In 327, war broke out again between Samnite hill people and those on Campania's plain. The Samnites established a garrison in Neapolis -- a city inhabited by Greeks. Again people of the plain sought Rome's assistance, and again Rome went to war against the Samnites. The Romans soon confronted the Samnites of the middle Liris river valley (modern Liri), sparking the Second, or Great, Samnite War (326-304 BC), which lasted twenty years and was not a defensive venture for Rome. During the first half of the war Rome suffered serious defeats, but the second ha ...

See also:

Samnite Wars, Samnite Wars - The First Samnite War, Samnite Wars - The Second Great Samnite War, Samnite Wars - The Third Samnite War

Read more here: » Samnite Wars: Encyclopedia II - Samnite Wars - The Second Great Samnite War

King of the Britons - House of Troy. Brutus I (Brute) 1149–1125 BC Locrinus (Locrine) 1125–1105 BC Queen Gwendolen 1105–1090 BC jointly with... Maddan (Madan) 1105–1065 BC Mempricius 1065–1045 BC Ebraucus (Ebranck) 1045–1005 BC Brutus II Greenshield 1005–993 BC Leil 993–968 BC Rud Hud Hudibras (Lud) 968–929 BC Bladud (Blaedud) 929–909 BC Leir (Lear) 909–855 BC (died 849 BC) King of the Britons - House of Albany. See also:

King of the Britons, King of the Britons - Kings of the Britons, King of the Britons - House of Troy, King of the Britons - House of Albany, King of the Britons - House of Cornwall, King of the Britons - House of Troy, King of the Britons - House of Albany, King of the Britons - House of Cornwall, King of the Britons - House of Loegria, King of the Britons - House of Monmouth, King of the Britons - Kings Chosen by Lot, King of the Britons - House of Beldgabred, King of the Britons - Kings Chosen by Lot, King of the Britons - House of Capoir, King of the Britons - Anti–Roman Resistance Leader, King of the Britons - House of the Severi, King of the Britons - Usurping British Rulers, King of the Britons - Roman Commander, King of the Britons - House of the Votadini, King of the Britons - House of the Constantii, King of the Britons - House of the Gewissei, King of the Britons - House of the Votadini, King of the Britons - House of the Gewissei, King of the Britons - House of the Votadini, King of the Britons - House of the Dumnonii, King of the Britons - Usurping British Ruler, King of the Britons - House of Brittany, King of the Britons - House of the Gewissei, King of the Britons - House of Brittany, King of the Britons - House of the Dumnonii, King of the Britons - House of Brittany, King of the Britons - House of Dyfed, King of the Britons - House of Gwynedd, King of the Britons - House of Wessex, King of the Britons - House of Gwynedd, King of the Britons - Aftermath

Read more here: » King of the Britons: Encyclopedia II - King of the Britons - Kings of the Britons

Seleucus was the son of Antiochus, one of Philip's generals, and of Laodice. In 333 BC, as a young man of about twenty-three, he accompanied Alexander into Asia and won distinction in the Indian campaign of 326 BC. When the Macedonian empire was divided in 323 BC (the "Partition of Babylon"), Seleucus was given the office of chiliarch, which attached him closely to the regent Perdiccas. Subsequently, Seleucus had a hand in the murder o ...

See also:

Seleucus I Nicator, Seleucus I Nicator - Early career & ascent to power, Seleucus I Nicator - Establishing the Seleucid state

Read more here: » Seleucus I Nicator: Encyclopedia II - Seleucus I Nicator - Early career & ascent to power

Roman road - Types of Roads. Roman roads vary from simple corduroy roads to paved roads using deep roadbeds of tamped rubble as an underlying layer to ensure that they kept dry, as the water would flow out from between the stones and fragments of rubble, instead of becoming mud in clay soils. Prepared viae began in history as the streets of Rome. The laws of the Twelve Tables, dated to approximately 450 BC, specify that a road shall be 8 feet wide where straight and 16 where curved. The tables command Roma ...

See also:

Roman road, Roman road - The Roman Road System, Roman road - Types of Roads, Roman road - Travelling a Road, Roman road - The Itinerary, Roman road - Construction of a Road, Roman road - The Team, Roman road - The Method, Roman road - Surpassing Obstacles, Roman road - Financing, Roman road - Some Roman roads, Roman road - Albania / Greece / Turkey, Roman road - France, Roman road - Italy, Roman road - Trans-Alpine Roads, Roman road - Romania, Roman road - Spain, Roman road - United Kingdom

Read more here: » Roman road: Encyclopedia II - Roman road - The Roman Road System

There were three of four major branches of the Claudian gens at the end of the Republic. Those with the cognomen Nero were prominent patrician senators during the late Republic; they favoured the praenomen Tiberius. However, the Neros joined the gens Julia when Tiberius Claudius Nero, the son of another Ti. Claudius Nero and Livia Drusilla (herself a Claudian Nero through her father Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus) was adopted ...

See also:

Claudius gens, Claudius gens - Gens Claudia branches, Claudius gens - Notable members of the gens Claudia

Read more here: » Claudius gens: Encyclopedia II - Claudius gens - Gens Claudia branches

Elephant taming began in the Indus valley around 4,000 years ago. Taming is not used here as a synonym of domestication. Domesticated animals, such as cows or dogs, are born in captivity and eventually subjected to selective breeding. Elephants, probably due to their bad temper, expensive feeding and slow growth rate (15 years to adulthood), were, with very few exceptions, always caught in the wild and subsequently tamed for several purposes. The first species to be tamed was thus the Asian elephant, for agricultural ends. The first military application of elephants dates from around 1100 BC and ...

See also:

War elephant, War elephant - History, War elephant - Tactical use, War elephant - Battles, War elephant - War elephants in popular culture, War elephant - External link

Read more here: » War elephant: Encyclopedia II - War elephant - History

Some archaeologists propose that the Proto-Illyrians settled in what would become Illyria as early as the Early Bronze Age, and presumably soon mingled with the previous non-Indo-European inhabitants. This mixture would eventually result in the formation of the Illyrian tribes who inhabited Illyria in the Classical period---the Autariatae, Dassaretae, Chelidones, Taulanti, etc.---who were kin to tribes further north, also ...

See also:

Illyria, Illyria - Settlement of Proto-Illyrian tribes, Illyria - Illyrian kingdom, Illyria - Religion in ancient Illyria, Illyria - Legacy

Read more here: » Illyria: Encyclopedia II - Illyria - Settlement of Proto-Illyrian tribes

Alexander the Great had conquered the Persian Empire within a short time-frame and died young, leaving an expansive empire of partly Hellenized culture without adult heir. Therefore his generals (the Diadochi) thereupon jostled for supremacy over portions of his empire. Seleucus, one of his generals, established himself in Babylon in 312 BC, used as the foundation date of the Seleucid Empire. He ruled over not only Babylonia, but the entire enormous eastern part of Alexander's Empire. Following his and Lysimachus's victory over Antigo ...

See also:

Seleucid Empire, Seleucid Empire - The partition of Alexander's empire 323-281 BC, Seleucid Empire - An overextended domain, Seleucid Empire - Greco-Bactrian secession 250 BC, Seleucid Empire - Parthian secession 250 BC, Seleucid Empire - Eclipse and revival, Seleucid Empire - The power of Rome and renewed disintegration, Seleucid Empire - Civil war and further decay, Seleucid Empire - Collapse of the Seleucid Empire, Seleucid Empire - Seleucid rulers, Seleucid Empire - In modern media

Read more here: » Seleucid Empire: Encyclopedia II - Seleucid Empire - The partition of Alexander's empire 323-281 BC

In 332 BC Alexander the Great, King of Macedon, conquered Egypt, with little resistance from the Persians. He was welcomed by the Egyptians as a deliverer. He visited Memphis, and went on pilgrimage to the oracle of Amun at the Oasis of Siwa. The oracle declared him to be the son of Amun. He conciliated the Egyptians by the respect which he showed for their religion, but he appointed Greeks to virtually all the senior posts in the country, and founded a new Greek city, Alexandria, to be the new capital. The wealth of Egypt could now be harnessed for Alexander's conquest of the Persian Empire. Early in ...

See also:

History of Greek and Roman Egypt, History of Greek and Roman Egypt - Ptolemaic Egypt, History of Greek and Roman Egypt - Ptolemy I, History of Greek and Roman Egypt - Ptolemy II, History of Greek and Roman Egypt - Ptolemy III, History of Greek and Roman Egypt - The decline of the Ptolemies, History of Greek and Roman Egypt - The later Ptolemies, History of Greek and Roman Egypt - Roman Egypt, History of Greek and Roman Egypt - Roman rule in Egypt, History of Greek and Roman Egypt - Christian Egypt, History of Greek and Roman Egypt - Byzantine Egypt, History of Greek and Roman Egypt - Persian and Arab Conquests

Read more here: » History of Greek and Roman Egypt: Encyclopedia II - History of Greek and Roman Egypt - Ptolemaic Egypt

Diadochi - First War of the Diadochi 322-320 BC. Soon, however, conflict broke out. Perdiccas's marriage to Alexander's sister Cleopatra led Antipater, Craterus, Antigonus, and Ptolemy to join together in rebellion. The actual outbreak of war was triggered by Ptolemy's theft of Alexander's body, and diversion of it to Egypt. Although Eumenes defeated the rebels in Asia Minor, in a battle at which Craterus was killed, it was all for nought, as Perdiccas himself was murdered by his own generals Peithon, S ...

See also:

Diadochi, Diadochi - Death of Alexander 323 BC, Diadochi - Revolt in Greece 323-322 BC, Diadochi - Wars of the Diadochi 322-301 BC, Diadochi - First War of the Diadochi 322-320 BC, Diadochi - Second War of the Diadochi 319-315 BC, Diadochi - Third War of the Diadochi 314-311 BC, Diadochi - Fourth War of the Diadochi 308-301 BC, Diadochi - The Struggle over Macedon 298-285 BC, Diadochi - The Struggle of Lysimachus and Seleucus 285-281 BC, Diadochi - The Gallic Invasions and Consolidation 280 - 275, Diadochi - Other historical uses as a title, Diadochi - Aulic rank title, Diadochi - Modern revival

Read more here: » Diadochi: Encyclopedia II - Diadochi - Wars of the Diadochi 322-301 BC

The name of Capua comes from the Etruscan, Capue. The meaning remains unknown. Its foundation is attributed by Cato the Elder to the Etruscans, and the date given as about 260 years before it was "taken" by Rome. If this be referred, not to its capture in the second Punic War (211 BC) but to its submission to Rome in 338 BC, we get about 600 BC as the date of its foundation, a period at which Etruscan power was at its highest, and which may perhaps, therefore, be accepted. Like many founded cities, however, it probably replaced an earlier settlement, although it is impractica ...

See also:

Capua, Capua - History, Capua - Remains, Capua - Amphitheatre, Capua - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Capua: Encyclopedia II - Capua - History

The Nabataean origins remain obscure. On the similarity of sounds, Jerome suggested a connection with the tribe Nebaioth mentioned in Genesis, but modern historians are cautious about an early Nabatean history. The Babylonian captivity that began in 586 BC opened a power vacuum in Judah, and as Edomites moved into Judaean grazing lands, Nabataean inscriptions began to be left in Edomite territory (earlier than 312 BC, when they were attacked at Petra without success by Antigonus I). Petra or Sela was the ancient capital of Edom; the N ...

See also:

Nabataeans, Nabataeans - Culture, Nabataeans - Origins, Nabataeans - The Hellenistic and Roman periods, Nabataeans - List of Nabatean kings, Nabataeans - Notes

Read more here: » Nabataeans: Encyclopedia II - Nabataeans - Origins

By the time Antiochus II's son Seleucus II Callinicus came to the throne around 246 BC, the Seleucids seemed to be at a low ebb indeed. Aside from the secessions of Parthia and Bactria, Seleucus II was soon dramatically defeated in the Third Syrian War against Ptolemy III of Egypt, then had to fight a civil war against his own brother Antiochus Hierax. In Asia Minor too, the Seleucid dynasty seemed to be losing control -- Gauls had fully established themselves in Galatia, semi-independent semi-Hellenized kingdoms had sprung up in Bithynia, Pontus, and Cappadocia, and the city of Pergamum in the west wa ...

See also:

Seleucid Empire, Seleucid Empire - The partition of Alexander's empire 323-281 BC, Seleucid Empire - An overextended domain, Seleucid Empire - Greco-Bactrian secession 250 BC, Seleucid Empire - Parthian secession 250 BC, Seleucid Empire - Eclipse and revival, Seleucid Empire - The power of Rome and renewed disintegration, Seleucid Empire - Civil war and further decay, Seleucid Empire - Collapse of the Seleucid Empire, Seleucid Empire - Seleucid rulers, Seleucid Empire - In modern media

Read more here: » Seleucid Empire: Encyclopedia II - Seleucid Empire - Eclipse and revival

But Antiochus' glory was not to last for long. Following his erstwhile ally Philip's defeat at the hands of Rome in 197 BC, Antiochus now saw the opportunity for expansion into Greece. Encouraged by the exiled Carthaginian general Hannibal, and making an alliance with the disgruntled Aetolian League, Antiochus invaded Greece. Unfortunately, this decision led to his downfall: he was defeated by the Romans at Thermopylae (191 BC) and Magnesia (190 BC), and was forced to make peace with the Romans by the embarrassing Treaty of Apamia (188 BC) - ...

See also:

Seleucid Empire, Seleucid Empire - The partition of Alexander's empire 323-281 BC, Seleucid Empire - An overextended domain, Seleucid Empire - Greco-Bactrian secession 250 BC, Seleucid Empire - Parthian secession 250 BC, Seleucid Empire - Eclipse and revival, Seleucid Empire - The power of Rome and renewed disintegration, Seleucid Empire - Civil war and further decay, Seleucid Empire - Collapse of the Seleucid Empire, Seleucid Empire - Seleucid rulers, Seleucid Empire - In modern media

Read more here: » Seleucid Empire: Encyclopedia II - Seleucid Empire - The power of Rome and renewed disintegration

After the death of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, the Seleucid Empire became increasingly unstable. Frequent civil wars made central authority tenuous at best. Epiphanes' young son, Antiochus V Eupator, was first overthrown by Seleucus IV's son, Demetrius I Soter in 161 BC. Demetrius I attempted to restore Seleucid power in Judea particularly, but was overthrown in 150 BC by Alexander Balas -- an impostor who (with Egyptian backing) claimed to be the son of Epiphanes. Alexander Balas reigned until 145 BC, when he was overthrown by Demetrius I's son ...

See also:

Seleucid Empire, Seleucid Empire - The partition of Alexander's empire 323-281 BC, Seleucid Empire - An overextended domain, Seleucid Empire - Greco-Bactrian secession 250 BC, Seleucid Empire - Parthian secession 250 BC, Seleucid Empire - Eclipse and revival, Seleucid Empire - The power of Rome and renewed disintegration, Seleucid Empire - Civil war and further decay, Seleucid Empire - Collapse of the Seleucid Empire, Seleucid Empire - Seleucid rulers, Seleucid Empire - In modern media

Read more here: » Seleucid Empire: Encyclopedia II - Seleucid Empire - Civil war and further decay

Roman road - The Team. The distinction between staff and line officers applied to the Roman army as well. Among the staff officers were a unit called the architecti, "chief builders", responsible for all military construction, which road-building was. These were required to be educated men. Geometry, of course, was a central requirement of their education. The architecti had a full-time staff of agrimensores ("land surveyors") and libratores ("levellers"). The teams of construction workers were taken ad ho ...

See also:

Roman road, Roman road - The Roman Road System, Roman road - Types of Roads, Roman road - Travelling a Road, Roman road - The Itinerary, Roman road - Construction of a Road, Roman road - The Team, Roman road - The Method, Roman road - Surpassing Obstacles, Roman road - Financing, Roman road - Some Roman roads, Roman road - Albania / Greece / Turkey, Roman road - France, Roman road - Italy, Roman road - Trans-Alpine Roads, Roman road - Romania, Roman road - Spain, Roman road - United Kingdom

Read more here: » Roman road: Encyclopedia II - Roman road - Construction of a Road

Nevertheless, even before Seleucus' death, the vast eastern domains of the Seleucids were proving difficult to assert control over. Seleucus had invaded India (modern Punjab in northern India and Pakistan) in 304 BC, leading to conflict with the Mauryan empire ruled by Chandragupta Maurya. It is said that Chandragupta fielded an army of 100,000 men and 9,000 war elephants, and forced Seleucus to conclude an alliance and give him his daughter in marriage. In exchange Chandragupta gave him no less than 500 elephants, an addition to his army ...

See also:

Seleucid Empire, Seleucid Empire - The partition of Alexander's empire 323-281 BC, Seleucid Empire - An overextended domain, Seleucid Empire - Greco-Bactrian secession 250 BC, Seleucid Empire - Parthian secession 250 BC, Seleucid Empire - Eclipse and revival, Seleucid Empire - The power of Rome and renewed disintegration, Seleucid Empire - Civil war and further decay, Seleucid Empire - Collapse of the Seleucid Empire, Seleucid Empire - Seleucid rulers, Seleucid Empire - In modern media

Read more here: » Seleucid Empire: Encyclopedia II - Seleucid Empire - An overextended domain

The Seleucid Empire is one of a number of factions in the 2004 PC game Rome: Total War. The Jewish Maccabees, who expelled the Seleucid, are the name of a beer and several sports teams (including basketball and football) in Israel as of 2006. ...

See also:

Seleucid Empire, Seleucid Empire - The partition of Alexander's empire 323-281 BC, Seleucid Empire - An overextended domain, Seleucid Empire - Greco-Bactrian secession 250 BC, Seleucid Empire - Parthian secession 250 BC, Seleucid Empire - Eclipse and revival, Seleucid Empire - The power of Rome and renewed disintegration, Seleucid Empire - Civil war and further decay, Seleucid Empire - Collapse of the Seleucid Empire, Seleucid Empire - Seleucid rulers, Seleucid Empire - In modern media

Read more here: » Seleucid Empire: Encyclopedia II - Seleucid Empire - In modern media

There were plenty of military purposes for which elephants could be used. As enormous animals, they could carry heavy cargoes and provided a useful means of transport. In battle, war elephants were usually deployed in the centre of the line, where they could be useful to prevent a charge or start one of their own. An elephant charge could reach about 30 km/h (20 mi/h), and unlike horse cavalry, could not be easily stopped by an infantry line setting spears. Its power was based on pure force: it would crash into an enemy line ...

See also:

War elephant, War elephant - History, War elephant - Tactical use, War elephant - Battles, War elephant - War elephants in popular culture

Read more here: » War elephant: Encyclopedia II - War elephant - Tactical use

Petra was rapidly built in the 1st century BC in Hellenistic splendor, yet the Nabataeans were allies of the first Hasmoneans in their struggles against the Seleucid monarchs they became the rivals of the Judaean dynasty in the period of its splendor, and a chief element in the disorders which invited Pompey's intervention in Judea. Many were forcefully converted to Judaism by the Hasmonean king Alexander Jannaeus[3]. The Roman military was not very successful ...

See also:

Nabataeans, Nabataeans - Culture, Nabataeans - Origins, Nabataeans - The Hellenistic and Roman periods, Nabataeans - List of Nabatean kings, Nabataeans - Notes

Read more here: » Nabataeans: Encyclopedia II - Nabataeans - The Hellenistic and Roman periods

By 100 BC, the once formidable Seleucid Empire encompassed little more than Antioch and some Syrian cities. Despite the clear collapse of their power, and the decline of their kingdom around them, nobles continued to play kingmakers on a regular basis, with occasional intervention from Ptolemaic Egypt and other outside powers. The Seleucids existed solely because no other nation wished to absorb them -- seeing as they constituted a useful buffer between their other neighbours. In the wars in Anatolia between Mithridates VI of Pontus and Sulla of Ro ...

See also:

Seleucid Empire, Seleucid Empire - The partition of Alexander's empire 323-281 BC, Seleucid Empire - An overextended domain, Seleucid Empire - Greco-Bactrian secession 250 BC, Seleucid Empire - Parthian secession 250 BC, Seleucid Empire - Eclipse and revival, Seleucid Empire - The power of Rome and renewed disintegration, Seleucid Empire - Civil war and further decay, Seleucid Empire - Collapse of the Seleucid Empire, Seleucid Empire - Seleucid rulers, Seleucid Empire - In modern media

Read more here: » Seleucid Empire: Encyclopedia II - Seleucid Empire - Collapse of the Seleucid Empire