In early 318, Han Zhao's emperor Liu Cong executed Emperor Min, and three months later, news arrived in Jiankang. Sima Rui then declared himself emperor (as Emperor Yuan). At this time, the areas directly under his control were roughly south of the Yellow River and east of the Three Gorges, although pockets of Jin territory in the north -- chief among which was You Province (幽州, modern Beijing, Tianjin, and northern Hebei), controlled by the ethnically Xianbei governor Duan Pidi (段匹磾) -- largely also recognized him as emperor. Howe ...

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Emperor Yuan of Jin, Emperor Yuan of Jin - Early career, Emperor Yuan of Jin - After the fall of Luoyang, Emperor Yuan of Jin - Early reign, Emperor Yuan of Jin - Confrontation with Wang Dun, Emperor Yuan of Jin - Era names, Emperor Yuan of Jin - Personal information

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Qianhua (乾化 qian2 hua4) 911-912 Zhenming (貞明 zhen1 ming2) 915-921 Longde (龍德 long2 de2) 921-923 Changxing (長興 chang2 xing1) 930-933 Kaiyun (開運 kai1 yun4) 944-947 Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 948 Xiande (顯德 xian3 de2) 954 Baoda (寶大 bao3 da4) 923-925 Baozheng (寶正 bao3 zheng4) 925-932 Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 935 Wuyi (武義 wu3 yi4) 919-921 Qianzhen (乾貞 qian2 zhen1) 927-929 Dahe (大和 da4 he2) 929-935 Tianzuo (天祚 tian1 zuo4) 935-937 ...

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Table of Chinese monarchs, Table of Chinese monarchs - Xia Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Shang Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Zhou Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Qin Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Han Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Three Kingdoms Period, Table of Chinese monarchs - Jin Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Sixteen Kingdoms Period, Table of Chinese monarchs - Sovereignties established by Wu Hu, Table of Chinese monarchs - Northern and Southern Dynasties, Table of Chinese monarchs - Sui Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Tang Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, Table of Chinese monarchs - Independent Regimes during Ten Kingdoms, Table of Chinese monarchs - Liao Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Song Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Western Xia, Table of Chinese monarchs - Jin Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Yuan Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Ming dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Shun Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Southern Ming Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Qing dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Taiping Rebellion, Table of Chinese monarchs - Yuan Shikai's Chinese Empire

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Ancient history - Europe and the Mediterranean. Ancient Egypt Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Carthage Etruscans Hittites Phoenicia Scythians Ancient history - East Asia. Ancient China Ancient Japan Ancient Korea Mongols Ancient Turks Huns Ancient history - Central and Southwest Asia. Ancient India A ...

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Ancient history, Ancient history - The study of ancient history, Ancient history - Archaeology, Ancient history - Primary sources, Ancient history - Chronology, Ancient history - Prehistory, Ancient history - Important events, Ancient history - End of ancient history in Europe, Ancient history - Some prominent civilizations of ancient history, Ancient history - Europe and the Mediterranean, Ancient history - East Asia, Ancient history - Central and Southwest Asia, Ancient history - Saharan and Sub-Saharan Africa, Ancient history - The Americas, Ancient history - References and further reading

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The Imperial Guptas could not have achieved their successes through force of arms without an efficient martial system. Historically, the best accounts of this comes not from the Hindus themselves but from Chinese and Western observers. However, a contemporary Indian document, regarded as a military classic of the time, the Siva-Dhanur-veda, offers some insight into the military system of the Guptas. Like Indian kings before them, and centuries afterwards, the Guptas would have utilized war elephants. These thick hided beasts, suppleme ...

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Gupta Empire, Gupta Empire - Origins, Gupta Empire - The Guptas ascendant, Gupta Empire - Main Gupta rulers, Gupta Empire - Chandragupta, Gupta Empire - Samudragupta, Gupta Empire - Chandragupta II, Gupta Empire - Kumaragupta I, Gupta Empire - Skandagupta, Gupta Empire - Military organization, Gupta Empire - Huna invasions and the end of empire, Gupta Empire - The Guptas of Magadha, Gupta Empire - Gupta arts, Gupta Empire - Gupta literature, Gupta Empire - Legacy of the Gupta Empire

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In 311, Luoyang fell to Han Zhao forces, and Emperor Huai was captured. A large number of refugees, fleeing Han Zhao forces, crossed the Yangtze River and arrived in Sima Rui's domain. Under Wang Dao's suggestion, Sima Rui sought out the talented men among them and added them to his administration. Meanwhile, he began to exercise more imperial power, and began to put all other provinces south of the Huai River under his own control -- and, for the next few years, under the command of Wang Dun and other generals such as Tao Kan and Zhou Fang ...

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Emperor Yuan of Jin, Emperor Yuan of Jin - Early career, Emperor Yuan of Jin - After the fall of Luoyang, Emperor Yuan of Jin - Early reign, Emperor Yuan of Jin - Confrontation with Wang Dun, Emperor Yuan of Jin - Era names, Emperor Yuan of Jin - Personal information

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Sima Shao was born in 299, as the oldest son of his father Sima Rui, then the Prince of Langye, by his lowly-born concubine Lady Xun, who then in 300 gave birth to another son, Sima Pou (司馬裒). Sima Rui's wife, Princess Yu Mengmu (虞孟母), who was herself childless, became very jealous of Lady Xun and mistreated her greatly. Lady Xun, not able to bear the abuse, complained bitterly, and was thrown out of the household. Sima Shao was therefore raised by Princess Yu, with whom he apparently had a cordial relationship. During his youth, he was considered intelligent and quick-thinking, although eventually his bro ...

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Emperor Ming of Jin, Emperor Ming of Jin - Early life, Emperor Ming of Jin - As crown prince, Emperor Ming of Jin - Reign, Emperor Ming of Jin - Era name, Emperor Ming of Jin - Personal information

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St John Chrysostom wrote homilies on the three crosses: "Kings removing their diadems take up the cross, the symbol of their Saviour's death; on the purple, the cross; in their prayers, the cross; on their armour, the cross; on the holy table, the cross; throughout the universe, the cross. The cross shines brighter than the sun." The Roman Catholic Church, many Protestant denominations (most notably those with Anglican origins), and the Eastern Orthodox churches celebrate the Feast of the Exaltation of the C ...

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True Cross, True Cross - Finding the True Cross, True Cross - Conservation of the relics, True Cross - Dispersal of relics of the True Cross, True Cross - Veneration of the Cross, True Cross - Movies

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The origins of the Guptas are shrouded in obscurity. The Chinese traveller I-tsing provides the first evidence of the Gupta kingdom in Magadha. He came to India in 672 CE and heard of 'Maharaja Sri-Gupta' who built a temple for Chinese pilgrims near Mrigasikhavana. I-tsing gives the date for this event merely as '500 years before'. This does not match with other sources and hence we can assume that I-tsing's computation was a mere guess. The most likely date for the reign of Sri-Gupta is c. 240-280 CE His successor Ghatotkacha ruled probably from c. 280-319 CE In contrast to his successor, he is also re ...

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Gupta Empire, Gupta Empire - Origins, Gupta Empire - The Guptas ascendant, Gupta Empire - Main Gupta rulers, Gupta Empire - Chandragupta, Gupta Empire - Samudragupta, Gupta Empire - Chandragupta II, Gupta Empire - Kumaragupta I, Gupta Empire - Skandagupta, Gupta Empire - Military organization, Gupta Empire - Huna invasions and the end of empire, Gupta Empire - The Guptas of Magadha

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His exact date and place of birth are unknown, and little is known of his youth. He became acquainted with the presbyter Dorotheus in Antioch and probably received exegetical instruction from him. In 296 he was in Palestine and saw Constantine who visited the country with Diocletian. He was in Caesarea when Agapius was bishop and became friendly with Pamphilus of Caesarea, with whom he seems to have studied the text of the Bible, with the aid of Origen's Hexapla, and commentaries collected by Pamp ...

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Eusebius of Caesarea, Eusebius of Caesarea - Biography, Eusebius of Caesarea - Works, Eusebius of Caesarea - Works on Biblical text criticism, Eusebius of Caesarea - The Chronicle, Eusebius of Caesarea - The Church History, Eusebius of Caesarea - The Life of Constantine, Eusebius of Caesarea - Minor historical works, Eusebius of Caesarea - Apologetic and dogmatic works, Eusebius of Caesarea - Exegetical and miscellaneous works, Eusebius of Caesarea - Estimate of Eusebius, Eusebius of Caesarea - His doctrine, Eusebius of Caesarea - His limitations

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Gupta Empire - Chandragupta. Ghatotkacha (c. 280–319) CE, had a son named Chandragupta. In a breakthrough deal, Chandragupta was married to Kumaradevi, a Lichchhavi—the main power in Magadha. With a dowry of the kingdom of Magadha (capital Pataliputra) and an alliance with the Lichchhavis, Chandragupta set about expanding his power, conquering much of Magadha, Prayaga and Saketa. He established a realm stretching from the Ganga (Ganges) river to Prayaga (modern-day Allahabad) by 320. Chandragupta was the first of the Guptas to be referred to as 'Maharajadhiraja' or 'King of Kings'. ...

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Gupta Empire, Gupta Empire - Origins, Gupta Empire - The Guptas ascendant, Gupta Empire - Main Gupta rulers, Gupta Empire - Chandragupta, Gupta Empire - Samudragupta, Gupta Empire - Chandragupta II, Gupta Empire - Kumaragupta I, Gupta Empire - Skandagupta, Gupta Empire - Military organization, Gupta Empire - Huna invasions and the end of empire, Gupta Empire - The Guptas of Magadha

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The Imperial Guptas could not have achieved their successes through force of arms without an efficient martial system. Historically, the best accounts of this comes not from the Hindus themselves but from Chinese and Western observers. However, a contemporary Indian document, regarded as a military classic of the time, the Siva-Dhanur-veda, offers some insight into the military system of the Guptas. Like Indian kings before them, and centuries afterwards, the Guptas would have utilized war elephants. These thick hided beasts, suppleme ...

See also:

Gupta Empire, Gupta Empire - Origins, Gupta Empire - The Guptas ascendant, Gupta Empire - Main Gupta rulers, Gupta Empire - Chandragupta, Gupta Empire - Samudragupta, Gupta Empire - Chandragupta II, Gupta Empire - Kumaragupta I, Gupta Empire - Skandagupta, Gupta Empire - Military organization, Gupta Empire - Huna invasions and the end of empire, Gupta Empire - The Guptas of Magadha

Read more here: » Gupta Empire: Encyclopedia II - Gupta Empire - Military organization

300 Marcus Valerius M.f. Corvus V, Quintus Appuleius Pansa 299 Marcus Fulvius Cn.f. Paetinus, Titus Manlius T.f. Torquatus, Suff.: Marcus Valerius M.f. Corvus VI 298 Lucius Cornelius Cn.f. Scipio Barbatus, Gnaeus Fulvius Cn.f. Maximus Centumalus 297 Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus IV, Publius Decius P.f. Mus III 296 Appius Claudius C.f. Caecus II, Lucius Volumnius C.f. Flamma Violens II. 295 Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus V, Publius Decius P.f. Mus IV 294See also:

List of Republican Roman Consuls, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 6th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 5th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 4th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 3rd century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 2nd century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 1st century BC

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In Western Christianity the principal groups that regard themselves as "Catholic" without full communion with the Pope are the Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association and some elements of Anglicanism ("High Church Anglicans" or "Anglo-Catholics"). Smaller groups include the Old Catholics, the Aglipayans (Philippine Independent Church), and the Polish National Catholic Church of America. Their spiritual beliefs and practices are similar to those of Roman Catholics of the Latin Rite, from which they emerged, but ...

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Catholicism, Catholicism - Catholic Church, Catholicism - Brief organizational history of the Church, Catholicism - The Roman Catholic Church, Catholicism - Other Catholic groups, Catholicism - Distinctive beliefs and practices, Catholicism - Beliefs, Catholicism - Sacraments, Catholicism - Footnotes, Catholicism - Sources, Catholicism - Additional reading

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"The Catholic Church", when used not of an abstract invisible entity, but of a visible concrete body of Christians, usually refers to what is also called "the Roman Catholic Church". This Church hardly ever uses the name "Roman Catholic Church" for itself, except in its relations with other Christian groups. Even in those relations, "Catholic Church" may also appear, as in some documents drawn up in common with the Lutheran World Federation and the Assyrian Church of the East. On the other hand, the Church has in fact applied the adje ...

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Catholicism, Catholicism - Catholic Church, Catholicism - Brief organizational history of the Church, Catholicism - The Roman Catholic Church, Catholicism - Other Catholic groups, Catholicism - Distinctive beliefs and practices, Catholicism - Beliefs, Catholicism - Sacraments, Catholicism - Footnotes, Catholicism - Sources, Catholicism - Additional reading

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However, during the time of Arianism's flowering in Constantinople, the Goth convert Ulfilas (later the subject of the letter of Auxentius cited above) was sent as a missionary to the Gothic barbarians across the Danube. His initial success in converting this Germanic people to an Arian form of Christianity was strengthened by later events. When the Germanic peoples entered the Roman Empire and founded successor-kingdoms, most had been Arian Christians for more than a century. The conflict in the 4th century had seen Arian and Nicene faction ...

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Arianism, Arianism - Beliefs, Arianism - The Council of Nicea and its aftermath, Arianism - The theological debates reopen, Arianism - Nicene Christianity becomes the state religion of Rome, Arianism - Arianism in the early medieval Germanic kingdoms, Arianism - Arian as a polemical epithet, Arianism - Bibliography

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In many ways, the conflict around Arian beliefs in the fourth, fifth, and sixth centuries helped firmly define the centrality of the Trinity in mainstream Christian theology. As the first major intra-Christian conflict after Christianity's legalization, the struggle between Nicenes and Arians left a deep impression on the institutional memory of Nicene churches. Thus, over the past 1,500 years, some Christians have used the term Arian to refer to those groups that see themselves as worshipping Jesus Christ or respe ...

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Arianism, Arianism - Beliefs, Arianism - The Council of Nicea and its aftermath, Arianism - The theological debates reopen, Arianism - Nicene Christianity becomes the state religion of Rome, Arianism - Arianism in the early medieval Germanic kingdoms, Arianism - Arian as a polemical epithet, Arianism - Bibliography

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A letter that, in about 107, Saint Ignatius, Bishop of Antioch wrote to Christians in Smyrna, is the earliest surviving witness to the use of the term "catholic Church" (Smyrnaeans, 8).[1] By it Saint Ignatius designated the Christian Church in its universal aspect, excluding heretics, such as those who disavow "the Eucharist to be the flesh of our Saviour Jesus Christ, which suffered for our sins, and which the Father, of His goodness, raised up again" (Smyrnaeans, 7).[2] He called such people "beasts in the shape of men, whom you must not only not receive, but, if it be po ...

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Catholicism, Catholicism - Catholic Church, Catholicism - Brief organizational history of the Church, Catholicism - The Roman Catholic Church, Catholicism - Other Catholic groups, Catholicism - Distinctive beliefs and practices, Catholicism - Beliefs, Catholicism - Sacraments, Catholicism - Footnotes, Catholicism - Sources, Catholicism - Additional reading

Read more here: » Catholicism: Encyclopedia II - Catholicism - Catholic Church

The early Catholic Church came to be organized under the three patriarchs of Rome, Alexandria and Antioch, to which later were added the patriarchs of Constantinople and Jerusalem. The Bishop of Rome was at that time recognized as first among them, as is stated, for instance, in canon 3 of the First Council of Constantinople (381) - many interpret "first" as meaning here first among equals - and doctrinal or procedural disputes were oftentimes referred to Rome, as when, on appeal by St Athanasius against the decision of the Council of Tyre ( ...

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Catholicism, Catholicism - Catholic Church, Catholicism - Brief organizational history of the Church, Catholicism - The Roman Catholic Church, Catholicism - Other Catholic groups, Catholicism - Distinctive beliefs and practices, Catholicism - Beliefs, Catholicism - Sacraments, Catholicism - Footnotes, Catholicism - Sources, Catholicism - Additional reading

Read more here: » Catholicism: Encyclopedia II - Catholicism - Brief organizational history of the Church

200 Publius Sulpicius Ser.f. Galba Maximus II, Gaius Aurelius C.f. Cotta 199 Lucius Cornelius L.f. Lentulus, Publius Villius Ti.f. Tappulus 198 Titus Quinctius T.f. Flamininus, Sextus Aelius Q.f. Paetus Catus 197 Gaius Cornelius L.f. Cethegus, Quintus Minucius C.f. Rufus 196 Lucius Furius Sp.f. Purpureo, Marcus Claudius M.f. Marcellus 195 Marcus Porcius M.f. Cato, Lucius Valerius P.f. Flaccus 194 Publius Cornelius P.f. Scipio Africanus II, Tiberius Semproni ...

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List of Republican Roman Consuls, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 6th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 5th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 4th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 3rd century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 2nd century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 1st century BC

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100 Lucius Valerius Flaccus, Gaius Marius VI 99 Aulus Postumius Albinus, Marcus Antonius Orator 98 Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos, Titus Didius 97 Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus, Publius Licinius Crassus Dives 96 Gaius Cassius Longinus, Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus 95 Lucius Licinius Crassus, Quintus Mucius Scaevola 94 Gaius Coelius Caldus, Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus 93 Gaius Valerius Flaccus, Marcus Herennius 92 Gaius Claudius Pulcher, Marcus Perp ...

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List of Republican Roman Consuls, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 6th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 5th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 4th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 3rd century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 2nd century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 1st century BC

Read more here: » List of Republican Roman Consuls: Encyclopedia II - List of Republican Roman Consuls - 1st century BC

Qinglong (青龍 qing1 long2) 233-237 Jingchu (景初 jing3 chu1) 237-239 Jiaping (嘉平 jia1 ping2) 249-254 Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 256-260 Xianxi (咸熙 xian2 xi1) 264-265 Yanxi (延熙 yan2 xi1) 238-257 Jingyao (景耀 jing3 yao4) 258-263 Yanxing (炎興 yan2 xing1) 263 Huanglong (黃龍 huang2 long2) 229-231 Jiahe (嘉禾 jia1 he2) 232-238 Chiwu (赤烏 chi4 wu1) 238-251 Taiyuan (太元 tai4 yuan2) 251-252 Shenfeng (神鳳 shen2 feng4) 252 Wufeng ( ...

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Table of Chinese monarchs, Table of Chinese monarchs - Xia Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Shang Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Zhou Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Qin Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Han Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Three Kingdoms Period, Table of Chinese monarchs - Jin Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Sixteen Kingdoms Period, Table of Chinese monarchs - Sovereignties established by Wu Hu, Table of Chinese monarchs - Northern and Southern Dynasties, Table of Chinese monarchs - Sui Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Tang Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, Table of Chinese monarchs - Independent Regimes during Ten Kingdoms, Table of Chinese monarchs - Liao Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Song Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Western Xia, Table of Chinese monarchs - Jin Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Yuan Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Ming dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Shun Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Southern Ming Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Qing dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Taiping Rebellion, Table of Chinese monarchs - Yuan Shikai's Chinese Empire

Read more here: » Table of Chinese monarchs: Encyclopedia II - Table of Chinese monarchs - Three Kingdoms Period

An inscription of 359, found at Tixter, in the neighbourhood of Sétif in Mauretania, was said to mention, in an enumeration of relics, a fragment of the True Cross, according to an entry in Roman Miscellanies, X, 441. But most of the very small relics of the True Cross in Europe came from Constantinople. The town was captured and sacked by the Fourth Crusade in 1204: After the conquest of the city Constantinople inestimable wealth was found, incomparably precious jewels and also a part of the cross of the gentleman, which H ...

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True Cross, True Cross - Finding the True Cross, True Cross - Conservation of the relics, True Cross - Dispersal of relics of the True Cross, True Cross - Veneration of the Cross, True Cross - Movies

Read more here: » True Cross: Encyclopedia II - True Cross - Dispersal of relics of the True Cross