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2800 BC | A Wisdom Archive on 2800 BC | | 2800 BC A selection of articles related to 2800 BC | |
| We recommend this article: 2800 BC - 1, and also this: 2800 BC - 2. |
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2800 BC, 28th century BC, 28th century BC - Events, 28th century BC - Inventions discoveries introductions, 28th century BC - Significant persons
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO 2800 BC | | | |  2800 BC: Encyclopedia II - Corded Ware culture - LanguageThe Corded Ware culture was long pointed to as the cultural horizon best fitting the description for the Urheimat (original homeland) of the speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language. This people would have originated on the North German plain, then moved outwards. This viewpoint was still reflected in even some relatively recent literature, but has now been essentially supplanted by the work of Marija Gimbutas and her ...
See also:Corded Ware culture, Corded Ware culture - Extent, Corded Ware culture - Nomenclature, Corded Ware culture - Origins and Development, Corded Ware culture - Economy, Corded Ware culture - Graves, Corded Ware culture - Language, Corded Ware culture - Subgroups, Corded Ware culture - Corded Ware culture, Corded Ware culture - Swedish-Norwegian Battle Axe culture, Corded Ware culture - Finnish Battle Axe culture, Corded Ware culture - Middle Dnieper and Fatyanovo-Balanovo cultures, Corded Ware culture - Sources Read more here: » Corded Ware culture: Encyclopedia II - Corded Ware culture - Language |
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| | | | | 2800 BC: Encyclopedia II - Economic history of India - Post-Independence to 1979 At independence the economy was predominantly agrarian. Most of the population was employed in agriculture, and most of those people were very poor, existing by cropping their own small plots or supplying labor to other farms. Landownership, land rental, and sharecropping rights were complex, involving layers of intermediaries. Moreover, the structural economic problems inherited at independence were exacerbated by the costs associated with the partition of British India, which had resulted in about 12 million to 14 million refugees fleeing ...
See also:Economic history of India, Economic history of India - Indus valley civilization, Economic history of India - Pre-Colonial Characteristics, Economic history of India - Colonial Rule, Economic history of India - Post-Independence to 1979, Economic history of India - Post-Liberalization, Economic history of India - Initial Period, Economic history of India - UF rule, Economic history of India - NDA Rule, Economic history of India - UPA Rule, Economic history of India - Scholarly Secondary Sources Read more here: » Economic history of India: Encyclopedia II - Economic history of India - Post-Independence to 1979 |
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| | | | | 2800 BC: Encyclopedia II - Economic history of India - Post-Liberalization
Economic history of India - Initial Period.
As late as 1991, India still had a fixed exchange rate system, where the rupee was pegged to the value of a basket of currencies of major trading partners. India started having balance of payments problems since 1985, and by the end of 1990, it was in a serious economic crisis. The government was close to default and its foreign exchange reserves had reduced to the point that India could barely finance three weeks’ worth of imports. The Government of India headed by P ...
See also:Economic history of India, Economic history of India - Indus valley civilization, Economic history of India - Pre-Colonial Characteristics, Economic history of India - Colonial Rule, Economic history of India - Post-Independence to 1979, Economic history of India - Post-Liberalization, Economic history of India - Initial Period, Economic history of India - UF rule, Economic history of India - NDA Rule, Economic history of India - UPA Rule, Economic history of India - Scholarly Secondary Sources Read more here: » Economic history of India: Encyclopedia II - Economic history of India - Post-Liberalization |
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| | | | | 2800 BC: Encyclopedia II - Indus Valley Civilization - Trade The Indus civilization's economy appears to have depended significantly on trade, which was facilitated by major advances in transport technology. These advances included bullock-driven carts that are identical to those seen throughout South Asia today, as well as boats. Most of these boats were probably small, flat-bottomed craft, perhaps driven by sail, similar to those one can see on the Indus River today; however, there is secondary evidence of sea-going craft. Archaeologists have discovered a massive, dredged canal ...
See also:Indus Valley Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Overview, Indus Valley Civilization - Settlements, Indus Valley Civilization - Predecessors, Indus Valley Civilization - Emergence of Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Cities, Indus Valley Civilization - Science, Indus Valley Civilization - Arts and Culture, Indus Valley Civilization - Trade, Indus Valley Civilization - Agriculture, Indus Valley Civilization - Writing or Symbol System, Indus Valley Civilization - Geography, Indus Valley Civilization - Decline collapse and legacy, Indus Valley Civilization - Bibliography Read more here: » Indus Valley Civilization: Encyclopedia II - Indus Valley Civilization - Trade |
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| | | | | 2800 BC: Encyclopedia II - Indus Valley Civilization - Agriculture The nature of the Indus civilization's agricultural system is still largely a matter of conjecture due to the limited amount of information surviving through the ages. Some speculation is possible, however.
Earlier studies (prior to 1980) often assumed that food production was imported to the Indus Valley by a single linguistic group ("Aryans") and/or from a single area. But recent studies indicate that food production was largely indigenous to the Indus Valley. Already the Mehrgarh people used domesticated wheats and barley and the m ...
See also:Indus Valley Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Overview, Indus Valley Civilization - Settlements, Indus Valley Civilization - Predecessors, Indus Valley Civilization - Emergence of Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Cities, Indus Valley Civilization - Science, Indus Valley Civilization - Arts and Culture, Indus Valley Civilization - Trade, Indus Valley Civilization - Agriculture, Indus Valley Civilization - Writing or Symbol System, Indus Valley Civilization - Geography, Indus Valley Civilization - Decline collapse and legacy, Indus Valley Civilization - Bibliography Read more here: » Indus Valley Civilization: Encyclopedia II - Indus Valley Civilization - Agriculture |
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| | | | | 2800 BC: Encyclopedia II - Indus Valley Civilization - Writing or Symbol System Main article: Indus script.
It has long been claimed that the Indus Valley was the home of a literate civilization, but this has recently been challenged on linguistic and archaeological grounds. Well over 400 Indus symbols have been found on seals or ceramic pots and over a dozen other materials, including a 'signboard' that apparently once hung over the gate of the inner citadel of the Indus city of Dholavira. Typical Indus inscriptions are no more than four or five characters in length, most of which (aside from the Dholavir ...
See also:Indus Valley Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Overview, Indus Valley Civilization - Settlements, Indus Valley Civilization - Predecessors, Indus Valley Civilization - Emergence of Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Cities, Indus Valley Civilization - Science, Indus Valley Civilization - Arts and Culture, Indus Valley Civilization - Trade, Indus Valley Civilization - Agriculture, Indus Valley Civilization - Writing or Symbol System, Indus Valley Civilization - Geography, Indus Valley Civilization - Decline collapse and legacy, Indus Valley Civilization - Bibliography Read more here: » Indus Valley Civilization: Encyclopedia II - Indus Valley Civilization - Writing or Symbol System |
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| | | | | 2800 BC: Encyclopedia II - Indus Valley Civilization - Arts and Culture Various sculptures, seals, pottery, gold jewelry, and anatomically detailed figurines in terracotta, bronze, steatite have been found at the excavation sites.
A number of bronze, terracotta, and stone figurines of girls in dancing poses reveal the presence of some dance form. Sir John Marshall is known to have reacted with surprise when he saw the famous Indus bronze statuette of the slender-limbed "dancing girl" in Mohenjo-daro:
"… When I first saw them I found it difficult to believe that they were prehistoric; they s ...
See also:Indus Valley Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Overview, Indus Valley Civilization - Settlements, Indus Valley Civilization - Predecessors, Indus Valley Civilization - Emergence of Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Cities, Indus Valley Civilization - Science, Indus Valley Civilization - Arts and Culture, Indus Valley Civilization - Trade, Indus Valley Civilization - Agriculture, Indus Valley Civilization - Writing or Symbol System, Indus Valley Civilization - Geography, Indus Valley Civilization - Decline collapse and legacy, Indus Valley Civilization - Bibliography Read more here: » Indus Valley Civilization: Encyclopedia II - Indus Valley Civilization - Arts and Culture |
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| | | | | 2800 BC: Encyclopedia II - Indus Valley Civilization - Cities A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture is evident in the Indus Valley civilization. The quality of municipal town planning suggests knowledge of urban planning and efficient municipal governments which placed a high priority on hygiene. The streets of major cities such as Mohenjo-daro or Harappa were laid out in a perfect grid pattern, comparable to that of present day New York. The h ...
See also:Indus Valley Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Overview, Indus Valley Civilization - Settlements, Indus Valley Civilization - Predecessors, Indus Valley Civilization - Emergence of Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Cities, Indus Valley Civilization - Science, Indus Valley Civilization - Arts and Culture, Indus Valley Civilization - Trade, Indus Valley Civilization - Agriculture, Indus Valley Civilization - Writing or Symbol System, Indus Valley Civilization - Geography, Indus Valley Civilization - Decline collapse and legacy, Indus Valley Civilization - Bibliography Read more here: » Indus Valley Civilization: Encyclopedia II - Indus Valley Civilization - Cities |
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| | | | | 2800 BC: Encyclopedia II - Indus Valley Civilization - Overview The Indus Civilization is among the world's earliest civilizations, contemporary to the Bronze Age civilizations of Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. It peaked around 2500 BCE in the western part of South Asia, declined during the mid-2nd millennium BCE and was forgotten until its rediscovery in the 1920s by RD Banerjee.
Geographically, it was spread over an area of some 1,260,000 km², comprising the whole of modern day Pakistan and parts of modern-day India and Afghanistan. Thus there is an Indus Valley site on the Oxus river at Shortu ...
See also:Indus Valley Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Overview, Indus Valley Civilization - Settlements, Indus Valley Civilization - Predecessors, Indus Valley Civilization - Emergence of Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Cities, Indus Valley Civilization - Science, Indus Valley Civilization - Arts and Culture, Indus Valley Civilization - Trade, Indus Valley Civilization - Agriculture, Indus Valley Civilization - Writing or Symbol System, Indus Valley Civilization - Geography, Indus Valley Civilization - Decline collapse and legacy, Indus Valley Civilization - Bibliography Read more here: » Indus Valley Civilization: Encyclopedia II - Indus Valley Civilization - Overview |
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| | | | | 2800 BC: Encyclopedia II - Indus Valley Civilization - Settlements To date, over 1,052 cities and settlements have been found, mainly in the general region of the Hakra-Ghaggar river and its tributaries. Among the settlements were the major urban centers of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, as well as Dholavira, Ganweriwala, Kalibanga, Lothal, and Rakhigarhi.
Additionally, there is some disputed evidence indicative of another large river, now long dried up, running parallel and to the east of the Indus. The dried-up river beds overlap with the Hakra channel in Pakistan, and the seasonal Ghaggar river in Indi ...
See also:Indus Valley Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Overview, Indus Valley Civilization - Settlements, Indus Valley Civilization - Predecessors, Indus Valley Civilization - Emergence of Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Cities, Indus Valley Civilization - Science, Indus Valley Civilization - Arts and Culture, Indus Valley Civilization - Trade, Indus Valley Civilization - Agriculture, Indus Valley Civilization - Writing or Symbol System, Indus Valley Civilization - Geography, Indus Valley Civilization - Decline collapse and legacy, Indus Valley Civilization - Bibliography Read more here: » Indus Valley Civilization: Encyclopedia II - Indus Valley Civilization - Settlements |
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| | | | | 2800 BC: Encyclopedia II - Indus Valley Civilization - Predecessors The Indus civilization was predated by the first farming cultures in south Asia, which emerged in the hills of what is now called Balochistan, to the west of the Indus Valley. The best-known site of this culture is Mehrgarh, established around 6500 BCE. These early farmers domesticated wheat and a variety of animals, including cattle. Pottery was in use by around 5500 BCE. The Indus civilization grew out of this culture's technological base, as well as its geographic expansion into the alluvial plains of what are now the provinces of Sin ...
See also:Indus Valley Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Overview, Indus Valley Civilization - Settlements, Indus Valley Civilization - Predecessors, Indus Valley Civilization - Emergence of Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Cities, Indus Valley Civilization - Science, Indus Valley Civilization - Arts and Culture, Indus Valley Civilization - Trade, Indus Valley Civilization - Agriculture, Indus Valley Civilization - Writing or Symbol System, Indus Valley Civilization - Geography, Indus Valley Civilization - Decline collapse and legacy, Indus Valley Civilization - Bibliography Read more here: » Indus Valley Civilization: Encyclopedia II - Indus Valley Civilization - Predecessors |
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| | | | | 2800 BC: Encyclopedia II - Magic square - Types of magic squares and their construction There are many ways to construct magic squares, but the standard (and most simple) way is to follow certain configurations / formulas which generate regular patterns. Magic squares exist for all values of n, with only one exception - it is impossible to construct a magic square of order 2. Magic squares can be classified into three types: odd, doubly even (n divisible by four) and singly even (n even, but not divisible by four). Odd and doubly even magic squares are easy to generate; the construction of singly even magic ...
See also:Magic square, Magic square - Brief history of magic squares, Magic square - The Lo Shu Square 3x3 magic square, Magic square - The early squares of order four 4x4 magic squares, Magic square - Cultural significance of magic squares, Magic square - Albrecht Dürer's magic square, Magic square - The Sagrada Família magic square, Magic square - Types of magic squares and their construction, Magic square - A method for constructing a magic square of odd order, Magic square - A method of constructing a magic square of doubly even order, Magic square - Counting magic squares, Magic square - Generalizations, Magic square - Extra constraints, Magic square - Different constraints, Magic square - Other operations, Magic square - Other magic shapes, Magic square - Combined extensions, Magic square - Related problems, Magic square - Magic Square of Primes, Magic square - n-Queens problem Read more here: » Magic square: Encyclopedia II - Magic square - Types of magic squares and their construction |
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