238 BC

Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 280s BC 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC - 230s BC - 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC Years: 243 BC 242 BC 241 BC 240 BC 239 BC - 238 BC - 237 BC 236 BC 235 BC 234 BC 233 BC Events Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus assaults Sardinia upon a mutiny of Carthaginian mercenaries on the island, and makes it into a Roman province. In the Battle of Utica, the loyal Carthaginian troops of Hamilcar Barca defeat rebellious mercenaries. Parthia breaks away from the Seleucid Empire

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The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). Persia's earliest known kingdom was the proto-Elamite Empire, followed by the Medes; but it is the Achaemenid Empire that emerged under Cyrus the Great that is usually the earliest to be called "Persian." Successive states in Iran before 1935 are collectively called the Persian Empire by Western historians. Persian Empire - The name Persia. Persia has long ...

Including:

• Persian Empire - The name Persia
• Persian Empire - The rise and fall of empires in Persia
• Persian Empire - The first Persian state: Achaemenid Persia 648 BC-330 BC
• Persian Empire - Hellenistic Persia 330 BC-150 BC
• Persian Empire - Parthian Persia 150 BC-AD 226
• Persian Empire - Sassanid Persia AD 226-650
• Persian Empire - Islam and Persia 650-1219
• Persian Empire - Persia under the Turkic rule 1037-1219
• Persian Empire - Persia under the Mongols and their successors 1219-1500
• Persian Empire - A new Persian empire: the Safavids 1500-1722
• Persian Empire - Persia and Europe 1722-1914
• Persian Empire - Persia in World War One 1914-1918
• Persian Empire - Persia after World War One 1919-1935
• Persian Empire - List of Kings and Emperors of Persia

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Cagliari is the capital of the island of Sardinia, an autonomous region of Italy. Cagliari is called Casteddu (literally, the castle) in the Sardinian language. It has about 170,000 inhabitants, or about 300,000 including the suburbs (metropolitan area) (Elmas, Pirri, Selargius, Monserrato, Quartucciu, Quartu Sant'Elena). Under the name of Karalis it was one of a string of Phoenician trading colonies in Sardinia, including Sulcis, Nora, and Tharros, that were founded from Tyre in the 7th centu ...

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The Coptic calendar, also called the Alexandrian Calendar, is used by the Coptic Orthodox Church. It is based on the Ancient Egyptian calendar. To avoid the calendar creep of the latter, a reform of the Ancient Egyptian calendar was introduced at the time of Ptolemy III (Decree of Canopus, in 238 BC) which consisted in the intercalation of a 6th epagomenal day every fourth year. However, this reform was opposed by the Egyptian priests, and the idea was not adopted until 25 BC, when the Roman Emperor Augustus formally reformed t ...

Including:

• Coptic calendar - The Coptic year
• Coptic calendar - The date of Christmas
• Coptic calendar - The date of Easter
• Coptic calendar - Coptic months

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Qin Shi Huang (秦始皇) (November/December 260 BC-September 10, 210 BC), personal name Zheng, was king of the Chinese State of Qin from 247 BC to 221 BC, and then the first emperor of a unified China from 221 BC to 210 BC, ruling under the name First Emperor. Having unified China, he and his prime minister Li Si passed a series of major reforms aimed at cementing the unification, and they undertook some gargantuan construction projects, most notably the precursor version of the current Great Wall of China. For a ...

Including:

• Qin Shi Huang - Naming conventions
• Qin Shi Huang - Youth and King of Qin: the conqueror
• Qin Shi Huang - Unification of China
• Qin Shi Huang - Death and aftermath
• Qin Shi Huang - Qin Shi Huang in historiography
• Qin Shi Huang - Qin Shi Huang in fiction
• Qin Shi Huang - Miscellaneous

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Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC - 240s BC - 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC Years: 248 BC 247 BC 246 BC 245 BC 244 BC - 243 BC - 242 BC 241 BC 240 BC 239 BC 238 BC Events Aratus of Sicyon captured Corinth. Births Seleucus III Ceraunus, later King of the Seleucid dynasty(a ...

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Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 280s BC 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC - 230s BC - 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC Years: 242 BC 241 BC 240 BC 239 BC 238 BC - 237 BC - 236 BC 235 BC 234 BC 233 BC 232 BC Events Hamilcar Barca suppresses the revolt of Carthaginian mercenaries, who had revolted over being short-changed for back pay. Quintus Fulvius Flaccus the elder is Roman consul. Births Deaths ...

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Rome won the First Punic War after 23 years of conflict and in the end replaced Carthage as the dominant naval power of the Mediterranean. In the aftermath of the war, both states were financially and demographically exhausted. To determine the final borders of their territories, they drew what they considered a straight line across the Mediterranean. Hispania, Corsica, Sardinia and Africa remained Carthaginian. All that was north of that line was signed over to Rome. Rome's victory was greatly influenced by its persistent refusal to admit d ...

See also:

First Punic War, First Punic War - Background, First Punic War - Land warfare, First Punic War - Naval warfare, First Punic War - Aftermath, First Punic War - Casualties, First Punic War - Peace terms, First Punic War - Political results, First Punic War - Notable leaders, First Punic War - Chronology

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Persian Empire - The first Persian state: Achaemenid Persia 648 BC–330 BC. Main articles: Achaemenid dynasty, and [[]], and [[]], and See also:

Persian Empire, Persian Empire - The name Persia, Persian Empire - The rise and fall of empires in Persia, Persian Empire - The first Persian state: Achaemenid Persia 648 BC–330 BC, Persian Empire - Hellenistic Persia 330 BC–150 BC, Persian Empire - Parthian Persia 150 BC–AD 226, Persian Empire - Sassanid Persia AD 226–650, Persian Empire - Islam and Persia 650–1219, Persian Empire - Persia under the Turkic rule 1037–1219, Persian Empire - Persia under the Mongols and their successors 1219–1500, Persian Empire - A new Persian empire: the Safavids 1500–1722, Persian Empire - Persia and Europe 1722–1914, Persian Empire - Persia in World War One 1914–1918, Persian Empire - Persia after World War One 1919–1935, Persian Empire - List of Kings and Emperors of Persia

Read more here: » Persian Empire: Encyclopedia II - Persian Empire - The rise and fall of empires in Persia

After the Carthaginian invasion of Europe and subsequent campaigns in Iberia and Italy during the Second Punic War, the Romans had sought an ally in North Africa to aid them against Carthage. According to Livy, Syphax, the prince of Eastern Numidia, had suddenly turned against his Carthaginian neighbors in the midst of the Second Punic War. After Rome responded by sending Syphax three centuries, Carthage enlisted the aid of Syphax's rival Gala, the ruler of the Maseulians in Western Numidia. Gala's son Masinissa, then seventeen years old, led an army of Numidian troops and Carthagin ...

See also:

Masinissa, Masinissa - Involvement in the Second Punic War, Masinissa - Later life, Masinissa - Reference

Read more here: » Masinissa: Encyclopedia II - Masinissa - Involvement in the Second Punic War

Qin Shi Huang was born in the Chinese month zheng (正), the first month of the year in the Chinese calendar (in the 3rd century BC the Chinese year started before the Winter solstice, and not after as it does today), and so he received the name Zheng (政), both characters were being used interchangeably in ancient China. In Chinese antiquity, people never joined family name and given name together as is customary today, so it is anachronistic to refer to Qin Shi Huang as "Ying Zheng". The given name was never used except by close re ...

See also:

Qin Shi Huang, Qin Shi Huang - Naming conventions, Qin Shi Huang - Youth and King of Qin: the conqueror, Qin Shi Huang - First Emperor: the unifier, Qin Shi Huang - Death and aftermath, Qin Shi Huang - Qin Shi Huang in historiography, Qin Shi Huang - Qin Shi Huang in fiction, Qin Shi Huang - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Qin Shi Huang: Encyclopedia II - Qin Shi Huang - Naming conventions

Roman Republic - The legendary founding of Rome — 753 BC. The origins and early history of Rome are very uncertain. While there are quite specific accounts of Rome's orgins and early history, these tend to be of a more mythological nature, and do not stand up as objective history when subject to modern analysis. However, Roman origin myths probably do contain aspects of the truth, a ...

See also:

Roman Republic, Roman Republic - Government institutions, Roman Republic - History of the Roman Republic, Roman Republic - The legendary founding of Rome — 753 BC, Roman Republic - The establishment of the Republic — 510 BC, Roman Republic - Patricians and plebeians, Roman Republic - The building of the Republic, Roman Republic - The Punic Wars, Roman Republic - The conquest of Greece and Asia, Roman Republic - Beginning of the end, Roman Republic - Marius and the Dictatorship of Sulla, Roman Republic - The Seventies and the Sixties, Roman Republic - The First Triumvirate, Roman Republic - The Civil War and Caesar's dictatorship, Roman Republic - The Second Triumvirate and Octavian's triumph, Roman Republic - Causes of the subversion of the Republic into the Empire, Roman Republic - Figures of the Republic, Roman Republic - Early Republic, Roman Republic - Late Republic, Roman Republic - Latin literature of the Republic, Roman Republic - Tourist resorts of the Republic

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Persian Empire - The first Persian state: Achaemenid Persia 648 BC-330 BC. The first record of the Persians comes from an Assyrian inscription from c. 844 BC that calls them the Parsu (Parsuash, Parsumash) and mentions them in the region of Lake Urmia alongside another group, the Madai (Medes). For the next two centuries, the Persians and Medes were at times tributary to the Assyrians. The region of Parsuash was annexed by Sargon of Assyria around 719 BC. Eventually the Medes came to ...

See also:

Persian Empire, Persian Empire - The name Persia, Persian Empire - The rise and fall of empires in Persia, Persian Empire - The first Persian state: Achaemenid Persia 648 BC-330 BC, Persian Empire - Hellenistic Persia 330 BC-150 BC, Persian Empire - Parthian Persia 150 BC-AD 226, Persian Empire - Sassanid Persia AD 226-650, Persian Empire - Islam and Persia 650-1219, Persian Empire - Persia under the Turkic rule 1037-1219, Persian Empire - Persia under the Mongols and their successors 1219-1500, Persian Empire - A new Persian empire: the Safavids 1500-1722, Persian Empire - Persia and Europe 1722-1914, Persian Empire - Persia in World War One 1914-1918, Persian Empire - Persia after World War One 1919-1935, Persian Empire - List of Kings and Emperors of Persia

Read more here: » Persian Empire: Encyclopedia II - Persian Empire - The rise and fall of empires in Persia

Qin Shi Huangdi was born in the Chinese month zheng (正), the first month of the year in the Chinese calendar (in the 3rd century BC the Chinese year started before the Winter solstice, and not after as it does today), and so he received the name Zheng (政), both characters were being used interchangeably in ancient China. In Chinese antiquity, people never joined family name and given name together as is customary today, so it is anachronistic to refer to Qin Shi Huangdi as "Ying Zheng". The given name was never used except by clos ...

See also:

Qin Shi Huang, Qin Shi Huang - Naming conventions, Qin Shi Huang - Youth and King of Qin: the conqueror, Qin Shi Huang - Unification of China, Qin Shi Huang - Death and aftermath, Qin Shi Huang - Qin Shi Huang in historiography, Qin Shi Huang - Qin Shi Huang in fiction, Qin Shi Huang - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Qin Shi Huang: Encyclopedia II - Qin Shi Huang - Naming conventions

After the First Punic War concluded in 241 BC, Carthage demobilized its mercenary force in Sicily, and the soldiers were brought to Carthage to receive their discharge and final pay. Although the commander, Gisgo, sent the troops in batches to minimize the chances of disorder, payment was delayed by the Carthaginian government and eventually all the troops were brought together at Sicca 170 km south-west of the city. The combined force demanded payment, then advanced on Tunis, close ...

See also:

Mercenary War, Mercenary War - Course of the Revolt, Mercenary War - Relations with Rome, Mercenary War - Mercenary War in Literature and Popular Culture

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Sardinia's history is very ancient. In 1979 human remains were found that were dated to 150,000 BC. In Prehistory Sardinia's inhabitants developed a trade in obsidian, a stone used for the production of the first rough tools, and this activity brought Sardinians into contact with most of the Mediterranean people. Desiccated grapes, recently found in several locations, were DNA tested and proved to be the oldest grapes in the world, dating back to the Pyramids' and Mesopotamia’s era. The Cannonau wine is made with these grapes and may qualify as t ...

See also:

Sardinia, Sardinia - Geography, Sardinia - Tourism, Sardinia - Climate, Sardinia - Language, Sardinia - Business and commerce, Sardinia - Transport, Sardinia - Environment, Sardinia - History, Sardinia - Kingdom of Sardinia, Sardinia - Notes

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The prehistorical era of Sardinia is characterised by the typical structures in stone that are called Nuraghe. There are about 7000 of these structures, more or less complex. The most famous is the complex of Barumini in the province of Cagliari. The Nuraghe were built in the period from about 1800 to 250 BC, with the climax between 1200 and 900 BC. Next to that holy waterplaces have been built (for example Santa Cristina, Sardara) and the grave structures called Dolmen. It is known that the Sardinians already had conta ...

See also:

History of Sardinia, History of Sardinia - Prehistory, History of Sardinia - The Stone Age and Obsidian, History of Sardinia - The era of the nuraghi, History of Sardinia - Phoenicians Punics and Romans in Sardinia, History of Sardinia - The Middle Ages, History of Sardinia - From the kingdom of Sardinia until the present day

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The history of the island of Sardinia, relatively isolated from the European continent up into modern times, led to the development of a distinct Romance language, which even now preserves traces of the indigenous pre-Roman languages of the island. The language is of Latin origin like all Romance languages yet the following substratal influences are likely: Etruscan Phoenician Proto-Iberian Ligurian Adstratal influences include: Catalan Spanish Italian

See also:

Sardinian language, Sardinian language - History and origins, Sardinian language - Early origins, Sardinian language - Romans, Sardinian language - Other Influences, Sardinian language - Sardinian dialects, Sardinian language - Sardinian and Corsican, Sardinian language - Sardinian Phonemes, Sardinian language - Plosives, Sardinian language - Fricative, Sardinian language - Nasals, Sardinian language - Liquids, Sardinian language - Affricates, Sardinian language - Cultural Status, Sardinian language - The Sardinian language in Italy

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Sardinia's history is very ancient. In 1979 human remains were found that were dated to 150,000 BCE. In Prehistory Sardinia's inhabitants developed a trade in obsidian, a stone used for the production of the first rough tools, and this activity brought Sardinians into contact with most of the Mediterranean people. Desiccated grapes, recently found in several locations, were DNA tested and proved to be the oldest grapes in the world, dating back to the Pyramids' and Mesopotamia’s era. The ...

See also:

Sardinia, Sardinia - Geography, Sardinia - Tourism, Sardinia - Climate, Sardinia - Language, Sardinia - Business and commerce, Sardinia - Transport, Sardinia - Environment, Sardinia - History, Sardinia - Kingdom of Sardinia, Sardinia - Notes

Read more here: » Sardinia: Encyclopedia II - Sardinia - History

Portugal - Lusitania. Main articles: Pre-Roman and Roman Lusitania In the early first millennium BC, several waves of Celts invaded Portugal from Central Europe and intermarried with local peoples, the Iberians, forming the Celt-Iberians. Early Greek explorers named the region "Ophiussa" (Greek for "land of serpents") because the natives worshipped serpents. In 238 BC, the Carthaginians occupied the Iberian coasts. In this period several small tribes occupied the territory, the main tr ...

See also:

Portugal, Portugal - History, Portugal - Lusitania, Portugal - The kingdom, Portugal - The Portuguese discoveries, Portugal - Braganza Dynasty, Portugal - The republics, Portugal - Government and politics, Portugal - Foreign relations and military, Portugal - Subdivisions, Portugal - Geography and climate, Portugal - Flora and fauna, Portugal - Economy, Portugal - Transportation and communications, Portugal - Demographics, Portugal - Education, Portugal - Culture, Portugal - Cuisine, Portugal - Sports and games, Portugal - Festivals and holidays, Portugal - Notes

Read more here: » Portugal: Encyclopedia II - Portugal - History