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2800 BC | A Wisdom Archive on 2800 BC | | 2800 BC A selection of articles related to 2800 BC | |
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2800 BC, 28th century BC, 28th century BC - Events, 28th century BC - Inventions discoveries introductions, 28th century BC - Significant persons
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO 2800 BC | | | |  2800 BC: Encyclopedia II - Kurgan hypothesis - OverviewThe "Kurgan hypothesis" of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) origins assumes gradual expansion of the "Kurgan culture" until it encompasses the entire Pontic steppe, Kurgan IV being identified with the Yamna culture of around 3000 BC. Subsequent expansion beyond the steppes leads to hybrid cultures, such as the Globular Amphora culture to the west, the immigration of proto-Greeks to the Balkans and the nomadic Indo-Iranian cultures to the east around 2500 BC. The domestication of the horse, and later the use of early chariots is assumed to have incr ...
See also:Kurgan hypothesis, Kurgan hypothesis - Overview, Kurgan hypothesis - Stages of expansion, Kurgan hypothesis - Timeline, Kurgan hypothesis - Secondary Urheimat, Kurgan hypothesis - Differences of interpretation, Kurgan hypothesis - Genetics Read more here: » Kurgan hypothesis: Encyclopedia II - Kurgan hypothesis - Overview |
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| | | | | 2800 BC: Encyclopedia II - Corded Ware culture - Extent It encompassed most of continental northern Europe from the Rhine River on the west, to the Volga River in the east, including most of modern-day Germany, Denmark, Poland, the Baltic States, Belarus, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, northern Ukraine, western Russia, as well as coastal Norway and the southern portions of Sweden and Finland.
The somewhat later Beaker culture was contemporaneous. It is succeeded by a number of bronze age cultures, among them the Unetice culture (Central Europe), ca 2300 BC, and by the Nordic Bronze Age, a culture of Scandinavi ...
See also:Corded Ware culture, Corded Ware culture - Extent, Corded Ware culture - Nomenclature, Corded Ware culture - Origins and development, Corded Ware culture - Economy, Corded Ware culture - Graves, Corded Ware culture - Language, Corded Ware culture - Subgroups, Corded Ware culture - Corded Ware culture, Corded Ware culture - Swedish-Norwegian Battle Axe culture, Corded Ware culture - Finnish Battle Axe culture, Corded Ware culture - Middle Dnieper and Fatyanovo-Balanovo cultures, Corded Ware culture - Sources Read more here: » Corded Ware culture: Encyclopedia II - Corded Ware culture - Extent |
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| | | | | 2800 BC: Encyclopedia II - Magic square - Related problems
Magic square - Magic Square of Primes.
Rudolf Ondrejka discovered the following 3x3 magic square of primes, in this case nine Chen primes:
Magic square - n-Queens problem.
In 1992, Demirörs, Rafraf, and Tanik published a method for converting some magic squares into N-queens solutions, and vice versa.
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See also:Magic square, Magic square - Brief history of magic squares, Magic square - The Lo Shu Square 3x3 magic square, Magic square - The early squares of order four 4x4 magic squares, Magic square - Cultural significance of magic squares, Magic square - Albrecht Dürer's magic square, Magic square - The Sagrada Família magic square, Magic square - Types of magic squares and their construction, Magic square - A method for constructing a magic square of odd order, Magic square - A method of constructing a magic square of doubly even order, Magic square - Counting magic squares, Magic square - Generalizations, Magic square - Extra constraints, Magic square - Different constraints, Magic square - Other operations, Magic square - Other magic shapes, Magic square - Combined extensions, Magic square - Related problems, Magic square - Magic Square of Primes, Magic square - n-Queens problem Read more here: » Magic square: Encyclopedia II - Magic square - Related problems |
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| | | | | 2800 BC: Encyclopedia II - Indus Valley Civilization - Predecessors The Indus civilization was predated by the first farming cultures in south Asia, which emerged in the hills of what is now called Balochistan, to the west of the Indus Valley. The best-known site of this culture is Mehrgarh, established around 7000 BCE. These early farmers domesticated wheat and a variety of animals, including cattle. Pottery was in use by around 5500 BCE. The Indus civilization grew out of this culture's technological base, as well as its geographic expansion into the alluvial plains of what are now the provinces of Sin ...
See also:Indus Valley Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Overview, Indus Valley Civilization - Settlements, Indus Valley Civilization - Predecessors, Indus Valley Civilization - Emergence of Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Cities, Indus Valley Civilization - Science, Indus Valley Civilization - Arts and Culture, Indus Valley Civilization - Trade, Indus Valley Civilization - Agriculture, Indus Valley Civilization - Writing or Symbol System, Indus Valley Civilization - Geography, Indus Valley Civilization - Decline collapse and legacy, Indus Valley Civilization - Bibliography Read more here: » Indus Valley Civilization: Encyclopedia II - Indus Valley Civilization - Predecessors |
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| | | | | 2800 BC: Encyclopedia II - Indus Valley Civilization - Writing or Symbol System Main article: Indus script.
Well over 400 Indus symbols have been found on seals or ceramic pots and over a dozen other materials, including a 'signboard' that apparently once hung over the gate of the inner citadel of the Indus city of Dholavira. Typical Indus inscriptions are no more than four or five characters in length, most of which (aside from the Dholavira 'signboard') are exquisitely tiny; the longest on a single surface, which is less than 1 inch (2.54 cm) square, is 17 signs long; the longest on any object (found on thr ...
See also:Indus Valley Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Overview, Indus Valley Civilization - Settlements, Indus Valley Civilization - Predecessors, Indus Valley Civilization - Emergence of Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Cities, Indus Valley Civilization - Science, Indus Valley Civilization - Arts and Culture, Indus Valley Civilization - Trade, Indus Valley Civilization - Agriculture, Indus Valley Civilization - Writing or Symbol System, Indus Valley Civilization - Geography, Indus Valley Civilization - Decline collapse and legacy, Indus Valley Civilization - Bibliography Read more here: » Indus Valley Civilization: Encyclopedia II - Indus Valley Civilization - Writing or Symbol System |
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| | | | | 2800 BC: Encyclopedia II - Neolithic - Technology Neolithic peoples were skilled farmers, manufacturing a range of tools necessary for the tending, harvesting and processing of crops (such as sickle blades and grinding stones) and food production (e.g. pottery, bone implements). They were also skilled manufacturers of a range of other types of stone tool and ornaments, including projectile points, beads, and statuettes. Neolithic peoples in the Levant, Anatolia, Syria, northern Mesopotamia and Central Asia were also accomplished builders, utilising mud-brick to construct houses and villages ...
See also:Neolithic, Neolithic - Origins and regional development, Neolithic - Social organization, Neolithic - Farming, Neolithic - Technology, Neolithic - Neolithic Religion, Neolithic - Origins, Neolithic - Deities and Spirits, Neolithic - Others Read more here: » Neolithic: Encyclopedia II - Neolithic - Technology |
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| | | | | 2800 BC: Encyclopedia II - Neolithic - Neolithic Religion The Neolithic Religion was the major religion during the main Neolithic Period in Europe. There appeared to be veneration of a Mother Goddess/Father God, the Serpent, the Sun and the Moon. This religion appears to have been the ancestor of the Indo-European Religion and the Afro-Asiatic Religion (See Indo-European/Semitic religious similarities).
Neolithic - Origins.
The Neolithic Religion probably has its roots in the Upper Paleolithic, the Mother Goddess herself from the Venus figurines of Eurasia.
< ...
See also:Neolithic, Neolithic - Origins and regional development, Neolithic - Social organization, Neolithic - Farming, Neolithic - Technology, Neolithic - Neolithic Religion, Neolithic - Origins, Neolithic - Deities and Spirits, Neolithic - Others Read more here: » Neolithic: Encyclopedia II - Neolithic - Neolithic Religion |
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| | | | | 2800 BC: Encyclopedia II - Magic square - Generalizations
Magic square - Extra constraints.
Certain extra restrictions can be imposed on magical squares. If not only the main diagonals but also the broken diagonals sum to the magic constant, the result is a panmagic square. If raising each number to certain powers yields another magic square, the result is a bimagic, a trimagic, or, in general, a multimagic square.
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See also:Magic square, Magic square - Brief history of magic squares, Magic square - The Lo Shu Square 3x3 magic square, Magic square - The early squares of order four 4x4 magic squares, Magic square - Cultural significance of magic squares, Magic square - Albrecht Dürer's magic square, Magic square - The Sagrada Família magic square, Magic square - Types of magic squares and their construction, Magic square - A method for constructing a magic square of odd order, Magic square - A method of constructing a magic square of doubly even order, Magic square - Counting magic squares, Magic square - Generalizations, Magic square - Extra constraints, Magic square - Different constraints, Magic square - Other operations, Magic square - Other magic shapes, Magic square - Combined extensions, Magic square - Related problems, Magic square - Magic Square of Primes, Magic square - n-Queens problem Read more here: » Magic square: Encyclopedia II - Magic square - Generalizations |
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| | | | | 2800 BC: Encyclopedia II - Indus Valley Civilization - Settlements To date, over 1,052 cities and settlements have been found, mainly in the general region of the Hakra-Ghaggar river and its tributaries. Among the settlements were the major urban centers of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, as well as Lothal, Dholavira, Ganweriwala, Kalibanga, and Rakhigarhi.
Additionally, there is some disputed evidence indicative of another large river, now long dried up, running parallel to and east of the Indus. The dried-up river beds overlap with the Hakra channel in Pakistan, and the seasonal Ghaggar river in India. O ...
See also:Indus Valley Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Overview, Indus Valley Civilization - Settlements, Indus Valley Civilization - Predecessors, Indus Valley Civilization - Emergence of Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Cities, Indus Valley Civilization - Science, Indus Valley Civilization - Arts and Culture, Indus Valley Civilization - Trade, Indus Valley Civilization - Agriculture, Indus Valley Civilization - Writing or Symbol System, Indus Valley Civilization - Geography, Indus Valley Civilization - Decline collapse and legacy, Indus Valley Civilization - Bibliography Read more here: » Indus Valley Civilization: Encyclopedia II - Indus Valley Civilization - Settlements |
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| | | | | 2800 BC: Encyclopedia II - Corded Ware culture - Graves Inhumation was characteristically done one metre deep, without any marks, in a flexed position; males lay on their right side, females on the left, with the faces of both oriented to the south. Originally, there was probably a wooden construction, since the graves are often positioned in a line. Many are also marked with small tumuli. Grave goods for men typically included a stone battle-axe.
The approximately contemporary Beaker culture had similar burial traditions, and together they covered most of Western and Central Europe. While ...
See also:Corded Ware culture, Corded Ware culture - Extent, Corded Ware culture - Nomenclature, Corded Ware culture - Origins and development, Corded Ware culture - Economy, Corded Ware culture - Graves, Corded Ware culture - Language, Corded Ware culture - Subgroups, Corded Ware culture - Corded Ware culture, Corded Ware culture - Swedish-Norwegian Battle Axe culture, Corded Ware culture - Finnish Battle Axe culture, Corded Ware culture - Middle Dnieper and Fatyanovo-Balanovo cultures, Corded Ware culture - Sources Read more here: » Corded Ware culture: Encyclopedia II - Corded Ware culture - Graves |
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| | | | | 2800 BC: Encyclopedia II - Corded Ware culture - Language The Corded Ware culture was long pointed to as the cultural horizon best fitting the description for the Urheimat (original homeland) of the speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language. This people would have originated on the North German plain, then moved outwards. This viewpoint was still reflected in even some relatively recent literature, but has now been essentially supplanted by the work of Marija Gimbutas and her ...
See also:Corded Ware culture, Corded Ware culture - Extent, Corded Ware culture - Nomenclature, Corded Ware culture - Origins and development, Corded Ware culture - Economy, Corded Ware culture - Graves, Corded Ware culture - Language, Corded Ware culture - Subgroups, Corded Ware culture - Corded Ware culture, Corded Ware culture - Swedish-Norwegian Battle Axe culture, Corded Ware culture - Finnish Battle Axe culture, Corded Ware culture - Middle Dnieper and Fatyanovo-Balanovo cultures, Corded Ware culture - Sources Read more here: » Corded Ware culture: Encyclopedia II - Corded Ware culture - Language |
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| | | | | 2800 BC: Encyclopedia II - Indus Valley Civilization - Overview The Indus Civilization is among the world's earliest civilizations, contemporary to the Bronze Age civilizations of Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. It peaked around 2500 BCE in the western part of South Asia, declined during the mid-2nd millennium BCE and was forgotten until its rediscovery in the 1920s by R.D. Banerjee.
Geographically, it was spread over an area of some 1,260,000 km², comprising the whole of modern-day Pakistan and parts of modern-day India and Afghanistan. Thus there is an Indus Valley site on the Oxus river at Shor ...
See also:Indus Valley Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Overview, Indus Valley Civilization - Settlements, Indus Valley Civilization - Predecessors, Indus Valley Civilization - Emergence of Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Cities, Indus Valley Civilization - Science, Indus Valley Civilization - Arts and Culture, Indus Valley Civilization - Trade, Indus Valley Civilization - Agriculture, Indus Valley Civilization - Writing or Symbol System, Indus Valley Civilization - Geography, Indus Valley Civilization - Decline collapse and legacy, Indus Valley Civilization - Bibliography Read more here: » Indus Valley Civilization: Encyclopedia II - Indus Valley Civilization - Overview |
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| | | | | 2800 BC: Encyclopedia II - Corded Ware culture - Origins and development Considering its immense, continental expanse, it clearly represents a fusion of earlier archaeological cultures of varying degrees of relatedness, probably led by intrusive elements from the east and south. It does not represent a single monolithic entity, but rather a diffusion of technological and cultural innovations. The fact that the Globular Amphora culture similtaneously overlies much of the same area as of the Corded Ware culture proves this. Different peoples, living in close proximity to each other at t ...
See also:Corded Ware culture, Corded Ware culture - Extent, Corded Ware culture - Nomenclature, Corded Ware culture - Origins and development, Corded Ware culture - Economy, Corded Ware culture - Graves, Corded Ware culture - Language, Corded Ware culture - Subgroups, Corded Ware culture - Corded Ware culture, Corded Ware culture - Swedish-Norwegian Battle Axe culture, Corded Ware culture - Finnish Battle Axe culture, Corded Ware culture - Middle Dnieper and Fatyanovo-Balanovo cultures, Corded Ware culture - Sources Read more here: » Corded Ware culture: Encyclopedia II - Corded Ware culture - Origins and development |
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| | | | | 2800 BC: Encyclopedia II - Indus Valley Civilization - Science The people of the Indus Civilization achieved great accuracy in measuring length, mass, and time. They were among the first to develop a system of uniform weights and measures. Their measurements were extremely precise. Their smallest division, which is marked on an ivory scale found in Lothal, was approximately 1.704mm, the smallest division ever recorded on a scale of the Bronze Age. Harappan engineers followed the decimal division of measurement for all practical purposes, including the measure ...
See also:Indus Valley Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Overview, Indus Valley Civilization - Settlements, Indus Valley Civilization - Predecessors, Indus Valley Civilization - Emergence of Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Cities, Indus Valley Civilization - Science, Indus Valley Civilization - Arts and Culture, Indus Valley Civilization - Trade, Indus Valley Civilization - Agriculture, Indus Valley Civilization - Writing or Symbol System, Indus Valley Civilization - Geography, Indus Valley Civilization - Decline collapse and legacy, Indus Valley Civilization - Bibliography Read more here: » Indus Valley Civilization: Encyclopedia II - Indus Valley Civilization - Science |
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| | | | | 2800 BC: Encyclopedia II - Culture of Pakistan - Sports The most popular sport, followed religiously in Pakistan, is cricket. Pakistan has historically produced several multi-talented players who have been among the best batsmen and bowlers in the world. Almost every district and neighborhood in Pakistan has its cricket team and most people start playing from a young age. Pakistan has won several important international cricket events, including the pinnacle of cricket, the World Cup in 1992.
Hockey is also among the popular sport in Pakistan. Pakistan has won the gold medal at the ...
See also:Culture of Pakistan, Culture of Pakistan - Roots, Culture of Pakistan - Film and television, Culture of Pakistan - Sexual conservatism & cultural taboos, Culture of Pakistan - Adherence to monogamy, Culture of Pakistan - Globalization, Culture of Pakistan - Sports, Culture of Pakistan - Mercantile culture, Culture of Pakistan - Food Read more here: » Culture of Pakistan: Encyclopedia II - Culture of Pakistan - Sports |
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| | | | | 2800 BC: Encyclopedia II - Culture of Pakistan - Food Pakistani food is good and similar that of northern India, with a dollop of Persian, Turkish and Middle Eastern influence thrown in for good measure. This means menus peppered with baked and deep-fried breads (roti, chapattis, puri, halwa and nan), vegetables, meat curries, lentil mush (dhal), spicy spinach, cabbage, peas and rice, and of course that staple of hippies, the sturdy Hunza pie. Street snacks are popular in cities - samosas and tikkas (spiced and barbecued beef, mutton or chicken) - are delicious, while a range of desserts will s ...
See also:Culture of Pakistan, Culture of Pakistan - Roots, Culture of Pakistan - Film and television, Culture of Pakistan - Sexual conservatism & cultural taboos, Culture of Pakistan - Adherence to monogamy, Culture of Pakistan - Globalization, Culture of Pakistan - Sports, Culture of Pakistan - Mercantile culture, Culture of Pakistan - Food Read more here: » Culture of Pakistan: Encyclopedia II - Culture of Pakistan - Food |
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| | | | | 2800 BC: Encyclopedia II - Economic history of India - Colonial Rule The colonial rule brought along an institutional environment that guaranteed property rights, ensured free trade, had fixed exchange rates, uniform currency system, open capital markets, created a well developed system of railways and telegraphs, a bureaucracy free from political interferences and a modern legal system. It also coincided with major changes in the world economy - industrialisation, growth in trade and production, and new thinking on economic policies followed by states. By the end of the colonial rule, however, India inherite ...
See also:Economic history of India, Economic history of India - Indus valley civilization, Economic history of India - Pre-Colonial Characteristics, Economic history of India - Colonial Rule, Economic history of India - Post-Independence to 1979, Economic history of India - Post-Liberalization, Economic history of India - Initial Period, Economic history of India - UF rule, Economic history of India - NDA Rule, Economic history of India - UPA Rule, Economic history of India - Scholarly Secondary Sources Read more here: » Economic history of India: Encyclopedia II - Economic history of India - Colonial Rule |
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| | | | | 2800 BC: Encyclopedia II - Culture of Pakistan - Globalization Increasing globalization has increased the influence of "Western culture" in Pakistan. Pakistan ranks 46th in the world on the Kearney/FP Globalization index [http:/.com/issue_marapr_2004/countrydetail.php]. Many Western restaurant chains have established themselves in Pakistan, and are found in the major cities.
A large Pakistani diaspora exists in the West. Whereas Pakistanis in the United States, Canada and Australia tend to be professionals, the majority of them in the United Kingdom, Germany and the Scandinavian nations comes fro ...
See also:Culture of Pakistan, Culture of Pakistan - Roots, Culture of Pakistan - Film and television, Culture of Pakistan - Sexual conservatism & cultural taboos, Culture of Pakistan - Adherence to monogamy, Culture of Pakistan - Globalization, Culture of Pakistan - Sports, Culture of Pakistan - Mercantile culture, Culture of Pakistan - Food Read more here: » Culture of Pakistan: Encyclopedia II - Culture of Pakistan - Globalization |
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| | | | | 2800 BC: Encyclopedia II - Culture of Pakistan - Film and television Traditionally, the government-owned Pakistan Television (PTV) has been the dominant media player in Pakistan. However past decade has seen emergence of several private TV channels (news , entertainment) such as the GEO TV, AAJ TV, ARY and a dozen or so more channels. Traditionally the bulk of TV shows have been plays or soap operas---some of them critically acclaimed. Various American, European, Asian and Indian TV channels and movies ...
See also:Culture of Pakistan, Culture of Pakistan - Roots, Culture of Pakistan - Film and television, Culture of Pakistan - Sexual conservatism & cultural taboos, Culture of Pakistan - Adherence to monogamy, Culture of Pakistan - Globalization, Culture of Pakistan - Sports, Culture of Pakistan - Mercantile culture, Culture of Pakistan - Food Read more here: » Culture of Pakistan: Encyclopedia II - Culture of Pakistan - Film and television |
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| | | | | 2800 BC: Encyclopedia II - Neolithic - Technology Neolithic peoples were skilled farmers, manufacturing a range of tools necessary for the tending, harvesting and processing of crops (such as sickle blades and grinding stones) and food production (e.g. pottery, bone implements). They were also skilled manufacturers of a range of other types of stone tool and ornaments, including projectile points, beads, and statuettes. Neolithic peoples in the Levant, Anatolia, Syria, northern Mesopotamia and Central Asia were also accomplished builders, utilising mud-brick to construct houses and villages ...
See also:Neolithic, Neolithic - Origins and regional development, Neolithic - Social organization, Neolithic - Farming, Neolithic - Technology Read more here: » Neolithic: Encyclopedia II - Neolithic - Technology |
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| | | | | 2800 BC: Encyclopedia II - Corded Ware culture - Origins and Development Considering its immense, continental expanse, it clearly represents a fusion of earlier archaeological cultures of varying degrees of relatedness, probably led by intrusive elements from the east and south. It does not represent a single monolithic entity, but rather a diffusion of technological and cultural innovations. The fact that the Globular Amphora culture similtaneously overlies much of the same area as of the Corded Ware culture proves this. Different peoples, living in close proximity to each other at t ...
See also:Corded Ware culture, Corded Ware culture - Extent, Corded Ware culture - Nomenclature, Corded Ware culture - Origins and Development, Corded Ware culture - Economy, Corded Ware culture - Graves, Corded Ware culture - Language, Corded Ware culture - Subgroups, Corded Ware culture - Corded Ware culture, Corded Ware culture - Swedish-Norwegian Battle Axe culture, Corded Ware culture - Finnish Battle Axe culture, Corded Ware culture - Middle Dnieper and Fatyanovo-Balanovo cultures, Corded Ware culture - Sources Read more here: » Corded Ware culture: Encyclopedia II - Corded Ware culture - Origins and Development |
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