262 BC

Apollonius of Perga [Pergaeus] (c. 262 BC–c. 190 BC) was a Greek geometer and astronomer, of the Alexandrian school, noted for his writings on conic sections. It was Apollonius who gave the ellipse, the parabola, and the hyperbola the names by which we know them. The hypothesis of eccentric orbits, or equivalently, deferent and epicycles, to explain the apparent motion of the planets and ...

Including:

• Apollonius of Perga - De Rationis Sectione
• Apollonius of Perga - De Spatii Sectione
• Apollonius of Perga - De Sectione Determinata
• Apollonius of Perga - De Tactionibus
• Apollonius of Perga - De Inclinationibus
• Apollonius of Perga - De Locis Planis

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Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 310s BC 300s BC 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC - 260s BC - 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC Years: 268 BC 267 BC 266 BC 265 BC 264 BC - 263 BC - 262 BC 261 BC 260 BC 259 BC 258 BC 263 BC - Events. First Punic War: The Roman consul Manius Valerius Messalla secures the alliance of Hiero II of Syracuse. Eumenes I succeeds his uncle Philetaerus as king of Pergamon. Including:

• 263 BC - Events
• 263 BC - Births
• 263 BC - Deaths

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Antiochus I Soter (i.e. "Saviour") (324/​323-​262/​261 BC), was an emperor of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire. He reigned from 281 BC - 261 BC. He was half Persian, his mother Apame being one of those eastern princesses whom Alexander the Great had given as wives to his generals in 324 BC. On the assassination of his father Seleucus I in 281 BC, the task of holding together the empire was a formidable one, and a revolt in Syria broke out almost immediately. With his father's murderer, Ptolemy, Antiochus was soon compelled ...

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Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 310s BC 300s BC 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC - 260s BC - 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC Years: 265 BC 264 BC 263 BC 262 BC 261 BC - 260 BC - 259 BC 258 BC 257 BC 256 BC 255 BC Events Battle of Changping: the army of the Qin state routs the army of Zhao, establishing its military superiority over all other Chinese states. First Punic War: Battle of the Lipara Islands: A Roman naval force unde ...

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Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 310s BC 300s BC 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC - 260s BC - 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC 271 BC 270 BC 269 BC 268 BC 267 BC 266 BC - 265 BC 264 BC 263 BC 262 BC 261 BC Births Deaths Mithridates I of Pontus (Founder of the Kingdom of Pontus) Events ...

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Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 310s BC 300s BC 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC - 260s BC - 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC Years: 270 BC 269 BC 268 BC 267 BC 266 BC - 265 BC - 264 BC 263 BC 262 BC 261 BC 260 BC 265 BC - Events. Archimedes, Greek mathematician, develops screw, specific gravity Velzna, the last Etruscan city subdued by the Roman Republic Acrotatus succeeds his father Areus I as king of SpartaIncluding:

• 265 BC - Events
• 265 BC - Births
• 265 BC - Deaths

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In 262 BC, the Romans sent a full-scale army to Sicily, commanded by the two consuls Lucius Postumius Megellus and Quintus Mamilius Vitulus, comprising the four consular legions and allied alae (cavalry formations) in a total of 40,000 men. This was the response to the major recruiting and training being held in the Carthaginian side. Supported by Syracuse, now an official ally of Rome, the consular army marched in June to Agrigentum on the south-western coast of Sicily. This city was intended to act as base camp for the expected Carthaginian army, but at the time was occup ...

See also:

Battle of Agrigentum, Battle of Agrigentum - Prelude, Battle of Agrigentum - Siege of Agrigentum, Battle of Agrigentum - Battle of Agrigentum, Battle of Agrigentum - Aftermath

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Rome won the First Punic War after 23 years of conflict and in the end replaced Carthage as the dominant naval power of the Mediterranean. In the aftermath of the war, both states were financially and demographically exhausted. To determine the final borders of their territories, they drew what they considered a straight line across the Mediterranean. Hispania, Corsica, Sardinia and Africa remained Carthaginian. All that was north of that line was signed over to Rome. Rome's victory was greatly influenced by its persistent refusal to admit d ...

See also:

First Punic War, First Punic War - Background, First Punic War - Land warfare, First Punic War - Naval warfare, First Punic War - Aftermath, First Punic War - Casualties, First Punic War - Peace terms, First Punic War - Political results, First Punic War - Notable leaders, First Punic War - Chronology

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De Locis Planis is a collection of propositions relating to loci which are either straight lines or circles. Pappus gives somewhat full particulars of the propositions, and restorations were attempted by P. Fermat (Oeuvres, i., 1891, pp. 3-51), F. Schooten (Leiden, 1656) and, most successfully of all, by R. Simson (Glasgow, 1749). Other works of Apollonius are referred to by ancient writers, viz. Περι του πυριου, On the Burning-Glass, where the focal properties of the parabola probably fo ...

See also:

Apollonius of Perga, Apollonius of Perga - De Rationis Sectione, Apollonius of Perga - De Spatii Sectione, Apollonius of Perga - De Sectione Determinata, Apollonius of Perga - De Tactionibus, Apollonius of Perga - De Inclinationibus, Apollonius of Perga - De Locis Planis

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Due to the difficulty of operating in Sicily, most warfare of the First Punic War was fought at sea, including the most decisive battles. Moreover, naval warfare permitted an efficient blockade of enemy ports, and consequently of reinforcement and supply for the inland troops. Both sides of the conflict had publicly funded fleets. This fact compromised Carthage and Rome's finances and eventually decided the course of the war. At the beginning of the First Punic War, Rome had virtually no experience in naval warfare, whereas Carthage h ...

See also:

First Punic War, First Punic War - Background, First Punic War - Land warfare, First Punic War - Naval warfare, First Punic War - Aftermath, First Punic War - Casualties, First Punic War - Peace terms, First Punic War - Political results, First Punic War - Notable leaders, First Punic War - Chronology

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As Sicily was a hilly island, with geographical obstacles and a terrain where lines of communication are difficult to maintain, land warfare played a secondary role in the First Punic War. Land operations were mostly confined to small scale raids and skirmishes between the armies, with hardly any pitched battle. Sieges and land blockades were the most common operations for the regular army. The main targets of blockading were the important naval ports, since neither of the belligerent parties were based in Sicily and both needed a continuous supply of rei ...

See also:

First Punic War, First Punic War - Background, First Punic War - Land warfare, First Punic War - Naval warfare, First Punic War - Aftermath, First Punic War - Casualties, First Punic War - Peace terms, First Punic War - Political results, First Punic War - Notable leaders, First Punic War - Chronology

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In 288 BC, a group of Italian mercenaries, the Mamertines, occupied the city of Messina on the north-eastern tip of Sicily, killing all the men and taking the women as their wives. From this base, they ravaged the countryside and became a problem for the independent city of Syracuse. When Hiero II of Syracuse in 265 BC came to power, he decided to take definitive action against the Mamertines and besieged Messina. The Mamertines applied for help ...

See also:

Battle of Agrigentum, Battle of Agrigentum - Prelude, Battle of Agrigentum - Siege of Agrigentum, Battle of Agrigentum - Battle of Agrigentum, Battle of Agrigentum - Aftermath

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De Spatii Sectione discussed the similar problem which requires the rectangle contained by the two intercepts to be equal to a given rectangle. An Arabic version of the De Rationis Sectione was found towards the end of the 17th century in the Bodleian library by Edward Bernard, who began a translation of it; Halley finished it and published it along with a restoration of the De Spatii Sectione in 1706. ...

See also:

Apollonius of Perga, Apollonius of Perga - De Rationis Sectione, Apollonius of Perga - De Spatii Sectione, Apollonius of Perga - De Sectione Determinata, Apollonius of Perga - De Tactionibus, Apollonius of Perga - De Inclinationibus, Apollonius of Perga - De Locis Planis

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With Hanno camped outside their own base, the Roman's line of supply from Syracuse were no longer available. Themselves in the risk of starvation, the consuls chose to offer battle. This time was Hanno's turn to refuse, probably with the intention of defeating the Romans by hunger. Meanwhile, the situation inside Agrigentum after more than six months of siege was close to desperate. Hannibal Gisco, communicating with the outside by smoke signs, sent urgent pleas for relief and Hanno was forced to accept a pitched battle. The details of the actua ...

See also:

Battle of Agrigentum, Battle of Agrigentum - Prelude, Battle of Agrigentum - Siege of Agrigentum, Battle of Agrigentum - Battle of Agrigentum, Battle of Agrigentum - Aftermath

Read more here: » Battle of Agrigentum: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Agrigentum - Battle of Agrigentum

In the middle of the 3rd century BC, the power of Rome was growing. Following centuries of internal rebellions and disturbances, the whole of the Italian peninsula was tightly secured under Roman hands. All enemies — such as the Latin league or the Samnites — had been overcome, and the invasion of Pyrrhus of Epirus was repelled. Romans had an enormous confidence in their political system and military. Across the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Strait of Sicily, Carthage was already an established naval and commercial power, controlling most of th ...

See also:

First Punic War, First Punic War - Background, First Punic War - Land warfare, First Punic War - Naval warfare, First Punic War - Aftermath, First Punic War - Casualties, First Punic War - Peace terms, First Punic War - Political results, First Punic War - Notable leaders, First Punic War - Chronology

Read more here: » First Punic War: Encyclopedia II - First Punic War - Background