As the Woodland period progressed, local and interregional trade of exotic materials greatly increased to the point where a trade network covered most of the Eastern United States. Throughout the Southeast and north of the Ohio River, burial mounds of important persons were very elaborate and contained a variety of mortuary gifts, many of which were not local to the area. Because of the similarity of earthworks and burial goods, researchers assumed a common culture called the Hopewell c ...

See also:

Woodland period in southeastern North America, Woodland period in southeastern North America - Early Woodland Period 1000 to 300 BCE, Woodland period in southeastern North America - Middle Woodland Period 300 BCE to 500 CE, Woodland period in southeastern North America - Late Woodland Period 500 to 1000 CE

Read more here: » Woodland period in southeastern North America: Encyclopedia II - Woodland period in southeastern North America - Middle Woodland Period 300 BCE to 500 CE

See also:

Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Prehistory, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Ancient Afghanistan: From the Aryans to the Medes. 1500 BCE - 551 BCE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Early Indo-Aryans prior to their move to India, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Achaemenid Rule and rise of Zoroastrianism ca. 550 BCE - 331 BCE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Alexander the Great Seleucid-Mauryan rivalry and Greco-Bactrian Rule 330 BCE - ca. 150 BCE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - The Kushan Empire ca. 150 BCE - 300 CE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Sassanian Rule ca. 300 - 650, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - The Shahi Kings ca. 650 - 1013, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Archaeological remnants from Afghanistan's pre-Islamic period

Read more here: » Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia II - Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - The Kushan Empire ca. 150 BCE - 300 CE

Between 2000-1200 BCE, a branch of Indo-European-speaking tribes known as the Aryans or Indo-Iranians began migrating into the region. They appear to have split into Iranian, Nuristani, and Indo-Aryan groups at an early stage, possibly between 1500 and 1000 BCE in what is today Afghanistan or much earlier as eastern remnants of the Indo-Aryans drifted much further west as with the Mitanni. The Iranians and Nuristanis dominated the Iranian plateau, while the Indo-Aryans ultimately headed towards the Indian subcontinent, but probably not befor ...

See also:

Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Prehistory, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Ancient Afghanistan: From the Aryans to the Medes. 1500 BCE - 551 BCE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Early Indo-Aryans prior to their move to India, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Achaemenid Rule and rise of Zoroastrianism ca. 550 BCE - 331 BCE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Alexander the Great Seleucid-Mauryan rivalry and Greco-Bactrian Rule 330 BCE - ca. 150 BCE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - The Kushan Empire ca. 150 BCE - 300 CE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Sassanian Rule ca. 300 - 650, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - The Shahi Kings ca. 650 - 1013, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Archaeological remnants from Afghanistan's pre-Islamic period

Read more here: » Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia II - Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Ancient Afghanistan: From the Aryans to the Medes. 1500 BCE - 551 BCE

It had taken Alexander only six months to conquer Iran, but it took him nearly three years (from about 330 BCE - 327 BCE) to subdue the area that is now Afghanistan and the adjacent regions of the former Soviet Union. Moving eastward from the area of Herat, the Macedonian leader encountered fierce resistance from the local rulers of what had been Iranian satraps which were the early eastern Iranian sub-tribes of the Kambojas (i.e. Aspasio and Assakenoi clans) as well as the ancestors of the Pushtuns. In a letter to his mother, Alexander desc ...

See also:

Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Prehistory, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Ancient Afghanistan: From the Aryans to the Medes. 1500 BCE - 551 BCE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Early Indo-Aryans prior to their move to India, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Achaemenid Rule and rise of Zoroastrianism ca. 550 BCE - 331 BCE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Alexander the Great Seleucid-Mauryan rivalry and Greco-Bactrian Rule 330 BCE - ca. 150 BCE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - The Kushan Empire ca. 150 BCE - 300 CE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Sassanian Rule ca. 300 - 650, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - The Shahi Kings ca. 650 - 1013, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Archaeological remnants from Afghanistan's pre-Islamic period

Read more here: » Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia II - Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Alexander the Great Seleucid-Mauryan rivalry and Greco-Bactrian Rule 330 BCE - ca. 150 BCE

In the 3rd century, Kushan control fragmented into semi-independent kingdoms that became easy targets for conquest by the rising Iranian dynasty, the Sassanians (ca. 224 - 561) which annexed Afghanistan by 300 CE. Sassanian control was tenuous at times as numerous challenges from Central Asian tribes led to instability and constant warfare in the region. The disunited Kushan and Sassanian kingdoms were in a poor position to meet the threat of a new wave of nomadic, Indo-European invaders from the north. The Hepthalites (or White Huns) ...

See also:

Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Prehistory, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Ancient Afghanistan: From the Aryans to the Medes. 1500 BCE - 551 BCE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Early Indo-Aryans prior to their move to India, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Achaemenid Rule and rise of Zoroastrianism ca. 550 BCE - 331 BCE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Alexander the Great Seleucid-Mauryan rivalry and Greco-Bactrian Rule 330 BCE - ca. 150 BCE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - The Kushan Empire ca. 150 BCE - 300 CE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Sassanian Rule ca. 300 - 650, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - The Shahi Kings ca. 650 - 1013, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Archaeological remnants from Afghanistan's pre-Islamic period

Read more here: » Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia II - Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Sassanian Rule ca. 300 - 650

In the region around what is today Kabul and eastern Afghanistan, an early Indo-Iranian or specifically some early Indo-Aryan culture may have emerged as eastern Afghanistan could possibly have been either the site of the Vedic civilization, that later came to influence and dominate the culture of northern India, or had links to it somewhere to the east either along the Indus or Ganges river valleys.[2] At some point that has yet to be determined, but possibly between 12th to 8th century BCE, Gandhara and Kamboja, two of the sixteen Mahajana ...

See also:

Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Prehistory, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Ancient Afghanistan: From the Aryans to the Medes. 1500 BCE - 551 BCE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Early Indo-Aryans prior to their move to India, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Achaemenid Rule and rise of Zoroastrianism ca. 550 BCE - 331 BCE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Alexander the Great Seleucid-Mauryan rivalry and Greco-Bactrian Rule 330 BCE - ca. 150 BCE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - The Kushan Empire ca. 150 BCE - 300 CE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Sassanian Rule ca. 300 - 650, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - The Shahi Kings ca. 650 - 1013, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Archaeological remnants from Afghanistan's pre-Islamic period

Read more here: » Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia II - Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Early Indo-Aryans prior to their move to India

The city of Bactria (which later became Balkh), is believed to have been the home of Zarathustra, who founded the Zoroastrian religion. The Avesta refers to eastern Bactria as being the home of the Zoroastrian faith, but this can be a reference to either a region in modern Afghanistan or northeastern Iran. Regardless of the debate as to where Zoroaster was from, Zoroastrianism spread to become one of the world's most influencial religions and became the main faith of the southern Iranian peoples for centuries. It remained the official religi ...

See also:

Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Prehistory, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Ancient Afghanistan: From the Aryans to the Medes. 1500 BCE - 551 BCE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Early Indo-Aryans prior to their move to India, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Achaemenid Rule and rise of Zoroastrianism ca. 550 BCE - 331 BCE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Alexander the Great Seleucid-Mauryan rivalry and Greco-Bactrian Rule 330 BCE - ca. 150 BCE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - The Kushan Empire ca. 150 BCE - 300 CE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Sassanian Rule ca. 300 - 650, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - The Shahi Kings ca. 650 - 1013, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Archaeological remnants from Afghanistan's pre-Islamic period

Read more here: » Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia II - Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Achaemenid Rule and rise of Zoroastrianism ca. 550 BCE - 331 BCE

Sushruta - also spelt Susruta or Sushrutha - was an ancient Indian surgeon (datable to between the 6th century BCE and about the 4th century CE)[1] and is the author of the book Sushruta Samhita, in which he describes over 120 surgical instruments, 300 surgical procedures and classifies human surgery in 8 categories. He lived and taught and practiced his art on the banks of the Ganges in the area that corresponds to the pr ...

Read more here: » Sushruta: Encyclopedia - Sushruta

Nirukta is one of the six Vedanga disciplines of Hinduism, treating etymology. Nirukta sutras consist of glossaries of difficult or rare Vedic words. One important work on Nirukta relates to Yaska, an ancient Sanskrit scholar and grammarian, believed to have flourished as early as in 800-700 BCE, according to one school and as late as 300 BCE according to other. Yaska's Nirukta (etymology) consists of three parts, viz.: (i) Naighantuka, a collection of synonyms; (ii) Naigama, a collection of words peculiar to the Vedas, and (iii) Daivata< ...

Including:

Nirukta - External link

Read more here: » Nirukta: Encyclopedia - Nirukta

The Sakas are a peoples that lived in what is now Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Iran, Ukraine, and Altai and Siberia in Russia, in the centuries before 300 AD. They are considered to be a branch of Scythians by most scholars. Saka is the usual Persian term, while Scythian is a Greek term. Some of their neighbours included the Sarmatians, Issedones and Massagetae. Their language is poorly known, but seems to have originally been a member of the Iranian family (though some question wheth ...

Including:

Saka - Connection theories
Saka - Asian peoples Saka - European peoples
Saka - Sakas in Ancient Indian Literature
Saka - Degraded Kṣatriyas from the northwest Saka - Military actions Saka - Military alliance with Chandragupta circa 320 BCE

Read more here: » Saka: Encyclopedia - Saka

Wa (倭) is an ancient name of Japan used by old Chinese dynasties. The first written record of Japan (then in the Yayoi period, 300 BC-250 AD) is found as Wa in Wei Zhi (魏志) of San Guo Zhi. It is pronounced and transcribed as Wo from Chinese (Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin), Wo or Wai from Cantonese, and Wa from Japanese. Wa Japan - Etymology. The character Wa (倭) is also generally described as meaning "dwarf", although in Chinese the standard character ...

Including:

Wa Japan - Etymology Wa Japan - Contacts with the state of Wu 5th century BCE Wa Japan - The Wa in the Liang-Shu 7th century

Read more here: » Wa Japan: Encyclopedia - Wa Japan

Babylonian and Assyrian religion was a series of belief systems in places in the early civilisations of the Euphrates valley. This article examines the period of c. 3500 BCE to c. 300 CE. The development of the religion of Babylonia was important in the history of the people who practiced it, and in many ways was a direct reflection of developments in their society. Babylonian and Assyrian religion - The impact of Hammurabi. Leaving aside the primitive phases of the religion as lying beyond historical inves ...

Including:

Babylonian and Assyrian religion - The impact of Hammurabi
Babylonian and Assyrian religion - The old regional gods Babylonian and Assyrian religion - The rise of Marduk
Babylonian and Assyrian religion - The cult of Anu Babylonian and Assyrian religion - The triads Babylonian and Assyrian religion - The rivalry between Assur and Marduk Babylonian and Assyrian religion - Chronology Babylonian and Assyrian religion - Astral theology Babylonian and Assyrian religion - Religious practice and rituals Babylonian and Assyrian religion - Ethics Babylonian and Assyrian religion - Later influence

Read more here: » Babylonian and Assyrian religion: Encyclopedia - Babylonian and Assyrian religion

Up until the advent of Islam, most of Afghanistan was dominated mainly by the Sassanians and local vassals who were Kushans or Hepthalites. However, for nearly four centuries, large parts of eastern Afghanistan around the Kabul Valley were ruled by the Indo-Iranian Hindu Shahi kings. When Hsüan-tsang visited the region early in the 7th century CE, the Kabul valley region was ruled by a Kshatriya king, who is identified as ...

See also:

Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Prehistory, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Ancient Afghanistan: From the Aryans to the Medes. 1500 BCE - 551 BCE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Early Indo-Aryans prior to their move to India, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Achaemenid Rule and rise of Zoroastrianism ca. 550 BCE - 331 BCE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Alexander the Great Seleucid-Mauryan rivalry and Greco-Bactrian Rule 330 BCE - ca. 150 BCE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - The Kushan Empire ca. 150 BCE - 300 CE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Sassanian Rule ca. 300 - 650, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - The Shahi Kings ca. 650 - 1013, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Archaeological remnants from Afghanistan's pre-Islamic period

Read more here: » Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia II - Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - The Shahi Kings ca. 650 - 1013

In addition to the figurines and other artifacts from the 1500 - 300 BCE era, human and animal remains have been found, some of which could be as much as 25,000 years old. Silvia González et al. have published research claiming that "one Tlapacoya skull is the first directly dated human in Mexico with an age of 9730 ± 65 years BP" (before present). If confirmed, this would be the 2nd oldest human remain found in the Americas, after the Buhl woman of Idaho. The most controversial findings in Tlapacoya are artifacts which have ...

See also:

Tlapacoya archaeology, Tlapacoya archaeology - Even more ancient remains?

Read more here: » Tlapacoya archaeology: Encyclopedia II - Tlapacoya archaeology - Even more ancient remains?

The first records of Kabul are a mention of the Kubha River around 1200 BCE and a reference to the settlement Kabura by the Persian Achaemenids around 300 BCE. Kabul was known as Chabolo in antiquity. The Bactrians founded the town of Parapamisidae near Kabul, but it was later ceded to the Mauryans in the 1st century BCE, Kushans in the 1st century CE and then Hindus until its capture by the Arabs in 664. Over the next 600 years, the city was successively controlled by the Samanids of Bokhara, the Ghaznavid Em ...

See also:

Kabul, Kabul - Reconstruction, Kabul - History, Kabul - Attractions

Read more here: » Kabul: Encyclopedia II - Kabul - History

Explicit examples of the concept and terminology of yoga appear in the Upanishads (primarily thirteen principal texts of the Vedanta, that are the culmination of all Vedic philosophy). [2] In the Maitrayaniya Upanishad (ca. 200-300 BCE) yoga surfaces as: "Shadanga-Yoga - The uniting discipline of the six limbs (shad-anga), as expounded in the Maitrayaniya-Upanishad: (1) breath control (pranayama), (2) sensory inhibition (pratyahara ...

See also:

History of Yoga, History of Yoga - Pre-Vedic ca. 6000 - 3000 BCE [?], History of Yoga - Vedic ca. 2000-1500 BCE, History of Yoga - Upanishadic ca. 800-100 BCE, History of Yoga - Bhagavad Gita, History of Yoga - Classical - Patanjali's 'Yoga Sutras' ca. 200 CE, History of Yoga - Yoga-bhasya 450 - 850 CE, History of Yoga - Hatha Yoga Pradipika 1350 - 1400 CE, History of Yoga - Today, History of Yoga - Modern growth of yoga in the West

Read more here: » History of Yoga: Encyclopedia II - History of Yoga - Upanishadic ca. 800-100 BCE

Kaliningrad - Teutonic Order. Around 300 BCE an Old Prussian settlement called Pregnore was founded near the site of modern Kaliningrad. This settlement was conquered and destroyed during the conquest of Prussia by the Teutonic Order. In its place Königsberg ("King's Mountain" in German) was founded in 1255 by King Otakar II of Bohemia and named in his honor due to his involvement in the Northern Crusades. Over a long period, the Teutonic Knights, assisted by various knights from Western Europe, co ...

See also:

Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad - History, Kaliningrad - Teutonic Order, Kaliningrad - Ducal Prussia, Kaliningrad - Brandenburg-Prussia and German Empire, Kaliningrad - Weimar Republic, Kaliningrad - Third Reich, Kaliningrad - Soviet Union, Kaliningrad - Russian Federation, Kaliningrad - Kaliningrad's future, Kaliningrad - Geography, Kaliningrad - Economy, Kaliningrad - Sightseeing, Kaliningrad - Famous people from Königsberg/Kaliningrad

Read more here: » Kaliningrad: Encyclopedia II - Kaliningrad - History

During the ancient period, the area that today is northern Sudan was known as Nubia. Egyptians and people of the Mediterranean world also referred to it as Ethiopia (see History of Ethiopia). The area of the Nile valley that lies within present day Sudan was home to three Kushite kingdoms during antiquity: the first with its capital at Kerma (2400 – 1500 BCE), another that centered on Napata (1000 – 300 BCE) and, finally, that of Meroë (300 BCE – 300 CE). Each of these kingdoms was strongly culturally, economically, politically ...

See also:

History of Sudan, History of Sudan - Early history, History of Sudan - The coming of Islam, History of Sudan - 19th Century, History of Sudan - The Turkiyah, History of Sudan - Mahdism and condominium, History of Sudan - European Colonialism, History of Sudan - Independence and the First Civil War, History of Sudan - The Nimeiry Era, History of Sudan - Arms suppliers, History of Sudan - Second Civil War, History of Sudan - Darfur, History of Sudan - Chadian-Sudanese War

Read more here: » History of Sudan: Encyclopedia II - History of Sudan - Early history

The Persian people were now again to make their influence felt in the history of the world. Ardashir I destroyed the rule of the Arsacids in the winter of 226, and founded the illustrious dynasty of the Sassanids. Different from the Parthian rulers, who in language and religion inclined toward Hellenism, the Sassanids intensified the Persian side of life, favored the Pahlavi language, and restored with zeal the old monolithic religion of the Zoroastrianism, founded upon worship of Ahura Mazda, which now, under the ...

See also:

History of the Jews in Iraq, History of the Jews in Iraq - Early Biblical history, History of the Jews in Iraq - Late Biblical history and the Babylonian exile, History of the Jews in Iraq - Greek Period 300s BCE - 160 BCE, History of the Jews in Iraq - Parthian Period, History of the Jews in Iraq - Babylonia as the center of Judaism 219 CE - ~1050 CE, History of the Jews in Iraq - Sassanid Period 225-634, History of the Jews in Iraq - Arab Period 634-1258, History of the Jews in Iraq - Middle Ages, History of the Jews in Iraq - Mongolian period 1258-1534, History of the Jews in Iraq - Turkish rule 1534-1922, History of the Jews in Iraq - Modern times 1922-

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Iraq: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Iraq - Sassanid Period 225-634

Three times during the 6th century BCE, the Jews of the ancient Kingdom of Judah were exiled to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar. These three separate occasions are mentioned (Jeremiah 52:28-30). The first was in the time of Jehoiachin in 597 BCE, when the temple of Jerusalem was partially despoiled and a number of the leading citizens removed. After eleven years (in the reign of Zedekiah) a fresh rising of the Judaeans occurred; the city was razed to the ground, and a further deportation ensued. Finally, five years later, Jeremiah records a third ...

See also:

History of the Jews in Iraq, History of the Jews in Iraq - Early Biblical history, History of the Jews in Iraq - Late Biblical history and the Babylonian exile, History of the Jews in Iraq - Greek Period 300s BCE - 160 BCE, History of the Jews in Iraq - Parthian Period, History of the Jews in Iraq - Babylonia as the center of Judaism 219 CE - ~1050 CE, History of the Jews in Iraq - Sassanid Period 225-634, History of the Jews in Iraq - Arab Period 634-1258, History of the Jews in Iraq - Middle Ages, History of the Jews in Iraq - Mongolian period 1258-1534, History of the Jews in Iraq - Turkish rule 1534-1922, History of the Jews in Iraq - Modern times 1922-

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Iraq: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Iraq - Late Biblical history and the Babylonian exile