241 BC

The Attalid dynasty was a Greek dynasty that ruled the city of Pergamon after the death of Lysimachus, a general of Alexander the Great. One of Lysimachus' officers, Philetaerus, took control of the city in 282 BC. The later Attalids were descended from his father, and they expanded the city into a kingdom. Attalus I proclaimed himself King in the 230s BC, following his victories over the Gauls. The Attalids ruled Pergamon until Attalus III b ...

Including:

• Attalid dynasty - Dynasty of Pergamum
• Attalid dynasty - Genealogy
• Attalid dynasty - Reference

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Arcesilaus (Ἀρκεσίλαος) (316-241 BC) was a Greek philosopher and founder of the New, or Middle, Academy—the skeptical phase. Born at Pitane in Aeolia, he was trained by Autolycus the mathematician and later at Athens by Theophrastus and Crantor, by whom he was led to join the Academy. He subsequently became intimate with Polemon and Crates, whom he succeeded as head of the school (σχολαρχ). Diogenes Laertius says that similarly to his successor Lacydes, he died of excessive drinking, but the testimon ...

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• Arcesilaus - Links

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Carthage (from the Phoenician Qart-Hadasht "New City" (written without vowels as QRT HDŠT قرت-حدش or קרת חדשת), was an ancient city in North Africa located on the eastern side of Lake Tunis, across from the center of modern Tunis in Tunisia. It remains a popular tourist attraction. Carthage - Founding of Carthage. In approximately 814 BC, Carthage was founded by Phoenician settlers from the city of Tyre, bringing with them the city-god Melqart. Traditionally, the city was founded ...

Including:

• Carthage - Founding of Carthage
• Carthage - Life in Carthage
• Carthage - Carthaginian Commerce
• Carthage - Carthaginian Government
• Carthage - Carthaginian Religious Practices
• Carthage - Conflict with the Greeks and Romans
• Carthage - First Sicilian War
• Carthage - Second Sicilian War
• Carthage - Third Sicilian War
• Carthage - Pyrrhus of Epirus
• Carthage - The Messanan Crisis
• Carthage - The Punic Wars
• Carthage - Roman Carthage
• Carthage - Carthage in fiction

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Ancient warfare is war as conducted from the beginnings of history to the end of the ancient period. In Europe, the end of antiquity is often equated with the fall of Rome in 476. In China, it can also be seen as ending in the fifth century, with the growing role of mounted warriors needed to counter the ever-growing threat from the north. Ancient warfare - Overview. The difference between prehistoric and ancient warfare is less one of technology than of organization. The development of first city-states, a ...

Including:

• Ancient warfare - Overview
• Ancient warfare - Chariots
• Ancient warfare - Infantry
• Ancient warfare - Cavalry
• Ancient warfare - Naval warfare
• Ancient warfare - Tactics and weapons
• Ancient warfare - Strategy
• Ancient warfare - Tactics
• Ancient warfare - Weapons
• Ancient warfare - Sieges
• Ancient warfare - Cultures
• Ancient warfare - Chinese
• Ancient warfare - Persian
• Ancient warfare - Egyptian
• Ancient warfare - Germanic
• Ancient warfare - Greek
• Ancient warfare - Indus Valley
• Ancient warfare - Japanese
• Ancient warfare - Roman
• Ancient warfare - Important ancient wars
• Ancient warfare - Important ancient battles
• Ancient warfare - Unit types
• Ancient warfare - Sources

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Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 280s BC 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC - 230s BC - 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC Years: 242 BC 241 BC 240 BC 239 BC 238 BC - 237 BC - 236 BC 235 BC 234 BC 233 BC 232 BC Events Hamilcar Barca suppresses the revolt of Carthaginian mercenaries, who had revolted over being short-changed for back pay. Quintus Fulvius Flaccus the elder is Roman consul. Births Deaths ...

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Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 280s BC 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC - 230s BC - 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC Years: 243 BC 242 BC 241 BC 240 BC 239 BC - 238 BC - 237 BC 236 BC 235 BC 234 BC 233 BC Events Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus assaults Sardinia upon a mutiny of Carthaginian mercenaries on the island, and makes it into a Roman province. In the Battle of Utica, the loyal Carthaginian troops of Hamilcar Barca defeat rebellious mercenaries. Parthia breaks away from the Seleucid Empire

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Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC - 240s BC - 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC Years: 248 BC 247 BC 246 BC 245 BC 244 BC - 243 BC - 242 BC 241 BC 240 BC 239 BC 238 BC Events Aratus of Sicyon captured Corinth. Births Seleucus III Ceraunus, later King of the Seleucid dynasty(a ...

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Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC - 240s BC - 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC Years: 251 BC 250 BC 249 BC 248 BC 247 BC - 246 BC - 245 BC 244 BC 243 BC 242 BC 241 BC Events In Rome, the number of praetors is increased from one to two An irrigation canal approximately one hundred miles long was built across the current-day province of Shenxi in China, greatly adding to the agricultural produ ...

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The years preceding the battle of the Aegates Islands were of relative quiet development of the First Punic War. Rome lacked a fleet - the one it had at the beginning of the war had been destroyed in the Battle of Drepana and in the storm that followed - however Carthage made little use of this advantage. The war was stalled, concentrated in small scale land operations in Sicily. Nevertheless, Carthage's general Hamilcar Barca was slowly building an advantage on the island and probably due to this, in 242 BC Rome d ...

See also:

Battle of the Aegates Islands, Battle of the Aegates Islands - Prelude, Battle of the Aegates Islands - Aegates Islands, Battle of the Aegates Islands - End of the First Punic War

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Rome won the First Punic War after 23 years of conflict and in the end replaced Carthage as the dominant naval power of the Mediterranean. In the aftermath of the war, both states were financially and demographically exhausted. To determine the final borders of their territories, they drew what they considered a straight line across the Mediterranean. Hispania, Corsica, Sardinia and Africa remained Carthaginian. All that was north of that line was signed over to Rome. Rome's victory was greatly influenced by its persistent refusal to admit d ...

See also:

First Punic War, First Punic War - Background, First Punic War - Land warfare, First Punic War - Naval warfare, First Punic War - Aftermath, First Punic War - Casualties, First Punic War - Peace terms, First Punic War - Political results, First Punic War - Notable leaders, First Punic War - Chronology

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Although Hormozgan is known to have had settlements during the Achaemenid era and when Nearchus passed through this region, recorded history of the main port of Hormozgan ("Bandar-e-Hormoz") begins with Ardashir I of Persia of the Sassanid empire. The province is said to have been particularly prosperous between 241 BC and 211 BC, but is said to have grown even further in trade and commercial significance after the arrival of the Islamic era. Marco Polo visited the port of Bandar Abbas in 1272 and 1293, and reported widespread trading in Persian jewelry, the ivory and silk of IndoChina, and pearls from ...

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Hormozgan Province, Hormozgan Province - History, Hormozgan Province - Geography and Culture, Hormozgan Province - Islands of the province, Hormozgan Province - Hormozgan today, Hormozgan Province - Attractions, Hormozgan Province - Colleges and Universities

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Spoleto was situated on the eastern branch of the Via Flaminia, which forked into two roads at Narnia and rejoined at Forum Flaminii, near Foligno. An ancient road also ran hence to Nursia. Located at the head of a large, broad valley, surrounded by mountains, Spoleto has long occupied a strategic geographical position. It appears to have been an important town to the original Umbri tribes, who built walls around their settlement in the 5th century B ...

See also:

Spoleto, Spoleto - History, Spoleto - Monuments, Spoleto - Sport

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Roman Navy - Early history. The Romans were originally a land power based in the Italian mainland, and were wary of the sea. In the First Punic War (264 BC - 241 BC), the Carthaginians, a power rooted in sea trade, were able to exploit their strength at sea in their struggles with the Roman Republic. Since most of the conflict in the war was overseas (especially in Sicily), Rome saw that it needed to build a fleet in order to develop an effective military response. The result was the rapid construct ...

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Roman Navy, Roman Navy - History, Roman Navy - Early history, Roman Navy - Late Republic, Roman Navy - Major events, Roman Navy - Admirals, Roman Navy - Roman Navy composition, Roman Navy - Fleets, Roman Navy - Ports

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Palermo was founded in the 8th century BC by Phoenician tradesmen around a natural harbour on the north-western coast of Sicily. The Phoenician name for the city may have been Zîz, but Greeks called it Panormus (see also List of traditional Greek place names), meaning all-port, because of its fine natural harbour. It should be noted however that the city was never Greek. Palermo is widely considered to be the most conquered city in the world, as showed in the following article. Palermo remained a Phoenician city until the Firs ...

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Palermo, Palermo - History, Palermo - Demographics, Palermo - Historical population, Palermo - Main monuments, Palermo - Churches, Palermo - Palaces and Museums, Palermo - Theatres, Palermo - Other interesting sights, Palermo - Patron Saints, Palermo - Transport

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After the First Punic War concluded in 241 BC, Carthage demobilized its mercenary force in Sicily, and the soldiers were brought to Carthage to receive their discharge and final pay. Although the commander, Gisgo, sent the troops in batches to minimize the chances of disorder, payment was delayed by the Carthaginian government and eventually all the troops were brought together at Sicca 170 km south-west of the city. The combined force demanded payment, then advanced on Tunis, close ...

See also:

Mercenary War, Mercenary War - Course of the Revolt, Mercenary War - Relations with Rome, Mercenary War - Mercenary War in Literature and Popular Culture

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The difference between prehistoric and ancient warfare is less one of technology than of organization. The development of first city-states, and then empires, allowed warfare to change dramatically. Beginning in Mesopotamia, states produced sufficient agricultural surplus that full-time ruling elites and military commanders could emerge. While the bulk of military forces were still farmers, the society could support having them campaigning rather than working the land for a portion of each year. Thus, or ...

See also:

Ancient warfare, Ancient warfare - Overview, Ancient warfare - Chariots, Ancient warfare - Infantry, Ancient warfare - Cavalry, Ancient warfare - Naval warfare, Ancient warfare - Tactics and weapons, Ancient warfare - Strategy, Ancient warfare - Tactics, Ancient warfare - Weapons, Ancient warfare - Sieges, Ancient warfare - Cultures, Ancient warfare - Chinese, Ancient warfare - Persian, Ancient warfare - Egyptian, Ancient warfare - Germanic, Ancient warfare - Greek, Ancient warfare - Indus Valley, Ancient warfare - Japanese, Ancient warfare - Roman, Ancient warfare - Important ancient wars, Ancient warfare - Important ancient battles, Ancient warfare - Unit types, Ancient warfare - Sources

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Roman road - Types of Roads. Roman roads vary from simple corduroy roads to paved roads using deep roadbeds of tamped rubble as an underlying layer to ensure that they kept dry, as the water would flow out from between the stones and fragments of rubble, instead of becoming mud in clay soils. Prepared viae began in history as the streets of Rome. The laws of the Twelve Tables, dated to approximately 450 BC, specify that a road shall be 8 feet wide where straight and 16 where curved. The tables command Roma ...

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Roman road, Roman road - The Roman Road System, Roman road - Types of Roads, Roman road - Travelling a Road, Roman road - The Itinerary, Roman road - Construction of a Road, Roman road - The Team, Roman road - The Method, Roman road - Surpassing Obstacles, Roman road - Financing, Roman road - Some Roman roads, Roman road - Albania / Greece / Turkey, Roman road - France, Roman road - Italy, Roman road - Trans-Alpine Roads, Roman road - Romania, Roman road - Spain, Roman road - United Kingdom

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According to the legend, it was of Argive origin; and Strabo's assertion that the population, the Falisci, were of a different race from the Etruscans is proved by the language of the earliest inscriptions which have been found here. Wars between Rome and the Falisci appear to have been frequent. To one of the first of them belongs the story of the schoolmaster who wished to betray his boys to Camillus; the latter refused his offer, and the inhabitants thereupon surrendered the city. At the end of the First Punic War, the Falisci rose in rebellion, but were soon con ...

See also:

Falerii, Falerii - History and legend, Falerii - Location

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Palermo is among the richest cities of monuments in Italy, and perhaps in the world. It is also the main centre of Norman architecture in Europe. Palermo - Churches. The Cathedral of Palermo (a former mosque turned into a church from 1135) San Giovanni degli Eremiti (1132) Martorana (Santa Maria dell'Ammiragliato, 1143) San Cataldo (12th century) Santa Maria della Gangia San Giuseppe dei Teatini Oratori ...

See also:

Palermo, Palermo - History, Palermo - Demographics, Palermo - Historical population, Palermo - Main monuments, Palermo - Churches, Palermo - Palaces and Museums, Palermo - Teatro Massimo, Palermo - Other interesting sights, Palermo - Patron Saints, Palermo - Transport

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Carthage - First Sicilian War. Carthage's success led to the creation of a powerful navy to discourage both pirates and rival nations. This, coupled with its success and growing hegemony, brought Carthage into increasing conflict with the Greeks, the other major power contending for control of the central Mediterranean. The island of Sicily, lying at Carthage's doorstep, became the arena on which this conflict played out. From their earliest days, both the Greeks and Phoenicians had been attracted to the l ...

See also:

Carthage, Carthage - Founding of Carthage, Carthage - Life in Carthage, Carthage - Carthaginian Commerce, Carthage - Carthaginian Government, Carthage - Carthaginian Religious Practices, Carthage - Conflict with the Greeks and Romans, Carthage - First Sicilian War, Carthage - Second Sicilian War, Carthage - Third Sicilian War, Carthage - Pyrrhus of Epirus, Carthage - The Messanan Crisis, Carthage - The Punic Wars, Carthage - Roman Carthage, Carthage - Carthage in fiction

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