237 BC

Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 280s BC 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC - 230s BC - 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC Years: 242 BC 241 BC 240 BC 239 BC 238 BC - 237 BC - 236 BC 235 BC 234 BC 233 BC 232 BC Events Hamilcar Barca suppresses the revolt of Carthaginian mercenaries, who had revolted over being short-changed for back pay. Quintus Fulvius Flaccus the elder is Roman consul. Births Deaths ...

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Iberia was a name given by the ancient Greeks and Romans to the ancient Georgian kingdom of Kartli (4th century BC-5th century AD) corresponding roughly to the eastern and southern parts of the present day Georgia. The term “Caucasian Iberia” (or the Eastern Iberia) is used to distinguish it from the Iberian Peninsula, where the present day states of Spain and Portugal are located. The Caucasian Iberians provided a basis for later Georgian statehood and formed a core of the present day Georgian people/Kartveli ...

Including:

• Caucasian Iberia - History
• Caucasian Iberia - Earliest history
• Caucasian Iberia - Pharnavaz I and his descendants
• Caucasian Iberia - Roman period
• Caucasian Iberia - Between Rome/Byzantium and Persia
• Caucasian Iberia - Fall of the kingdom
• Caucasian Iberia - Arab period
• Caucasian Iberia - Eastern and Western Iberians

Read more here: » Caucasian Iberia: Encyclopedia - Caucasian Iberia

In ancient geography, Colchis (sometimes spelled also as Kolchis) (Greek: Κολχίς, kŏl´kĬs; Georgian: კოლხეთი, Kolkheti) was a nearly triangular district in Caucasus. Now the western part of Georgia, it was in Greek mythology the home of Aeetes and Medea and the destination of the Argonauts. The ancient area is represented roughly by the present day Georgian provinces of Mingrelia, Imereti, Guria, Ajaria, Svaneti and Racha, and also Abkhazia and the modern Turkey’s Rize Provin ...

Including:

• Colchis - Geography and toponyms
• Colchis - History
• Colchis - Earliest times
• Colchis - Qulha Kolkha
• Colchis - Greek colonization
• Colchis - Under Pontus
• Colchis - Under the Roman rule
• Colchis - Rulers
• Colchis - Colchis in Greek mythology

Read more here: » Colchis: Encyclopedia - Colchis

Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 280s BC 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC - 230s BC - 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC Years: 237 BC 236 BC 235 BC 234 BC 233 BC - 232 BC - 231 BC 230 BC 229 BC 228 BC 227 BC Events King Agron dies, and the throne of Illyria is occupied by his wife Queen Teuta (Tefta), "the Catherine the Great of Illyria", who expels the Greeks from the Albanian coast and then launches pirate ships into the Ion ...

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Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 280s BC 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC - 230s BC - 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC Years: 243 BC 242 BC 241 BC 240 BC 239 BC - 238 BC - 237 BC 236 BC 235 BC 234 BC 233 BC Events Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus assaults Sardinia upon a mutiny of Carthaginian mercenaries on the island, and makes it into a Roman province. In the Battle of Utica, the loyal Carthaginian troops of Hamilcar Barca defeat rebellious mercenaries. Parthia breaks away from the Seleucid Empire

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Roman Mythology Jupiter Mars Quirinus Divus Julius Divus Augustus Juno Vesta Minerva Mercury Vulcan Ceres Venus Diana Lares Fortuna Aeneas Romulus Numa Early Kings Pontifex Maximus Rex Sacrorum Vestal Virgins Flamen Dialis The ...

Including:

• Pontifex Maximus - Etymology
• Pontifex Maximus - Origins duties and development of the Pagan Pontifices
• Pontifex Maximus - Legacy
• Pontifex Maximus - Christian usage
• Pontifex Maximus - The tradition of sovereign as High Priest
• Pontifex Maximus - Popular culture
• Pontifex Maximus - Incomplete list of Pontifices maximi
• Pontifex Maximus - Furthermore

Read more here: » Pontifex Maximus: Encyclopedia - Pontifex Maximus

In the Roman Republic, the Pontifex Maximus was the highest office in the polytheistic Roman religion, which was very much a state cult. His was the most important of the Pontifices (plural of Pontifex), positions in the main sacred college (Collegium Pontificum), which he directed. Other members of this priesthood included the Rex Sacrorum (king of the sacred rites), the Flamines (each devoted to a major deity), the Vestales. During the early Republic, the Pontifex Maximus selected the members to hold these posts ...

See also:

Pontifex Maximus, Pontifex Maximus - Etymology, Pontifex Maximus - Origins duties and development of the Pagan Pontifices, Pontifex Maximus - Legacy, Pontifex Maximus - Christian usage, Pontifex Maximus - The tradition of sovereign as High Priest, Pontifex Maximus - Popular culture, Pontifex Maximus - Incomplete list of Pontifices maximi, Pontifex Maximus - Furthermore

Read more here: » Pontifex Maximus: Encyclopedia II - Pontifex Maximus - Origins duties and development of the Pagan Pontifices

After the First Punic War concluded in 241 BC, Carthage demobilized its mercenary force in Sicily, and the soldiers were brought to Carthage to receive their discharge and final pay. Although the commander, Gisgo, sent the troops in batches to minimize the chances of disorder, payment was delayed by the Carthaginian government and eventually all the troops were brought together at Sicca 170 km south-west of the city. The combined force demanded payment, then advanced on Tunis, close ...

See also:

Mercenary War, Mercenary War - Course of the Revolt, Mercenary War - Relations with Rome, Mercenary War - Mercenary War in Literature and Popular Culture

Read more here: » Mercenary War: Encyclopedia II - Mercenary War - Course of the Revolt

Iberia was a Greek-Roman name of the ancient kingdom of Kartli in what is now Eastern Georgia which began about 302 BC and fell to the Byzantines and Persians in 580. List of the Kings of Georgia - Pharnavazians. Pharnavaz I (ca 302-237 BC) Saurmag I (ca 237-162 BC) Mirian I (ca 162-112 BC) Pharnajom (ca 112-93 BC) List of the Kings of Georgia - Arsacids. Arshak I (ca 93-81 BC) Artag (ca 81 ...

See also:

List of the Kings of Georgia, List of the Kings of Georgia - Ancient Iberia, List of the Kings of Georgia - Pharnavazians, List of the Kings of Georgia - Arsacids, List of the Kings of Georgia - Nimrodids or Second Pharnavazian dynasty, List of the Kings of Georgia - Chosroids, List of the Kings of Georgia - Interregnum, List of the Kings of Georgia - Prince of Iberia, List of the Kings of Georgia - House of Bagrationi, List of the Kings of Georgia - Princes and Kings of Kartli, List of the Kings of Georgia - King of All Georgia, List of the Kings of Georgia - King of Kartli, List of the Kings of Georgia - King of Kartli and Kakheti

Read more here: » List of the Kings of Georgia: Encyclopedia II - List of the Kings of Georgia - Ancient Iberia

Colchis - Earliest times. The area was home to the well-developed bronze culture known as the Colchian culture, related to the neighbouring Kuban culture, that emerged towards the Middle Bronze Age. In at least some parts of Colchis the process of urbanization seems to have been well advanced by the end of the second millennium BC, centuries before Greek settlement. Their Late Bronze Age (15th to 8th Century BC) saw the development of an expertise in the smelting and casting of metals that began long before this ...

See also:

Colchis, Colchis - Geography and toponyms, Colchis - History, Colchis - Earliest times, Colchis - Qulha Kolkha, Colchis - Greek colonization, Colchis - Under Pontus, Colchis - Under the Roman rule, Colchis - Rulers, Colchis - Colchis in Greek mythology

Read more here: » Colchis: Encyclopedia II - Colchis - History

Caucasian Iberia - Earliest history. The area was inhabited in earliest times by several relative tribes, collectively called Iberians (the Eastern Iberians) by ancient authors. Locals called their country Kartli after a mythic chief, Kartlos. The Moschi mentioned by various classic historians, and their possible descendants, the Saspers, mentioned by Herodotus, may have played a crucial role in the consolidation of the tribes inhabiting the area. Probably, the word “Iberia” is also derived from ...

See also:

Caucasian Iberia, Caucasian Iberia - History, Caucasian Iberia - Earliest history, Caucasian Iberia - Pharnavaz I and his descendants, Caucasian Iberia - Roman period, Caucasian Iberia - Between Rome/Byzantium and Persia, Caucasian Iberia - Fall of the kingdom, Caucasian Iberia - Arab period, Caucasian Iberia - Eastern and Western Iberians

Read more here: » Caucasian Iberia: Encyclopedia II - Caucasian Iberia - History

In the Roman Republic, the Pontifex Maximus was the highest office in the polytheistic Roman religion, which was very much a state cult. His was the most important of the Pontifices (plural of Pontifex), positions in the main sacred college (Collegium Pontificum), which he directed. Other members of this priesthood included the Rex Sacrorum (king of the sacred rites), the Flamines (each devoted to a major deity), the Vestales. During the early Republic, the Pontifex Maximus selected the members to hold these posts ...

See also:

Pontifex Maximus, Pontifex Maximus - Etymology, Pontifex Maximus - Origins, duties, and development of the Pagan Pontifices, Pontifex Maximus - Legacy, Pontifex Maximus - Christian usage, Pontifex Maximus - The tradition of sovereign as High Priest, Pontifex Maximus - Popular culture, Pontifex Maximus - Incomplete list of Pontifices maximi, Pontifex Maximus - Furthermore

Read more here: » Pontifex Maximus: Encyclopedia II - Pontifex Maximus - Origins, duties, and development of the Pagan Pontifices

Initially, a smaller mercenary revolt occurred on Sardinia, and that army took control of the island. When the conflict in Africa began to go against the mercenaries there, the Sardinian troops appealed to Rome for protection. However, it was in Rome's self-interest for Carthage to achieve stability and to recover economically so it could continue paying the indemnities imposed after the First Punic War. Rome rejected the appeal, and indirectly supported its former adversary by releasing Carthaginian prisoners and prohibiting trade with the ...

See also:

Mercenary War, Mercenary War - Course of the Revolt, Mercenary War - Relations with Rome, Mercenary War - Mercenary War in Literature and Popular Culture

Read more here: » Mercenary War: Encyclopedia II - Mercenary War - Relations with Rome

The similarity of the name with the old inhabitants of the Iberian peninsula has lead to an idea of ethnogenetical kinship between that people, called Western Iberians, as opposite to Eastern Iberians. It has been advocated by various ancient and medieval authors, although they differed in approach to the problem of the initial place of their origin. The theory seems to be popular also in the medieval Georgia. The prominent Georgian religious writer Giorgi Mthatzmindeli (George of Mt Athos) (1009-1065) writes about the wish of certain Georgian nobles to travel ...

See also:

Caucasian Iberia, Caucasian Iberia - History, Caucasian Iberia - Earliest history, Caucasian Iberia - Pharnavaz I and his descendants, Caucasian Iberia - Roman period, Caucasian Iberia - Between Rome/Byzantium and Persia, Caucasian Iberia - Fall of the kingdom, Caucasian Iberia - Arab period, Caucasian Iberia - Eastern and Western Iberians

Read more here: » Caucasian Iberia: Encyclopedia II - Caucasian Iberia - Eastern and Western Iberians

According to most classic authors, a district which was bounded on the southwest by Pontus, on the west by the Pontus Euxinus as far as the river Corax (probably the present day Bziphi, Abkhazia), on the north by the chain of the Greater Caucasus, which lay between it and Asiatic Sarmatia, on the east by Iberia and Montes Moschici (now the Lesser Caucasus), and on the south by Armenia. There is some little difference in authors as to the extent of the country westward: thus Strabo makes Colchis begin at Trapezus, while Ptolemy, on the other hand, extends Pontus to the river Phasis. ...

See also:

Colchis, Colchis - Geography and toponyms, Colchis - History, Colchis - Earliest times, Colchis - Qulha Kolkha, Colchis - Greek colonization, Colchis - Under Pontus, Colchis - Under the Roman rule, Colchis - Rulers, Colchis - Colchis in Greek mythology

Read more here: » Colchis: Encyclopedia II - Colchis - Geography and toponyms

Persian and Byzantine conquest destroyed rule and replaced the hereditary king with a hereditary prince who continued to fight until they finally regained power with the dawn of the Arabs in the seventh century. The following is a list of those princes: List of the Kings of Georgia - Prince of Iberia. Guaram I (588-590) Stephanoz I (590-627) Adarnase I (627-637) Stephanoz II (637- 650) Adarnase II (650-684) Guaram II (684-693) Guaram III (693-748) Adarnase III Nersiani (748-760) ...

See also:

List of the Kings of Georgia, List of the Kings of Georgia - Ancient Iberia, List of the Kings of Georgia - Pharnavazians, List of the Kings of Georgia - Arsacids, List of the Kings of Georgia - Nimrodids or Second Pharnavazian dynasty, List of the Kings of Georgia - Chosroids, List of the Kings of Georgia - Interregnum, List of the Kings of Georgia - Prince of Iberia, List of the Kings of Georgia - House of Bagrationi, List of the Kings of Georgia - Princes and Kings of Kartli, List of the Kings of Georgia - King of All Georgia, List of the Kings of Georgia - King of Kartli, List of the Kings of Georgia - King of Kartli and Kakheti

Read more here: » List of the Kings of Georgia: Encyclopedia II - List of the Kings of Georgia - Interregnum

Little is known of the rulers of Colchis; Aeetes celebrated in Greek legends as a powerful king of Colchis is thought by some historians to be a historic person, though there is no evidence to support the idea. Kuji, a presiding prince (eristavi) of Egrisi under the authority of Pharnavaz I of Iberia (ca302-237 BC) (according to the medieval Georgian annals). Akes (Basileus Aku) (end of the 4th century BC), king of Colchis; his name is found on a coin issued by him. See also:

Colchis, Colchis - Geography and toponyms, Colchis - History, Colchis - Earliest times, Colchis - Qulha Kolkha, Colchis - Greek colonization, Colchis - Under Pontus, Colchis - Under the Roman rule, Colchis - Rulers, Colchis - Colchis in Greek mythology

Read more here: » Colchis: Encyclopedia II - Colchis - Rulers

Pontifex Maximus - Christian usage. In Christian circles, when Tertullian furiously applied the term to Pope Callixtus I, with whom he was at odds, ca 220, over Callistus' relaxation of the Church's penitential discipline, allowing repentant adulterers and fornicators back into the Church, under his Petrine authority to "bind and loosen," it was in bitter irony: "In opposition to this [modesty], could I not have acted the dissembler? I hear that there has even been an edict sent forth, and a p ...

See also:

Pontifex Maximus, Pontifex Maximus - Etymology, Pontifex Maximus - Origins duties and development of the Pagan Pontifices, Pontifex Maximus - Legacy, Pontifex Maximus - Christian usage, Pontifex Maximus - The tradition of sovereign as High Priest, Pontifex Maximus - Popular culture, Pontifex Maximus - Incomplete list of Pontifices maximi, Pontifex Maximus - Furthermore

Read more here: » Pontifex Maximus: Encyclopedia II - Pontifex Maximus - Legacy

According to the Greek mythology, Colchis was a fabulously wealthy land situated on the mysterious periphery of the heroic world. Here in the sacred grove of the war god Ares, King Aeetes hung the Golden Fleece until it was seized by Jason and the Argonauts. Colchis was also the land where the mythological Prometheus was punished by being chained to a mountain while an eagle ate at his liver for revealing to humanity the secret of fire. Amazons also were said to be of Scythian origin from Colchis. The main mythical characters from Colchis are Aeetes, ...

See also:

Colchis, Colchis - Geography and toponyms, Colchis - History, Colchis - Earliest times, Colchis - Qulha Kolkha, Colchis - Greek colonization, Colchis - Under Pontus, Colchis - Under the Roman rule, Colchis - Rulers, Colchis - Colchis in Greek mythology

Read more here: » Colchis: Encyclopedia II - Colchis - Colchis in Greek mythology