After various changes of fortune, Mesopotamia and Iraq came into the hands of the Ottoman Turks, when Sultan Sulaiman II in 1534 took Tebriz and Bagdad from the Persians, leading to an improvement in the life of the Jews. The Persian reconquest in 1623 led to a much worse situation, so that the re-conquest of Iraq by the Turks in 1638 included an army with a large population of Jews, some sources say they made up 10% of the army. The day o ...

See also:

History of the Jews in Iraq, History of the Jews in Iraq - Early Biblical history, History of the Jews in Iraq - Late Biblical history and the Babylonian exile, History of the Jews in Iraq - Greek Period 300s BCE - 160 BCE, History of the Jews in Iraq - Parthian Period, History of the Jews in Iraq - Babylonia as the center of Judaism 219 CE - ~1050 CE, History of the Jews in Iraq - Sassanid Period 225-634, History of the Jews in Iraq - Arab Period 634-1258, History of the Jews in Iraq - Middle Ages, History of the Jews in Iraq - Mongolian period 1258-1534, History of the Jews in Iraq - Turkish rule 1534-1922, History of the Jews in Iraq - Modern times 1922-

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Iraq: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Iraq - Turkish rule 1534-1922

In the Bible, Babylon and the country of Babylonia are not always clearly distinguished, in most cases the same word being used for both. In some passages the land of Babylonia is called Shinar, while in the post-exilic literature it is called the land of the Chaldeans. In the Book of Genesis, Babylonia is described as the land in which are located Babel, Erech, Accad, and Calneh (Gen. x. 10), which are declared to have formed the beginning of Nimrod's kingdom. In this land was located the Tower of Babel (Gen. xi. 1-9 ...

See also:

History of the Jews in Iraq, History of the Jews in Iraq - Early Biblical history, History of the Jews in Iraq - Late Biblical history and the Babylonian exile, History of the Jews in Iraq - Greek Period 300s BCE - 160 BCE, History of the Jews in Iraq - Parthian Period, History of the Jews in Iraq - Babylonia as the center of Judaism 219 CE - ~1050 CE, History of the Jews in Iraq - Sassanid Period 225-634, History of the Jews in Iraq - Arab Period 634-1258, History of the Jews in Iraq - Middle Ages, History of the Jews in Iraq - Mongolian period 1258-1534, History of the Jews in Iraq - Turkish rule 1534-1922, History of the Jews in Iraq - Modern times 1922-

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Iraq: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Iraq - Early Biblical history

Jewish sources contain no mention of Parthian influence; the very name "Parthian" does not occur, unless indeed "Parthian" is meant by "Persian," which occurs now and then. The Armenian prince Sanatroces, of the royal house of the Arsacides, is mentioned in the "Small Chronicle" as one of the successors (diadochoi) of Alexander. Among other Asiatic princes, the Roman rescript in favor of the Jews reached Arsaces as well (I Macc. xv. 22); it is not, however, specified which Arsaces. Not long after this, the Partho-Babylonian country was trodd ...

See also:

History of the Jews in Iraq, History of the Jews in Iraq - Early Biblical history, History of the Jews in Iraq - Late Biblical history and the Babylonian exile, History of the Jews in Iraq - Greek Period 300s BCE - 160 BCE, History of the Jews in Iraq - Parthian Period, History of the Jews in Iraq - Babylonia as the center of Judaism 219 CE - ~1050 CE, History of the Jews in Iraq - Sassanid Period 225-634, History of the Jews in Iraq - Arab Period 634-1258, History of the Jews in Iraq - Middle Ages, History of the Jews in Iraq - Mongolian period 1258-1534, History of the Jews in Iraq - Turkish rule 1534-1922, History of the Jews in Iraq - Modern times 1922-

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Iraq: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Iraq - Parthian Period

After the fall of Jerusalem, Babylon would become the focus of Judaism for more than a thousand years. The rabbi Abba Arika, afterward called simply Rab, was a key figure in maintaining Judaism after the destruction of Jerusalem. Rab left Palestine to return to his Babylonian home, the year of which has been accurately recorded (530 of the Seleucidan, or 219 of the common era), marks an epoch; for from it dates the beginning of a new movement in Babylonian Judaism—namely, the initiation of the dominant rôle which the Babylonian Academies ...

See also:

History of the Jews in Iraq, History of the Jews in Iraq - Early Biblical history, History of the Jews in Iraq - Late Biblical history and the Babylonian exile, History of the Jews in Iraq - Greek Period 300s BCE - 160 BCE, History of the Jews in Iraq - Parthian Period, History of the Jews in Iraq - Babylonia as the center of Judaism 219 CE - ~1050 CE, History of the Jews in Iraq - Sassanid Period 225-634, History of the Jews in Iraq - Arab Period 634-1258, History of the Jews in Iraq - Middle Ages, History of the Jews in Iraq - Mongolian period 1258-1534, History of the Jews in Iraq - Turkish rule 1534-1922, History of the Jews in Iraq - Modern times 1922-

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Iraq: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Iraq - Babylonia as the center of Judaism 219 CE - ~1050 CE

The first legal expression of Islam toward the Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians after the conquests of the 630s were the poll-tax ("jizyah"), the tax upon real estate ("kharaj") was instituted. The first calif, Abu Baḳr, sent the famous warrior Ḥalid against Irak; and a Jew, by name Ka'abal-Aḥbar, is said to have fortified the general with prophecies of success. The Jews may have favored the advance of the Arabs, from whom they could expect mild treatment. Some such services it must have been that secured for the exilarch Bostanai th ...

See also:

History of the Jews in Iraq, History of the Jews in Iraq - Early Biblical history, History of the Jews in Iraq - Late Biblical history and the Babylonian exile, History of the Jews in Iraq - Greek Period 300s BCE - 160 BCE, History of the Jews in Iraq - Parthian Period, History of the Jews in Iraq - Babylonia as the center of Judaism 219 CE - ~1050 CE, History of the Jews in Iraq - Sassanid Period 225-634, History of the Jews in Iraq - Arab Period 634-1258, History of the Jews in Iraq - Middle Ages, History of the Jews in Iraq - Mongolian period 1258-1534, History of the Jews in Iraq - Turkish rule 1534-1922, History of the Jews in Iraq - Modern times 1922-

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Iraq: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Iraq - Arab Period 634-1258

In the early 20th century, Iraqi Jews generally viewed themselves as Arabs of the Jewish faith, with the distinction between Iraqis being religious (Muslim, Christian, Jewish, etc.) rather than as a separate nationality. [1] Additionally, early Labor Zionism mostly concentrated on the Jews of Europe, skipping Iraqi Jews because of their lack of interest in agriculture. The result was that "Until World War II, Zionism made little headway because few Iraqi Jews were interested in the socialist ideal ...

See also:

History of the Jews in Iraq, History of the Jews in Iraq - Early Biblical history, History of the Jews in Iraq - Late Biblical history and the Babylonian exile, History of the Jews in Iraq - Greek Period 300s BCE - 160 BCE, History of the Jews in Iraq - Parthian Period, History of the Jews in Iraq - Babylonia as the center of Judaism 219 CE - ~1050 CE, History of the Jews in Iraq - Sassanid Period 225-634, History of the Jews in Iraq - Arab Period 634-1258, History of the Jews in Iraq - Middle Ages, History of the Jews in Iraq - Mongolian period 1258-1534, History of the Jews in Iraq - Turkish rule 1534-1922, History of the Jews in Iraq - Modern times 1922-

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Iraq: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Iraq - Modern times 1922-

Sociologist Philip Mendes asserts that before the anti-Jewish actions of the 1930s and 1940s, overall Iraqi Jews "viewed themselves as Arabs of the Jewish faith, rather than as a separate race or nationality". [1] Additionally, early Labor Zionism mostly concentrated on the Jews of Europe, skipping Iraqi Jews because of their lack of interest in agriculture. The result was that "Until World War II, Zionism made little headway because few Iraqi Jews were interested in the socialist ideal ...

See also:

History of the Jews in Iraq, History of the Jews in Iraq - Early Biblical history, History of the Jews in Iraq - Late Biblical history and the Babylonian exile, History of the Jews in Iraq - Greek Period 300s BCE - 160 BCE, History of the Jews in Iraq - Parthian Period, History of the Jews in Iraq - Babylonia as the center of Judaism 219 CE - ~1050 CE, History of the Jews in Iraq - Sassanid Period 225-634, History of the Jews in Iraq - Arab Period 634-1258, History of the Jews in Iraq - Middle Ages, History of the Jews in Iraq - Mongolian period 1258-1534, History of the Jews in Iraq - Turkish rule 1534-1922, History of the Jews in Iraq - Modern times 1922-

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Iraq: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Iraq - Modern times 1922-

The Ta-Yuan remained a healthy and powerful civilization which had numerous contacts and exchanges with China from 130 BCE. Around 130 BCE, at the time of Zhang Qian’s embassy to Central Asia, the Ta-Yuan were described as inhabitants of a region corresponding to the Ferghana, to the west of the Chinese empire. “The capital of the kingdom of Ta-Yuan is the city of Kwe-shan (Khujand), distant from Ch'ang-an 12,550 li. The kingdom contains 60,000 families, comprising a population of 300,000, with 60,000 trained troops, a Viceroy, and a National Assistant Prince. The seat of the Governor ...

See also:

Ta-Yuan, Ta-Yuan - Hellenistic rule 329–160 BCE, Ta-Yuan - Greco-Bactrian kingdom 250–160 BCE, Ta-Yuan - Saka rule 160 BCE onward, Ta-Yuan - Yuezhi by-pass 155 BCE, Ta-Yuan - Interaction with China 130 BCE onward, Ta-Yuan - Urbanized city-dwellers, Ta-Yuan - Caucasian traits, Ta-Yuan - Interactions with China, Ta-Yuan - An era of East-West trade and cultural exchange

Read more here: » Ta-Yuan: Encyclopedia II - Ta-Yuan - Interaction with China 130 BCE onward

Elementary facts about triangles were presented by Euclid in books 1-4 of his Elements around 300 BCE. A triangle is a polygon and a 2-simplex (see polytope). All triangles are two-dimensional. Two triangles are said to be similar if and only if the angles of one are equal to the corresponding angles of the other. In this case, the lengths of their corresponding sides are proportional. This occurs for example when two triangles share an angle and the si ...

See also:

Triangle, Triangle - Types of triangles, Triangle - Basic facts, Triangle - Points lines and circles associated with a triangle, Triangle - Computing the area of a triangle, Triangle - Using geometry, Triangle - Using vectors, Triangle - Using trigonometry, Triangle - Using coordinates, Triangle - Using Heron's formula, Triangle - Non-planar triangles

Read more here: » Triangle: Encyclopedia II - Triangle - Basic facts

Elementary facts about triangles were presented by Euclid in books 1-4 of his Elements around 300 BCE. A triangle is a polygon and a 2-simplex (see polytope). Two triangles are said to be similar if and only if the angles of one are equal to the corresponding angles of the other. In this case, the lengths of their corresponding sides are proportional. This occurs for example when two triangles share an angle and the sides opposite to that angle are parallel. Using right triangles and the concept of similarity, the trigonometric functions sine and cosine can be defined. These are functions of an angle ...

See also:

Triangle, Triangle - Types of triangles, Triangle - Basic facts, Triangle - Points lines and circles associated with a triangle, Triangle - Computing the area of a triangle, Triangle - Using geometry, Triangle - Using vectors, Triangle - Using trigonometry, Triangle - Using coordinates, Triangle - Using Heron's formula, Triangle - Using the side lengths and a numerically stable formula, Triangle - Non-planar triangles

Read more here: » Triangle: Encyclopedia II - Triangle - Basic facts

After the disintegration of the Mauryan Empire in the 2nd century BCE, South Asia became a collage of regional powers with overlapping boundaries. India's unguarded northwestern border again attracted a series of invaders between 200 BCE and CE 300. As the Aryans had done, the invaders became "Indianized" in the process of their conquest and settlement. Also, this period witnessed remarkable intellectual and artisti ...

See also:

Middle kingdoms of India, Middle kingdoms of India - Kingdoms and Empires, Middle kingdoms of India - The Mauryan Empire, Middle kingdoms of India - Foreign kingdoms, Middle kingdoms of India - The Deccan and the south, Middle kingdoms of India - Gupta and Harsha, Middle kingdoms of India - The southern rivals

Read more here: » Middle kingdoms of India: Encyclopedia II - Middle kingdoms of India - Foreign kingdoms

Though the idea that early Tamil literature was fostered in ancient academies on a submerged landmass has been widely discredited, literary historians do still refer to Tamil literature from 200 BCE to 300 CE as Sangam literature. Sangam literature is the oldest known Dravidian literature, written in Tamil and deals with love, war, governance, trade, eloping, bereavement and mourning. In contrast to contemporary literary works in Sanskrit and Pali, Sangam literature is surprisingly secular, dealing with day to ...

See also:

Sangam, Sangam - The Tamil Sangams, Sangam - The first Sangam, Sangam - The second Sangam, Sangam - The final Sangam, Sangam - Last glacial maximum, Sangam - Life and culture during the Sangam period, Sangam - 1465 to 165 BCE: over one thousand years of sangam, Sangam - Cooperative treaty between three kings

Read more here: » Sangam: Encyclopedia II - Sangam - The Tamil Sangams

Elementary facts about triangles were presented by Euclid in books 1-4 of his Elements around 300 BCE. A triangle is a polygon and a 2-simplex (see polytope). Two triangles are said to be similar if and only if the angles of one are equal to the corresponding angles of the other. In this case, the lengths of their corresponding sides are proportional. This occurs for example when two triangles share an angle and the sides opposite to that angle are parallel. Using right triangles and the concept of similarity, the trigonometric functions sine and cosine can be defined. These are functions of an angle ...

See also:

Triangle, Triangle - Types of triangles, Triangle - Basic facts, Triangle - Points lines and circles associated with a triangle, Triangle - Computing the area of a triangle, Triangle - Using geometry, Triangle - Using vectors, Triangle - Using trigonometry, Triangle - Using coordinates, Triangle - Using Heron's formula, Triangle - Non-planar triangles

Read more here: » Triangle: Encyclopedia II - Triangle - Basic facts

Han Dynasty Chapter 96A of the Hanshu or 'History of the Former Han' (which covers the period from 125 BCE to 23 CE) says that Yutian, or Khotan, had 3,300 households, 19,300 individuals and 2,400 people able to bear arms. The town obviously grew very quickly after China opened the Silk Routes to the West, for the population had more than quadrupled by the time of the Later Han. Here is the entry on Khotan from the Hou Hanshu as tran ...

See also:

Kingdom of Khotan, Kingdom of Khotan - Capital, Kingdom of Khotan - Culture, Kingdom of Khotan - History, Kingdom of Khotan - Neighbors, Kingdom of Khotan - History Timeline

Read more here: » Kingdom of Khotan: Encyclopedia II - Kingdom of Khotan - History

Following the expansion of the Greco-Bactrians into Central Asia, Greek influences on Han art have often been suggested (Hirth, Rostovtzeff). Designs with rosette flowers, geometric lines, and glass inlays, suggestive of Hellenistic influences, can be found on some early Han bronze mirrors, dated between 300-200 BCE [3]. There is a possibility that the 210 BCE Terracotta Army of the first great Chinese emperor Qin Shi Huang, with its colored life-size ...

See also:

Silk Road transmission of art, Silk Road transmission of art - Scythian art, Silk Road transmission of art - Hellenistic art, Silk Road transmission of art - Greco-Buddhist art, Silk Road transmission of art - Buddha, Silk Road transmission of art - Wind god, Silk Road transmission of art - Floral scroll pattern, Silk Road transmission of art - Eastern iconography in the West, Silk Road transmission of art - Notes

Read more here: » Silk Road transmission of art: Encyclopedia II - Silk Road transmission of art - Hellenistic art

A tablet found on the island of Salamis (near Greece) in 1846 dates back to the Babylonians of 300 BCE making it the oldest counting board discovered so far. It was originally thought to be a gaming board. Its construction is a slab of white marble measuring 149cm in length, 75cm in width and 4.5cm thick, on which are 5 groups of markings. In the center of the tablet are a set of 5 parallel lines equally divided by a vertical line, capped with a semi-circle at the intersection of the bottom-most horizontal line and the single vertical ...

See also:

Abacus, Abacus - Babylonian abacus, Abacus - Roman abacus, Abacus - Chinese abacus, Abacus - Japanese abacus, Abacus - Russian abacus, Abacus - School abacus, Abacus - Uses by the visually impaired, Abacus - Native American abacus

Read more here: » Abacus: Encyclopedia II - Abacus - Babylonian abacus

The site of Tanais was occupied long before the Miletans founded an emporium there. A necropolis of burial mounds, over 300 of them, near the ancient city show that the site had already been occupied since the Bronze Age, and that mound burials were carried on through Greek and into even Roman times. Greek traders were meeting nomads in the district as early as the 7th century BCE without a formal, permanent settlement, apparently. Greek colonies had two kinds of origins, apoikiai of citizens from the mother city-state, and ...

See also:

Tanais, Tanais - History of Tanais, Tanais - Archaeology of Tanais, Tanais - External link

Read more here: » Tanais: Encyclopedia II - Tanais - History of Tanais

The earliest reference to a Greek Jew is in an inscription, dated c. 300-250 BCE found in Oropos, a small coastal town between Athens and Boeotia, and refers to him as "Moschos, son of Moschion the Jew" who may have been a slave. The Romaniotes are Greek Jews, distinct from both Ashkenazim and Sephardim. Jews have lived in Greece possibly as early as the Babylonian exile, and certainly had established communities in major Greek cities by the time of Jesus. A Romaniote oral tradition traces the first Jews to arrive in Ioannina s ...

See also:

Romaniotes, Romaniotes - History, Romaniotes - World War II and the Jewish Holocaust, Romaniotes - Present Day, Romaniotes - Kehila Kedosha Yashan Synagogue, Romaniotes - Famous Jews in Greece

Read more here: » Romaniotes: Encyclopedia II - Romaniotes - History

It is presumed Milan was originally founded by the Celts of Northern Italy around 600 BCE and was conquered around 222 BCE by the Romans, who gave it the name of Mediolanum. In the 4th century CE, at the time of the bishop Saint Ambrose and emperor Theodosius I, the city was briefly the capital of the Western Roman Empire. At that time Milan was the second largest city in Europe, with more than 300,000 inhabitants. In the 11th century, after the Ostrogothic and Lombard periods, the city regained its importance and led other Ita ...

See also:

Milan, Milan - History, Milan - Demographics, Milan - Economy, Milan - Famous Businesses of Milan, Milan - Architecture & Places, Milan - Principal churches, Milan - Famous monuments, Milan - Notable architecture, Milan - Culture & Art, Milan - Museums & Exhibitions, Milan - Theaters, Milan - Universities, Milan - Transportation, Milan - Airports, Milan - Subways tramways and buses, Milan - National Railway, Milan - Regional-Metropolitan Railway services, Milan - Taxis, Milan - Sports, Milan - Stadiums, Milan - Communication & media, Milan - Newspapers, Milan - Magazines, Milan - TV and radio, Milan - Sister cities, Milan - Milano Photo Gallery

Read more here: » Milan: Encyclopedia II - Milan - History

For over 1,300 years and 49 generations, the three ancient Tamil kingdoms ruled by three kings and twelve velars, had an agreement of understanding or a treaty of cooperation and abided by the same. The basis of this agreement was based upon the literary creation Tolkappiyam’s Purathinai. The ancient Hathikumba inscription, its message on the Tamils The great king of Kalinga Karavela tells in his Hathikumba inscription (Elephant cave): "All the Tamil kings were bound by an united alliance", when he had visited these parts of Tamil c ...

See also:

Sangam, Sangam - The Tamil Sangams, Sangam - The first Sangam, Sangam - The second Sangam, Sangam - The final Sangam, Sangam - Last glacial maximum, Sangam - Life and culture during the Sangam period, Sangam - 1465 to 165 BCE: over one thousand years of sangam, Sangam - Cooperative treaty between three kings

Read more here: » Sangam: Encyclopedia II - Sangam - 1465 to 165 BCE: over one thousand years of sangam

Buddhist art originated in the Indian subcontinent in the centuries following the life of the historical Gautama Buddha in the 6th to 5th century BCE, before evolving through its contact with other cultures and its diffusion through the rest of Asia and the world. A first, essentially Indian, aniconic phase (avoiding direct representations of the Buddha), was followed from around the 1st century CE by an iconic phase (with direct representations of the Buddha). From that time, Buddhist art diversified and evolved ...

Including:

• Buddhist art - Aniconic phase 5th century - 1st century BCE
• Buddhist art - Iconic phase 1st century CE – present
• Buddhist art - Northern Buddhist art
• Buddhist art - Central Asia
• Buddhist art - China
• Buddhist art - Korea
• Buddhist art - Japan
• Buddhist art - Tibet and Bhutan
• Buddhist art - Vietnam
• Buddhist art - Southern Buddhist art
• Buddhist art - Burma
• Buddhist art - Cambodia
• Buddhist art - Thailand
• Buddhist art - Indonesia

Read more here: » Buddhist art