barbarian and Byzantine rule, History of Rome - Holy Roman Empire, History of Rome - Roman Commune, History of Rome - Boniface VIII and the Babylonian captivity, History of Rome - Cola di Rienzo and the Pope's return to Rome, History of Rome - Modern Rome, History of Rome - Renaissance Rome, History of Rome - Sack of Rome and Counter-Reformation, History of Rome - Italian unification, History of Rome - Current state

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From 407 to 409 the Vandals, with the allied Alans and Germanic tribes like the Suevi, swept into the Iberian peninsula. In response to this invasion of Roman Hispania, Honorius, the emperor in the West, enlisted the aid of the Visigoths to regain control of the territory. And, in 418, Honorius rewarded his Visigothic federates by giving them land in Aquitania on which to settle. This was done probably under hospitalitas, the rules for billeting army soldiers (Heather 1996, Sivan 1987). The settlement formed the nucleus of the future Visigothic kingdom that would e ...

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Visigoth, Visigoth - Visigoths as Tervingi, Visigoth - Early history, Visigoth - Visigothic Kingdom in Aquitaine, Visigoth - Visigothic Kingdom in Iberia, Visigoth - Kings of the Visigoths, Visigoth - Early kings, Visigoth - Balti dynasty, Visigoth - Later kings, Visigoth - Doubtful kings, Visigoth - Select bibliography

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Following the reabsorption of Britain into the Roman Empire, the island was further repartitioned by Diocletian, this time into four separate provinces, Maxima Caesariensis in the southeast, with its capital at London, Flavia Caesariensis in the east, with its capital at Lincoln, Britannia Secunda in the north, with its capital at York, and Britannia Prima in the west (including present day Wales), with its capital at Cirencester. A fifth province called Valentia also briefly existed, probably in the far north. Each had a governor of equestr ...

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Governors of Roman Britain, Governors of Roman Britain - Claudian Governors, Governors of Roman Britain - Flavian Governors, Governors of Roman Britain - Trajanic Governors, Governors of Roman Britain - Hadrianic Governors, Governors of Roman Britain - Antonine Governors, Governors of Roman Britain - Severan Governors, Governors of Roman Britain - Division into Britannia Superior and Inferior, Governors of Roman Britain - Britannia Superior, Governors of Roman Britain - Britannia Inferior, Governors of Roman Britain - Diocese of the Britains, Governors of Roman Britain - Vicarii, Governors of Roman Britain - Governors, Governors of Roman Britain - Other rulers in Roman Britain, Governors of Roman Britain - Usurpers and British-based rulers of the Western Empire, Governors of Roman Britain - Native rulers, Governors of Roman Britain - Military leaders

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This list assumes the final division occurred c. 213 or a year or two before. Governors of Roman Britain - Britannia Superior. Tiberius Julius Pollienus Auspex in period c. 223 - 226 Caius Junius Faustinus Postumianus Rufinus Marcus Martiannius Pulcher Titus Desticius Juba in period 253 - 255 Governors of Roman Britain - Britannia Inferior. Gaius Julius Marcus by 213 Marcus Antonius Gordianus by 216

In the disturbances which followed the downfall and execution of Stilicho, the wives and children of barbarian foederati throughout Italy were slain by the local Romans. The natural consequence was that these men (estimates describe their numbers as perhaps 30,000 strong) flocked to the protection of Alaric, clamoring to be led against their cowardly enemies. The Visigoth warlord accordingly crossed the Julian Alps and began a campaign through the heart of Italy. By September 408, the bar ...

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Stilicho, Stilicho - Career, Stilicho - Downfall, Stilicho - Postmortem, Stilicho - Controversy, Stilicho - Sources, Stilicho - Notes

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100 Lucius Valerius Flaccus, Gaius Marius VI 99 Aulus Postumius Albinus, Marcus Antonius Orator 98 Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos, Titus Didius 97 Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus, Publius Licinius Crassus Dives 96 Gaius Cassius Longinus, Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus 95 Lucius Licinius Crassus, Quintus Mucius Scaevola 94 Gaius Coelius Caldus, Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus 93 Gaius Valerius Flaccus, Marcus Herennius 92 Gaius Claudius Pulcher, Marcus Perp ...

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List of Republican Roman Consuls, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 6th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 5th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 4th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 3rd century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 2nd century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 1st century BC

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List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic. Phocas the Tyrant ( ? - 610, ruled 602 - 610) – usurper; betrayed by his son-in-law ...

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List of Byzantine Emperors, List of Byzantine Emperors - Constantinian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Valentinian-Theodosian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Leonid dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Justinian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Heraclian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Heraclian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Isaurian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Phocid dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Phrygian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Macedonian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Comnenid dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Doukid dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Comnenid dynasty restored, List of Byzantine Emperors - Angelid dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Laskarid dynasty in exile in the Empire of Nicaea, List of Byzantine Emperors - Palaeologid Dynasty restored to Constantinople, List of Byzantine Emperors - Ottomans, List of Byzantine Emperors - Palaeologid Dynasty in exile

Read more here: » List of Byzantine Emperors: Encyclopedia II - List of Byzantine Emperors - Justinian dynasty

The Burgundians left three legal codes, among the earliest from any of the Germanic tribes. The Liber Consitutionum sive Lex Gundobada (The Book of the Constitution following the Law of Gundobad), also known as the Lex Burgundionum, or more simply the Lex Gundobada or the Liber, was issued in several parts between 483 and 516, principally by Gundobad, but also by his son, Sigismund. (Drew, p. 6-7) It was a record of Burgundian customary law and is typical of the many Germanic law codes from this peri ...

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Burgundians, Burgundians - Early History, Burgundians - Tribal Origins, Burgundians - Religion, Burgundians - Early Relationship with the Romans, Burgundians - The Burgundian Kingdoms, Burgundians - The First Kingdom, Burgundians - The Second Kingdom, Burgundians - The Fall of the Second Kingdom, Burgundians - The Burgundian Laws, Burgundians - Origin of Burgundy, Burgundians - Notes

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List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic. Philippicus Bardanes (Φιλιππικός Βαρδάνης) (ruled 711 - 713) – Armenian soldier; deposed & mutilated Anastasius II (Αναστάσιος Β') ( ? - 721, ruled 713 - 715) – orig. Artemios; secretary of Philippicus; deposed & entered monastery, later revolted & was executed ...

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List of Byzantine Emperors, List of Byzantine Emperors - Constantinian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Valentinian-Theodosian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Leonid dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Justinian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Heraclian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Heraclian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Isaurian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Phocid dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Phrygian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Macedonian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Comnenid dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Doukid dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Comnenid dynasty restored, List of Byzantine Emperors - Angelid dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Laskarid dynasty in exile in the Empire of Nicaea, List of Byzantine Emperors - Palaeologid Dynasty restored to Constantinople, List of Byzantine Emperors - Ottomans, List of Byzantine Emperors - Palaeologid Dynasty in exile

Read more here: » List of Byzantine Emperors: Encyclopedia II - List of Byzantine Emperors - Heraclian dynasty

List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic. Michael VI the Bellicose (Μιχαήλ ΣΤ' ο Στρατιωτικός) (ruled 1056 - 1057) – chosen by Theodora; deposed & entered monastery ...

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List of Byzantine Emperors, List of Byzantine Emperors - Constantinian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Valentinian-Theodosian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Leonid dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Justinian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Heraclian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Heraclian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Isaurian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Phocid dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Phrygian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Macedonian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Comnenid dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Doukid dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Comnenid dynasty restored, List of Byzantine Emperors - Angelid dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Laskarid dynasty in exile in the Empire of Nicaea, List of Byzantine Emperors - Palaeologid Dynasty restored to Constantinople, List of Byzantine Emperors - Ottomans, List of Byzantine Emperors - Palaeologid Dynasty in exile

Read more here: » List of Byzantine Emperors: Encyclopedia II - List of Byzantine Emperors - Macedonian dynasty