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32-bit | A Wisdom Archive on 32-bit | | 32-bit A selection of articles related to 32-bit | |
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32-bit
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO 32-bit | | | |  32-bit: Encyclopedia II - Open source vs. closed source - SupportComputer software is complex enough that users frequently need help with it even after they have got it set up and working to begin with. Software also invariably has bugs in it, which may adversely impact the users' ability to get work done and so need to be fixed. And a user may see areas in which the functionality of the software may be improved, to help not just that user but others as well.
Closed-source software vendors typically provide a "one-stop shop" for all support matters: since the vendor developed the software (a ...
See also:Open source vs. closed source, Open source vs. closed source - Making money, Open source vs. closed source - Support, Open source vs. closed source - Innovation, Open source vs. closed source - Compatibility, Open source vs. closed source - Freedom, Open source vs. closed source - Control, Open source vs. closed source - Integration, Open source vs. closed source - Missing technological components, Open source vs. closed source - Security Read more here: » Open source vs. closed source: Encyclopedia II - Open source vs. closed source - Support |
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| | | | | 32-bit: Encyclopedia II - Open source vs. closed source - Innovation Open-source software has often been accused of being more derivative than innovative. This is true to some extent, mostly in the desktop arena. Thus, GIMP is in many ways a reinvention of the functionality of Photoshop, while OpenOffice.org is primarily designed as a plug-compatible replacement for Microsoft Office.
However, one should not overlook the many innovations that have come, and continue to come, from the open-source world:
GCC is a set of compilers for C and other languages, that supports more different process ...
See also:Open source vs. closed source, Open source vs. closed source - Making money, Open source vs. closed source - Support, Open source vs. closed source - Innovation, Open source vs. closed source - Compatibility, Open source vs. closed source - Freedom, Open source vs. closed source - Control, Open source vs. closed source - Integration, Open source vs. closed source - Missing technological components, Open source vs. closed source - Security Read more here: » Open source vs. closed source: Encyclopedia II - Open source vs. closed source - Innovation |
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| | | | | 32-bit: Encyclopedia II - Open source vs. closed source - Compatibility One issue that needs to be watched with software as it evolves is the need to maintain compatibility with other software, whether via common data formats, communication protocols or APIs. Closed-source software has a particular problem with APIs, since old, obsolete ones may need to be supported essentially forever, because they are still being used by other software that has never been updated.
For instance, consider the migration from 16-bit to 32-bit x86 processor architectures. Microsoft brought out its first 32-bit version of Win ...
See also:Open source vs. closed source, Open source vs. closed source - Making money, Open source vs. closed source - Support, Open source vs. closed source - Innovation, Open source vs. closed source - Compatibility, Open source vs. closed source - Freedom, Open source vs. closed source - Control, Open source vs. closed source - Integration, Open source vs. closed source - Missing technological components, Open source vs. closed source - Security Read more here: » Open source vs. closed source: Encyclopedia II - Open source vs. closed source - Compatibility |
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| | | | | 32-bit: Encyclopedia II - RISC OS - Demise of Acorn Computers Ltd Acorn halted work in all areas except Set-top boxes in late 1998, and the company was renamed to Element 14 (the 14th element of the periodic table being silicon). RISC OS development was halted during the development of OS 4.0, a beta version, OS 3.8, was released to developers.
This led to a number of rescue efforts, including the creation of the ROX Desktop to provide a RISC OS-like interface on Unix and Linux systems. Two similar ...
See also:RISC OS, RISC OS - Early years Arthur, RISC OS - RISC OS 2, RISC OS - RISC OS 3, RISC OS - RISC OS 3.1, RISC OS - RISC OS 3.5, RISC OS - RISC OS 3.6, RISC OS - RISC OS 3.7, RISC OS - Demise of Acorn Computers Ltd, RISC OS - RISC OS 4 RISCOS Ltd era, RISC OS - RISC OS 5 Castle Technology era Read more here: » RISC OS: Encyclopedia II - RISC OS - Demise of Acorn Computers Ltd |
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| | | | | 32-bit: Encyclopedia II - RISC OS - RISC OS 5 Castle Technology era RISC OS 5 is a separate evolution by Castle Technology Ltd based upon work done by Pace Micro Technology for their NCOS based set top boxes. RISC OS 5 was written to support Castle's Iyonix PC line of Acorn-compatibles, which run on the Intel XScale ARM processor. Although a wealth of software has now been updated, a few older applications can only be run on RISC OS 5 via an emulator, since a minor 26-bit ARM CPU function was removed by Intel from the XScale. Likewise, RISC OS 5 itself had to be ported to run properly on the new CPU, ...
See also:RISC OS, RISC OS - Early years Arthur, RISC OS - RISC OS 2, RISC OS - RISC OS 3, RISC OS - RISC OS 3.1, RISC OS - RISC OS 3.5, RISC OS - RISC OS 3.6, RISC OS - RISC OS 3.7, RISC OS - Demise of Acorn Computers Ltd, RISC OS - RISC OS 4 RISCOS Ltd era, RISC OS - RISC OS 5 Castle Technology era Read more here: » RISC OS: Encyclopedia II - RISC OS - RISC OS 5 Castle Technology era |
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| | | | | 32-bit: Encyclopedia II - INMOS Transputer - Comparison with modern technology Ironically it was largely through additional internal parallelism that conventional CPU designs got faster. Instead of using a heavyweight explicit system like the transputer, modern CPU designs are parallel only at the instruction level, looking at the code being run and then distributing what it can be sure of across a number of internal arithmetic and storage units within the CPU core. Nevertheless it appears this form of parallelism, kno ...
See also:INMOS Transputer, INMOS Transputer - Background, INMOS Transputer - Design, INMOS Transputer - Links, INMOS Transputer - Booting, INMOS Transputer - Scheduler, INMOS Transputer - Instruction set, INMOS Transputer - TRAMs, INMOS Transputer - Software, INMOS Transputer - Implementations, INMOS Transputer - 16-bit, INMOS Transputer - 32-bit, INMOS Transputer - Floating point, INMOS Transputer - Markets, INMOS Transputer - T9000, INMOS Transputer - Comparison with modern technology Read more here: » INMOS Transputer: Encyclopedia II - INMOS Transputer - Comparison with modern technology |
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| | | | | | 32-bit: Encyclopedia II - Windows API - History The Windows API has always exposed a large part of the underlying structure of the various Windows systems for which it has been built to the programmer. This has had the advantage of giving Windows programmers a great deal of flexibility and power over their applications. However, it also has given Windows applications a great deal of responsibility in handling various low-level, sometimes tedious, operations that are asso ...
See also:Windows API, Windows API - Overview of the Windows API Components, Windows API - Web related APIs, Windows API - Multimedia related APIs, Windows API - APIs for interaction between programs, Windows API - Wrapper Libraries, Windows API - History, Windows API - Versions, Windows API - Compiler support, Windows API - Notes Read more here: » Windows API: Encyclopedia II - Windows API - History |
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| | | | | 32-bit: Encyclopedia II - Windows API - Versions Almost every new version of Microsoft Windows has introduced its own additions and changes to the Windows API. [13] The name of the API however was kept consistent between different Windows version, and name changes were kept limited to major architectural and platform changes for Windows. Microsoft eventually changed the name of the then current Win32 API family into Windows API, and made it into a catch-all term for both past and future versio ...
See also:Windows API, Windows API - Overview of the Windows API Components, Windows API - Web related APIs, Windows API - Multimedia related APIs, Windows API - APIs for interaction between programs, Windows API - Wrapper Libraries, Windows API - History, Windows API - Versions, Windows API - Compiler support, Windows API - Notes Read more here: » Windows API: Encyclopedia II - Windows API - Versions |
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| | | | | 32-bit: Encyclopedia II - INMOS Transputer - T9000 INMOS attempted to improve on the performance of the T8 series transputers with the introduction of the T9000 (code-named H1 during development). The T9000 shared most features with the T800, but moved several pieces of the design into hardware, and added several features for superscalar support. Unlike the earlier models, the T9000 had a true 16 kB high speed cache instead of RAM, but also allowed it to be used as memory and included MMU-like functionality to handle all of this (known as the PMI). For additional speed the T9000 cached the top 32 locations on the stack ...
See also:INMOS Transputer, INMOS Transputer - Background, INMOS Transputer - Design, INMOS Transputer - Links, INMOS Transputer - Booting, INMOS Transputer - Scheduler, INMOS Transputer - Instruction set, INMOS Transputer - TRAMs, INMOS Transputer - Software, INMOS Transputer - Implementations, INMOS Transputer - 16-bit, INMOS Transputer - 32-bit, INMOS Transputer - Floating point, INMOS Transputer - Markets, INMOS Transputer - T9000, INMOS Transputer - Comparison with modern technology Read more here: » INMOS Transputer: Encyclopedia II - INMOS Transputer - T9000 |
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| | | | | 32-bit: Encyclopedia II - INMOS Transputer - Markets While the transputer was simple, but powerful, compared to many contemporary designs, it never came close to meeting its goal to be used universally in both CPU and microcontroller roles. In the microcontroller realm the market was dominated by 8-bit machines and cost was the only serious consideration. Here even the T2s were too powerful and expensive for most users.
In the desktop/workstation world the transputer was fairly fast, operating at about 10 MIPS at 20MHz. This was excellent performance for the early 1980s, but by the time ...
See also:INMOS Transputer, INMOS Transputer - Background, INMOS Transputer - Design, INMOS Transputer - Links, INMOS Transputer - Booting, INMOS Transputer - Scheduler, INMOS Transputer - Instruction set, INMOS Transputer - TRAMs, INMOS Transputer - Software, INMOS Transputer - Implementations, INMOS Transputer - 16-bit, INMOS Transputer - 32-bit, INMOS Transputer - Floating point, INMOS Transputer - Markets, INMOS Transputer - T9000, INMOS Transputer - Comparison with modern technology Read more here: » INMOS Transputer: Encyclopedia II - INMOS Transputer - Markets |
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| | | | | 32-bit: Encyclopedia II - Source engine - Modularity Source is designed from the ground up to be highly modular. This allows for the easy upgrade and modification of certain features without breaking other facets of the engine and, when coupled with Steam, these updates can be distributed retroactively to Steam-enabled Source games. For instance, if Source is upgraded to support hardware physics, every Source title on Steam will instantly benefit.
HDR is a recent example of this modularity. Upon its release, all Source engine games and mods could immediately use it (though only special ...
See also:Source engine, Source engine - Technology, Source engine - Modularity, Source engine - The Valve Developer Community, Source engine - Licensed Source games, Source engine - Valve, Source engine - From other developers Read more here: » Source engine: Encyclopedia II - Source engine - Modularity |
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| | | | | 32-bit: Encyclopedia II - INMOS Transputer - Background In the early 1980s, it appeared that conventional CPUs were reaching their performance limits. Up to this point in time, designers had been limited primarily by the amount of circuitry they could place on a chip due to manufacturing issues. But as the "fabbing" process continued to improve, soon the problem became that the chips could hold more circuitry than the designers knew how to use. Soon the traditional CISC designs were reaching a performance plat ...
See also:INMOS Transputer, INMOS Transputer - Background, INMOS Transputer - Design, INMOS Transputer - Links, INMOS Transputer - Booting, INMOS Transputer - Scheduler, INMOS Transputer - Instruction set, INMOS Transputer - TRAMs, INMOS Transputer - Software, INMOS Transputer - Implementations, INMOS Transputer - 16-bit, INMOS Transputer - 32-bit, INMOS Transputer - Floating point, INMOS Transputer - Markets, INMOS Transputer - T9000, INMOS Transputer - Comparison with modern technology Read more here: » INMOS Transputer: Encyclopedia II - INMOS Transputer - Background |
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| | | | | 32-bit: Encyclopedia II - INMOS Transputer - Software Transputers were intended to be programmed using the occam programming language, based on the CSP process calculus. In fact it is fair to say that the transputer was built specifically to run occam, even more so than contemporary CISC designs were built to run languages like Pascal or C. Occam supported concurrency and channel-based inter-process or inter-processor communication as a fundamental part of the language. With the parallelism and communications built into the chip and the language interacting with it directly, writing code for th ...
See also:INMOS Transputer, INMOS Transputer - Background, INMOS Transputer - Design, INMOS Transputer - Links, INMOS Transputer - Booting, INMOS Transputer - Scheduler, INMOS Transputer - Instruction set, INMOS Transputer - TRAMs, INMOS Transputer - Software, INMOS Transputer - Implementations, INMOS Transputer - 16-bit, INMOS Transputer - 32-bit, INMOS Transputer - Floating point, INMOS Transputer - Markets, INMOS Transputer - T9000, INMOS Transputer - Comparison with modern technology Read more here: » INMOS Transputer: Encyclopedia II - INMOS Transputer - Software |
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| | | | | 32-bit: Encyclopedia II - INMOS Transputer - Implementations The first transputers were announced in 1983 and released in 1984.
In keeping with their role as microcontroller-like devices, they included on-board RAM and a built-in RAM controller which allowed you to add more memory without any additional hardware. Unlike other designs, the transputers did not include I/O lines, this was to be added with hardware attached to the existing serial links. There was one 'Event' line, similar to a conventional processors interrupt line. Treated as a channel, a program could 'input' from the event channel, ...
See also:INMOS Transputer, INMOS Transputer - Background, INMOS Transputer - Design, INMOS Transputer - Links, INMOS Transputer - Booting, INMOS Transputer - Scheduler, INMOS Transputer - Instruction set, INMOS Transputer - TRAMs, INMOS Transputer - Software, INMOS Transputer - Implementations, INMOS Transputer - 16-bit, INMOS Transputer - 32-bit, INMOS Transputer - Floating point, INMOS Transputer - Markets, INMOS Transputer - T9000, INMOS Transputer - Comparison with modern technology Read more here: » INMOS Transputer: Encyclopedia II - INMOS Transputer - Implementations |
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| | | | | | 32-bit: Encyclopedia II - Super Nintendo Entertainment System - Market share Although 49 million Super NES units were sold worldwide [3], Nintendo was unable to recapture the preceding NES's market share.
Super Nintendo Entertainment System - The Golden Era.
The Super Nintendo is considered by many older gamers (usually those born in the late 80's and before) as the Golden Era of gaming. [4]
Many gamers argue that in today's current gamin ...
See also:Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Super Nintendo Entertainment System - History, Super Nintendo Entertainment System - Regional lockout, Super Nintendo Entertainment System - Peripherals, Super Nintendo Entertainment System - Screenshots, Super Nintendo Entertainment System - Emulation, Super Nintendo Entertainment System - Technical specifications, Super Nintendo Entertainment System - Enhancement chips, Super Nintendo Entertainment System - Market share, Super Nintendo Entertainment System - The Golden Era Read more here: » Super Nintendo Entertainment System: Encyclopedia II - Super Nintendo Entertainment System - Market share |
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| | | | | 32-bit: Encyclopedia II - Micro Channel architecture - Data transmission features The basic data rate of MCA was increased from ISA's 8 MHz to 10 MHz. This isn't a large signalling speed increase, but the communications were now driven by the bus controller utilizing burst modes instead of the CPU's individual transfers, so real throughput was greatly increased: up to five times over ISA. Around 40 MB/s, of throughput was observed (the theoretical maximum for MCA was 66 MB/s).
With bus-mastering, each card could talk to another directly. This allowed performance that was independent of the CPU. One drawback of this ...
See also:Micro Channel architecture, Micro Channel architecture - History, Micro Channel architecture - Why the interface was created, Micro Channel architecture - Overview of the technology issues of that time, Micro Channel architecture - ISA design issues, Micro Channel architecture - Marketshare issues, Micro Channel architecture - Design features, Micro Channel architecture - Data transmission features, Micro Channel architecture - Why MCA was not widely adopted Read more here: » Micro Channel architecture: Encyclopedia II - Micro Channel architecture - Data transmission features |
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| | | | | 32-bit: Encyclopedia II - Micro Channel architecture - Design features MCA was primarily a 32-bit bus, but the system also supported a 16-bit mode designed to lower the cost of connectors and logic in Intel-based machines like the IBM PS/2.
The situation was never that simple, however, as both the 32-bit and 16-bit versions initially had a number of additional optional connectors for memory cards which resulted in a huge number of physically incompatible cards for bus attached memory. In time, memory moved to the CPU's local bus, thereby eliminating the problem. On the upside, signal quality was greatly ...
See also:Micro Channel architecture, Micro Channel architecture - History, Micro Channel architecture - Why the interface was created, Micro Channel architecture - Overview of the technology issues of that time, Micro Channel architecture - ISA design issues, Micro Channel architecture - Marketshare issues, Micro Channel architecture - Design features, Micro Channel architecture - Data transmission features, Micro Channel architecture - Why MCA was not widely adopted Read more here: » Micro Channel architecture: Encyclopedia II - Micro Channel architecture - Design features |
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| | | | | 32-bit: Encyclopedia II - Micro Channel architecture - Why MCA was not widely adopted Although MCA was a huge technical improvement over ISA, it was not properly introduced and marketed by IBM. Implementation in products was limited mainly to a portion of IBM's PC, Midrange and Mainframe hardware with Apricot, Tandy and Olivetti making MCA machines only as part of their PC ranges and NCR using MCA on their entire computer line from PC's to clustered high-end servers. It was not co ...
See also:Micro Channel architecture, Micro Channel architecture - History, Micro Channel architecture - Why the interface was created, Micro Channel architecture - Overview of the technology issues of that time, Micro Channel architecture - ISA design issues, Micro Channel architecture - Marketshare issues, Micro Channel architecture - Design features, Micro Channel architecture - Data transmission features, Micro Channel architecture - Why MCA was not widely adopted Read more here: » Micro Channel architecture: Encyclopedia II - Micro Channel architecture - Why MCA was not widely adopted |
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| | | | | 32-bit: Encyclopedia II - Microcontroller - Description Most microcontrollers today are based on the Harvard architecture, which clearly defined the four basic components required for an embedded system. These include a CPU core, memory for the program (ROM or Flash memory), memory for data (RAM), one or more timers (customisable ones and watchdog timers), as well as I/O lines to communicate with external peripherals and complementary resources — all this in a single integrated circuit. A microcontroller differs from a general-purpose CPU chip in that the former generally is quite easy to make ...
See also:Microcontroller, Microcontroller - Description, Microcontroller - Common microcontrollers, Microcontroller - AMCC, Microcontroller - Atmel, Microcontroller - Cypress MicroSystems, Microcontroller - Freescale Semiconductor, Microcontroller - Fujitsu, Microcontroller - Holtek, Microcontroller - Infineon, Microcontroller - Intel, Microcontroller - Microchip, Microcontroller - National Semiconductor, Microcontroller - NEC, Microcontroller - Philips Semiconductors, Microcontroller - Renesas Tech. Corp., Microcontroller - STMicroelectronics, Microcontroller - Texas Instruments, Microcontroller - Toshiba, Microcontroller - Western Design Center, Microcontroller - Ubicom, Microcontroller - Xilinx, Microcontroller - ZiLOG, Microcontroller - ...And endless BASIC programmed MCUs Read more here: » Microcontroller: Encyclopedia II - Microcontroller - Description |
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| | | | | 32-bit: Encyclopedia II - Nintendo 64 - Introduction After first announcing the project, two companies, Rareware (UK) and Midway (USA), created the arcade games Killer Instinct and Cruis'n USA which claimed to use the Ultra 64 hardware. In fact, the hardware had nothing to do with what was finally released; the arcade games used hard drives and TMS processors. Killer Instinct was the most advanced game of its time graphically, featuring pre-rendered movie backgrounds which were streamed off the hard drive and an ...
See also:Nintendo 64, Nintendo 64 - Introduction, Nintendo 64 - Cartridges vs. discs, Nintendo 64 - Hardware, Nintendo 64 - Specifications, Nintendo 64 - Architecture and Development, Nintendo 64 - Accessories, Nintendo 64 - Colored/Special Systems, Nintendo 64 - Digital rights management, Nintendo 64 - Screenshots, Nintendo 64 - Market Share, Nintendo 64 - Sources Read more here: » Nintendo 64: Encyclopedia II - Nintendo 64 - Introduction |
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