Twenty-two years later the city was attacked by an immense force under Pyrrhus, but Spartan bravery had not died out and the formidable enemy was repulsed, even the women taking part in the defence of the city. About 244 BCE an Aetolian army overran Laconia, working irreparable harm and carrying off, it is said, 50,000 captives. But the social evils within the state were even harder to combat than foes without. Avarice, luxury, and the glaring inequality in the distribution of wealth threatened to bring about the speedy fall of the st ...

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History of Sparta, History of Sparta - Prehistoric period, History of Sparta - The expansion of Sparta, History of Sparta - The 6th century BCE, History of Sparta - The 5th century BCE, History of Sparta - The 4th century BCE, History of Sparta - The 3rd century BCE, History of Sparta - Intervention of Rome, History of Sparta - Medieval Sparta, History of Sparta - Modern Sparta

Read more here: » History of Sparta: Encyclopedia II - History of Sparta - The 3rd century BCE

See also:

History of Sparta, History of Sparta - Prehistoric period, History of Sparta - The expansion of Sparta, History of Sparta - The 6th century BCE, History of Sparta - The 5th century BCE, History of Sparta - The 4th century BCE, History of Sparta - The 3rd century BCE, History of Sparta - Intervention of Rome, History of Sparta - Medieval Sparta, History of Sparta - Modern Sparta

Read more here: » History of Sparta: Encyclopedia II - History of Sparta - The 6th century BCE

We cannot trace in detail the process by which Sparta subjugated the whole of Laconia, but apparently the first step, taken in the reign of Archelaus and Charillus, was to secure the upper Eurotas valley, conquering the border territory of Aegys. Archelaus' son Teleclus is said to have taken Amyclae, Pharis and Geronthrae, thus mastering the central Laconian plain and the eastern plateau which lies between the Eurotas and Mount Parnon: his son, Alcamenes, by the subjugation ...

See also:

History of Sparta, History of Sparta - Prehistoric period, History of Sparta - The expansion of Sparta, History of Sparta - The 6th century BCE, History of Sparta - The 5th century BCE, History of Sparta - The 4th century BCE, History of Sparta - The 3rd century BCE, History of Sparta - Intervention of Rome, History of Sparta - Medieval Sparta, History of Sparta - Modern Sparta

Read more here: » History of Sparta: Encyclopedia II - History of Sparta - The expansion of Sparta

Buddhist symbolism appeared from around the 3rd century BCE, and started with aniconic symbolism, avoiding direct representations of the Buddha. Anthropomorphic symbolism appeared from around the 1st century CE with the arts of Mathura and the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara, and were combined with the previous symbols. Various symbolic innovations were later introduced, especially through Tibetan Buddhism. Buddhist symbolism - Early aniconic symbols. Among the earliest and most common symbols of Buddhism ar ...

Including:

• Buddhist symbolism - Early aniconic symbols
• Buddhist symbolism - The 32 signs of a Great Man, and 80 Secondary Characteristics
• Buddhist symbolism - The Mudras
• Buddhist symbolism - The eight auspicious symbols of Tibetan & Nepali Buddhism
• Buddhist symbolism - International symbols of the World Fellowship of Buddhists

Read more here: » Buddhist symbolism

The history of Buddhism spans from the 6th century BCE to the present, starting with the birth of the Buddha Siddharta Gautama. This makes it one of the oldest religions practiced today. Throughout this period, the religion evolved as it encountered various countries and cultures, adding to its original Indian foundation Hellenistic as well as Central Asian, East Asian, and Southeast Asian cultural elements. In the process, its geographical extent became considerable so as to affect at one time or another most of the Asian continent. ...

Including:

• History of Buddhism - Life of the Buddha
• History of Buddhism - Early Buddhism
• History of Buddhism - 1st Buddhist council 5th c. BCE
• History of Buddhism - 2nd Buddhist council 383 BCE
• History of Buddhism - Ashokan proselytism c. 260 BCE
• History of Buddhism - 3rd Buddhist council c.250 BCE
• History of Buddhism - Hellenistic world
• History of Buddhism - Asian expansion
• History of Buddhism - Sunga persecutions 2nd–1st c.BCE
• History of Buddhism - Greco-Buddhist interaction 2nd c. BCE–1st c. CE
• History of Buddhism - Rise of Mahayana 1st c.BCE–2nd c.CE
• History of Buddhism - Mahayana expansion 1st c.CE–10th c.CE
• History of Buddhism - India
• History of Buddhism - Central and Northern Asia
• History of Buddhism - South-East Asia
• History of Buddhism - Emergence of the Vajrayana 5th century
• History of Buddhism - Theravada Renaissance 11th century CE—
• History of Buddhism - Expansion of Buddhism to the West
• History of Buddhism - Notes

Read more here: » History of Buddhism: Encyclopedia - History of Buddhism

Ta-Hsia, or Daxia (Chinese: 大夏) is the name given in antiquity by the Chinese to the territory of Bactria. The name Ta-Hsia appears in Chinese from the 3rd century BCE to designate a mythical kingdom to the West, possibly a consequence of the first contacts with the expansion of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, and then is used by the explorer Zhang Qian in 126 BCE to designate Bactria. The reports of Zhang Qian were put in writing in the Shiji ("Records of the Great Historian") by Sima Qian in the 1st century BCE. ...

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The pillars of Ashoka are a series of columns dispersed throughout the northern Indian subcontinent, and erected by the Mauryan king Ashoka during his reign in the 3rd century BCE. Many of the pillars are carved with proclamations reflecting Buddhist teachings: the Edicts of Ashoka. The most famous of the columns is the one that was erected at Sarnath, and is now exposed in the Sarnarth museum. It has been used as one of the cent ...

Read more here: » Pillars of Ashoka: Encyclopedia - Pillars of Ashoka

Greco-Buddhism, sometimes spelled Græco-Buddhism, is the cultural syncretism between the culture of Classical Greece and Buddhism, which developed over a period of close to 800 years in Central Asia in the area corresponding to modern-day Afghanistan and Pakistan, between the 4th century BCE and the 5th century CE. Greco-Buddhism influenced the artistic (and, possibly, conceptual) development of Buddhism, and in particular Mahayana Buddhism, before it was adopted by Central and Northeastern Asia from the 1st century CE, ultima ...

Including:

• Greco-Buddhism - Historical outline
• Greco-Buddhism - Religious interactions
• Greco-Buddhism - Alexander the Great in Bactria and India 331-325
• Greco-Buddhism - The Mauryan empire 322–183 BCE
• Greco-Buddhism - The Greek presence in Bactria 325 to 125 BCE
• Greco-Buddhism - The Indo-Greek kingdom and Buddhism 180 BCE –10 CE
• Greco-Buddhism - The Kushan empire 1st–3rd century CE
• Greco-Buddhism - Artistic influences
• Greco-Buddhism - The anthropomorphic representation of the Buddha
• Greco-Buddhism - A Hellenized Buddhist pantheon
• Greco-Buddhism - Greco-Buddhism and the rise of the Mahayana
• Greco-Buddhism - Conceptual influences
• Greco-Buddhism - Gandharan proselytism
• Greco-Buddhism - Intellectual influences in Asia
• Greco-Buddhism - Greco-Buddhism and the West
• Greco-Buddhism - Exchanges
• Greco-Buddhism - Religious influences
• Greco-Buddhism - Notes

Read more here: » Greco-Buddhism: Encyclopedia - Greco-Buddhism

The Bodhi-Vamsa, or Mahabodhi-Vamsa, is a prose poem in elaborate Sanskritized Pali, composed by Upatissa in the reign of Mahinda IV of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) about A.D. 980. It is an adaptation of a previously existing work in Sinhalese on the same subject, and describes the bringing of a branch or cutting of the celebrated Bo or Bodhi tree (i.e. Wisdom Tree, under which the Buddha had attained wisdom) to Sri Lanka in the 3rd century BCE. The Bodhi Vamsa quotes verses from the Mahavamsa, but draws a gre ...

Read more here: » Bodhi Vamsa: Encyclopedia - Bodhi Vamsa

Buddhist symbolism appeared from around the 3rd century BCE, and started with aniconic symbolism, avoiding direct representations of the Buddha. Anthropomorphic symbolism appeared from around the 1st century CE with the arts of Mathura and the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara, and were combined with the previous symbols. Various symbolic innovations were later introduced, especially through Tibetan Buddhism. Buddhist symbolism - Early aniconic symbols. Among the earliest and most common symbols of Buddhism ar ...

Including:

• Buddhist symbolism - Early aniconic symbols
• Buddhist symbolism - The 32 signs of a Great Man and 80 Secondary Characteristics
• Buddhist symbolism - The Mudras
• Buddhist symbolism - The eight auspicious symbols of Tibetan & Nepali Buddhism
• Buddhist symbolism - International symbols of the World Fellowship of Buddhists

Read more here: » Buddhist symbolism: Encyclopedia - Buddhist symbolism

Kathavatthu (Pāli), literally "Points of Controversy", is one of the seven books in the Theravada Abhidhamma Pitaka. This work was compiled sometime in the 3rd Century BCE, its authorship traditionally attributed to the venerable Moggaliputta Tissa in his role as leader of the Third Council. The Kathavatthu was compiled in order to clarify the various points of controversy regarding Dhamma that had arisen among the schools of Nikaya Buddhism. These disputes had provided the rationale for the convening of the 3rd Buddhis ...

Read more here: » Kathavatthu: Encyclopedia - Kathavatthu

The Parthian Empire was the dominating force on the Iranian plateau beginning in the late 3rd century BCE, and intermittently controlled Mesopotamia between ca 190 BCE and 224 CE. Parthia was the arch-enemy of the Roman Empire in the east and it limited Rome's expansion beyond Cappadocia (central Anatolia). The Parthian empire was the most enduring of the empires of the ancient Near East. After the Parni nomads had settled in Parthia and had built a small independent kingdom, they rose to power under king Mithradates the Great ...

Including:

• Parthian Empire - Origins
• Parthian Empire - The Parthian Empire
• Parthian Empire - Government
• Parthian Empire - Contact with China
• Parthian Empire - Conflicts with Rome
• Parthian Empire - Expansion to India
• Parthian Empire - Decline and fall
• Parthian Empire - Parthian rulers
• Parthian Empire - Etymololgy of Parthia

Read more here: » Parthian Empire: Encyclopedia - Parthian Empire

Bases Base 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,16, 20, 24, 26, 27, 30, 32, 36, 60, 64 The Brahmi numerals are an indigenous Indian numeral system attested from the 3rd century BCE (somewhat later in the case of most of the tens). They are the direct graphic ancestors of the modern Indic and Hindu-Arabic numerals. However, they were conceptually distinct from these later systems, as they were not used as a positional system with a zero. Rather, there were separate numerals for each ...

Including:

• Brahmi numeral - Origins

Read more here: » Brahmi numeral: Encyclopedia - Brahmi numeral

Etruria — usually referred to in Greek and Latin source texts as Tyrrhenia — was an ancient country in Central Italy, located in an area that covered part of what now are Tuscany, Latium and Umbria. It was one of the most important city/states on the Italian peninsula before falling to the Roman Republic in the 3rd century BC. Etruria became dominant in the Italian peninsula after 650 BCE. Their expansion included the Po River Valley and Latium and continued south until they came in contact with the Greek colonies in ...

Including:

• Etruria - External link

Read more here: » Etruria: Encyclopedia - Etruria

(5th millennium BC – 4th millennium BC – 3rd millennium BC - other millennia) 4th millennium BC - Events. Sumerian city of Ur in Mesopotamia (40th century BC); Sumerian hegemony in Mesopotamia, with the invention of writing, base-60 mathematics, astronomy and astrology, civil law, complex hydrology, the sailboat, the wheel, and the potter's wheel, 4000–2000 BCE. Naqada culture on the Nile, 4000–3000 BC. Epoch of the modern Hebrew Calendar occurred on 7 October 3761 BC. < ...

Including:

• 4th millennium BC - Events
• 4th millennium BC - Cultures
• 4th millennium BC - Environmental changes
• 4th millennium BC - Significant persons
• 4th millennium BC - Inventions discoveries introductions
• 4th millennium BC - Centuries
• 4th millennium BC - External references

Read more here: » 4th millennium BC: Encyclopedia - 4th millennium BC

In CE 406 Alaric destroyed the city, and at a later period Laconia was invaded and settled by Slavonic tribes, especially the Melings and Ezerits, who in turn had to give way before the advance of the Byzantine power, though preserving a partial independence in the mountainous regions. In fact, Slavic tribes were found in the Peloponnese until well into Ottoman times. It has been theorized that speakers of the now-moribund Doric derived language of Tsakonian are the descen ...

See also:

History of Sparta, History of Sparta - Prehistoric period, History of Sparta - The expansion of Sparta, History of Sparta - The 6th century BCE, History of Sparta - The 5th century BCE, History of Sparta - The 4th century BCE, History of Sparta - The 3rd century BCE, History of Sparta - Intervention of Rome, History of Sparta - Medieval Sparta, History of Sparta - Modern Sparta

Read more here: » History of Sparta: Encyclopedia II - History of Sparta - Medieval Sparta

The beginning of the 5th century saw Sparta at the height of her power, though her prestige must have suffered in the fruitless attempts made to impose upon Athens an oligarchical régime after the fall of the Peisistratid tyranny in 510. But after the Persian Wars the Spartan supremacy could no longer remain unchallenged. Sparta had dispatched an army in 490, under the command of Datis and Artaphernes, to aid Athens in repelling the armament sent against it by Darius: but it arrived after the Battle of Marath ...

See also:

History of Sparta, History of Sparta - Prehistoric period, History of Sparta - The expansion of Sparta, History of Sparta - The 6th century BCE, History of Sparta - The 5th century BCE, History of Sparta - The 4th century BCE, History of Sparta - The 3rd century BCE, History of Sparta - Intervention of Rome, History of Sparta - Medieval Sparta, History of Sparta - Modern Sparta

Read more here: » History of Sparta: Encyclopedia II - History of Sparta - The 5th century BCE

Tradition relates that Sparta was founded by Lacedaemon, son of Zeus and Taygete, who called the city after his wife, the daughter of Eurotas. But Amyclae and Therapne (Therapnae) seem to have been in early times of greater importance than Sparta, the former a Minoan foundation a few miles to the south of Sparta, the latter probably the Achaean capital of Laconia and the seat of Menelaus, Agamemnon's younger brother. Eighty years after the Trojan War, according to the traditional chronology, the Dorian migration took place. A band of Dorians united with a body of Aetolians to cross the Corint ...

See also:

History of Sparta, History of Sparta - Prehistoric period, History of Sparta - The expansion of Sparta, History of Sparta - The 6th century BCE, History of Sparta - The 5th century BCE, History of Sparta - The 4th century BCE, History of Sparta - The 3rd century BCE, History of Sparta - Intervention of Rome, History of Sparta - Medieval Sparta, History of Sparta - Modern Sparta

Read more here: » History of Sparta: Encyclopedia II - History of Sparta - Prehistoric period

The fall of Athens left Sparta once again supreme in the Greek world and demonstrated clearly its total unfitness for rule. Everywhere democracy was replaced by a philo-Laconian oligarchy, usually consisting of ten men under a harmost or governor pledged to Spartan interests, and even in Laconia itself the narrow and selfish character of the Spartan rule led to a serious conspiracy. For a short time, indeed, under the energetic rule of Agesilaus, it seemed as if Sparta would pursue a Hellenic policy and carry on the war against Persia. But troubles soon broke out in Greece, Agesilaus II was recalled from Asia Mino ...

See also:

History of Sparta, History of Sparta - Prehistoric period, History of Sparta - The expansion of Sparta, History of Sparta - The 6th century BCE, History of Sparta - The 5th century BCE, History of Sparta - The 4th century BCE, History of Sparta - The 3rd century BCE, History of Sparta - Intervention of Rome, History of Sparta - Medieval Sparta, History of Sparta - Modern Sparta

Read more here: » History of Sparta: Encyclopedia II - History of Sparta - The 4th century BCE

Nonetheless, a vigorous struggle was maintained with the Achaean League and with Macedon until the Romans, after the conclusion of their war with Philip V, sent an army into Laconia under T. Quinctius Flamininus. Nabis was forced to capitulate, evacuating all his possessions outside Laconia, surrendering the Laconian seaports and his navy, and paying an indemnity of 500 talents (Livy xxxiv. 33–43). On the departure of the Romans he succeeded in recovering Gythium, in spite of an attempt to relieve it made by the Achaeans under Philopoemen, but in an encounter he suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of th ...

See also:

History of Sparta, History of Sparta - Prehistoric period, History of Sparta - The expansion of Sparta, History of Sparta - The 6th century BCE, History of Sparta - The 5th century BCE, History of Sparta - The 4th century BCE, History of Sparta - The 3rd century BCE, History of Sparta - Intervention of Rome, History of Sparta - Medieval Sparta, History of Sparta - Modern Sparta

Read more here: » History of Sparta: Encyclopedia II - History of Sparta - Intervention of Rome