22 December

Capital punishment in the United Kingdom, now entirely abolished in all circumstances, has a long history, dating from before the modern United Kingdom actually existed. Capital punishment in the United Kingdom - Origins. Hanging by the neck as form of capital punishment was introduced to Britain by the Anglo-Saxon invaders of the 5th century. By the 10th century it had become a common method of execution. William the Conqueror decreed that hanging should only be used for conspirators or in times of war and ...

Including:

• Capital punishment in the United Kingdom - Origins
• Capital punishment in the United Kingdom - Reform
• Capital punishment in the United Kingdom - Abolition
• Capital punishment in the United Kingdom - Notable executions

Read more here: » Capital punishment in the United Kingdom: Encyclopedia - Capital punishment in the United Kingdom

British banknotes are the banknotes of the United Kingdom and British Islands, denominated in pounds sterling (GBP). British banknotes - Issuing banks. Pound sterling banknotes are issued: In England by the Bank of England. These are legal tender in England and Wales, and generally accepted throughout the UK. In Scotland by: the Bank of Scotland the Royal Bank of Scotland the Clydesdale Bank These ...

Including:

• British banknotes - Issuing banks
• British banknotes - Issuers
• British banknotes - England and Wales
• British banknotes - Scotland
• British banknotes - Northern Ireland
• British banknotes - Channel Islands
• British banknotes - The monarch on bank notes

Read more here: » British banknotes: Encyclopedia - British banknotes

9 decrees: Ad Gentes (Mission Activity) Apostolicam Actuositatem (Lay People) Christus Dominus (Bishops in the Church) Inter Mirifica (Social Communication) Optatam Totius (Priestly Training) Orientalium Ecclesiarum (Eastern Churches) Perfectæ Caritatis (Renewal of Religious Life) Presbyterorum Ordinis (Life of Priests) Unitatis Redintegratio (Ecumenism) 3 declarations: Including:

• Second Vatican Council - Background
• Second Vatican Council - Sessions
• Second Vatican Council - First Session Autumn 1962
• Second Vatican Council - Second Session Autumn 1963
• Second Vatican Council - Third Session Autumn 1964
• Second Vatican Council - Fourth Session Autumn 1965
• Second Vatican Council - Issues
• Second Vatican Council - The Church
• Second Vatican Council - Liturgy
• Second Vatican Council - Scripture and Divine Revelation
• Second Vatican Council - The Bishops
• Second Vatican Council - Criticism of the Council within the Catholic Church

Read more here: » Second Vatican Council: Encyclopedia - Second Vatican Council

Pausha (Hindi: पूस puus or पौष pauṣ) is a month of the Hindu calendar, also know as Poush or Pushya. In India's national civil calendar, Pausha is the tenth month of the year, beginning on 22 December and ending on 20 January. In lunar religious calendars, Pausha may begin on either the new moon or the full moon around the same time of year ...

Read more here: » Pausha: Encyclopedia - Pausha

The Brandenburg Gate (German: Brandenburger Tor) is a triumphal arch, the symbol of Berlin, Germany. Located on the Pariser Platz, it is the only remaining one of the series of gates through which one entered Berlin. One block to its north lies the Reichstag. It constitutes the monumental termination of Unter den Linden, the renowned boulevard of linden trees which led directly to the royal residence. It was commissioned by Friedrich Wilhelm II as a sign of peace ...

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Celebrity tantrums are outbursts by people with celebrity status. They are commonly triggered by trivial events and result in cancelled appearances or just the venting of their frustrations. Such occurrences are widely reported in the mass media, with some stars gaining a reputation for their temper. When the celebrity is a female, or if they are overtly homosexual, they are sometimes referred to as a "diva". Celebrity tantrum - Causes of tantrums. While some tantrums appear unjustified and irrational, othe ...

Including:

• Celebrity tantrum - Causes of tantrums
• Celebrity tantrum - Paparazzi and the invasion of privacy
• Celebrity tantrum - Interviews and hosts
• Celebrity tantrum - Contract riders

Read more here: » Celebrity tantrum: Encyclopedia - Celebrity tantrum

The Bayer designation Xi Sagittarii (ξ Sgr / ξ Sagittarii) is shared by two stars, ξ¹ Sagittarii and ξ² Sagittarii, in the constellation Sagittarius. The two stars are separated by 0.46° on the sky. Because they are close to the ecliptic, these stars can be occulted by the Moon and very rarely by planets. The last occultation of ξ² Sagittarii by a planet took place ...

Including:

• Xi Sagittarii - ξ¹ Sagittarii
• Xi Sagittarii - ξ² Sagittarii

Read more here: » Xi Sagittarii: Encyclopedia - Xi Sagittarii

Europe: November 4, 2005 Sid Meier's Civilization IV is a turn-based strategy computer game. It is the latest installment of the acclaimed Civilization series started by Sid Meier. It was developed by lead designer Soren Johnson under the direction of Meier and his studio Firaxis Games. Civilization 4 was released between October 25 and November 4, 2005 in North America, Europe, and Australia. A Macintosh version is expected in early 2006. Civilization IV - New features. There are many ...

Including:

• Civilization IV - New features
• Civilization IV - Diplomacy
• Civilization IV - Combat
• Civilization IV - Production and trade
• Civilization IV - Interface improvements
• Civilization IV - Audio-visual
• Civilization IV - Religion
• Civilization IV - Civilizations and leaders
• Civilization IV - Technologies
• Civilization IV - Customization
• Civilization IV - Map Editor
• Civilization IV - XML
• Civilization IV - Python
• Civilization IV - Software Development Kit
• Civilization IV - Launch problems
• Civilization IV - Scores by the critics
• Civilization IV - Awards

Read more here: » Civilization IV: Encyclopedia - Civilization IV

Head of state or chief of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office which serves as the chief public representative of monarchic or republican nation-state, federation, commonwealth or any other political state. His or her role generally includes personifying the continuity and legitimacy of the state and exercising the political powers, functions and duties granted ...

Including:

• Head of state - Constitutional models
• Head of state - Presidential system
• Head of state - Semi-presidential systems
• Head of state - Parliamentary system
• Head of state - Non-executive heads of state
• Head of state - Complications with categorisation
• Head of state - Roles of the head of state
• Head of state - Symbolic role
• Head of state - Chief diplomatic officer
• Head of state - Chief executive officer
• Head of state - Chief appointments officer
• Head of state - Legislative roles
• Head of state - Supreme commander of the military
• Head of state - Summoning and dissolving the legislature
• Head of state - Other prerogatives
• Head of state - Selection and various types and styles of Heads of state
• Head of state - Legitimacy & Term in office
• Head of state - Absent and Substitute heads of state
• Head of state - Theocratic Ecclesiastic and other Religious states
• Head of state - City states and crowned republics
• Head of state - Multiple or collective Heads of State
• Head of state - Curiosa and residual cases
• Head of state - Former heads of state

Read more here: » Head of state: Encyclopedia - Head of state

2° 32' 55" E Paris' Charles de Gaulle International Airport (IATA: CDG, ICAO: LFPG) (French: Aéroport de Roissy-Charles de Gaulle), also known as Roissy Airport (or just Roissy in French), is one of Europe's principal aviation centres, as well as France's main international airport. It is named after Charles de Gaulle (1890-1970), a French general and former president. It is located near Roissy, 25 km to th ...

Including:

• Charles de Gaulle International Airport - History
• Charles de Gaulle International Airport - The collapse of Terminal 2E
• Charles de Gaulle International Airport - Terminals
• Charles de Gaulle International Airport - Trivia
• Charles de Gaulle International Airport - Airlines
• Charles de Gaulle International Airport - Terminal 1
• Charles de Gaulle International Airport - Terminal 2
• Charles de Gaulle International Airport - Terminal 3 Formerly T9

Read more here: » Charles de Gaulle International Airport: Encyclopedia - Charles de Gaulle International Airport

Zafarnama (Punjabi: ਜ਼ਫ਼ਰਨਾਮਾ, Persian: ظفرنامہ) means the Notification of Victory and is the name given to the letter sent by the tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh in 1705 to the Mughal Emperor of India, Aurangzeb. The letter is written in Persian verse. In this letter, Guru Gobind reminds Aurangzeb how he and his henchmen had broken their oaths sworn upon the Koran. He also states that in spite of his several sufferings, ...

Read more here: » Zafarnama: Encyclopedia - Zafarnama

The word holiday has related but different meanings in English-speaking countries. Based on the words holy and day -, holidays originally represented special religious days. The word has evolved in general usage to mean any special day. In most of the English-speaking world a holiday is also a period spent away from home or business in travel or recreation (e.g. "I'm going on holiday to Mallorca next week"), the North American equivalent being "vacation". However, some Canadians (especially those of English or Irish decent) will use both the terms vacation and holiday interchangeably when referr ...

Including:

• Holiday - Public holidays
• Holiday - Consecutive holidays
• Holiday - Religious holidays
• Holiday - Buddhist holidays
• Holiday - Celtic Norse and Neopagan holidays
• Holiday - Christian holidays
• Holiday - Hindu holidays
• Holiday - Islamic holidays
• Holiday - Jewish holidays
• Holiday - Bahá'í holidays
• Holiday - The Northern Hemisphere winter holiday season
• Holiday - Holidays traditionally in the winter holiday season
• Holiday - Winter holiday greetings
• Holiday - National holidays
• Holiday - International holidays secular
• Holiday - Other secular holidays
• Holiday - Unofficial holidays
• Holiday - No holidays?

Read more here: » Holiday: Encyclopedia - Holiday

Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (IPA: [ˈsœːɔn ˈkʰiɔ̯g̊əˌg̊ɔːˀ]), May 5, 1813 – November 11, 1855), a 19th century Danish philosopher and theologian, is generally recognized as the first existentialist philosopher. Philosophically, he bridged the gap that existed between Hegelian philosophy and what was to become Existentialism. Kierkegaard strongly criticised both the Hegelian philosophy of his time, and what he saw as the empty formalities of the Danish church. Much of h ...

Including:

• Søren Kierkegaard - Life
• Søren Kierkegaard - Early years 1813–1841
• Søren Kierkegaard - Regine Olsen 1837–1841
• Søren Kierkegaard - The First Authorship 1841–1846
• Søren Kierkegaard - The Corsair Affair 1845–1846
• Søren Kierkegaard - The Second Authorship 1846–1853
• Søren Kierkegaard - Attack Upon Christendom 1854–1855
• Søren Kierkegaard - Indirect communication and pseudonymous authorship
• Søren Kierkegaard - The Journals of Søren Kierkegaard
• Søren Kierkegaard - Kierkegaard on Schelling
• Søren Kierkegaard - Kierkegaard on Schopenhauer
• Søren Kierkegaard - Kierkegaard on Hegel
• Søren Kierkegaard - Kierkegaard and Christendom
• Søren Kierkegaard - Kierkegaard in contemporary ethical theory
• Søren Kierkegaard - Important elements of Kierkegaard's philosophy
• Søren Kierkegaard - Alienation
• Søren Kierkegaard - Abstraction
• Søren Kierkegaard - Death
• Søren Kierkegaard - Dread or anxiety
• Søren Kierkegaard - Despair
• Søren Kierkegaard - The individual
• Søren Kierkegaard - Spheres of existence
• Søren Kierkegaard - Subjectivity
• Søren Kierkegaard - Pathos Passion
• Søren Kierkegaard - Criticisms of Kierkegaard
• Søren Kierkegaard - Kierkegaard's influence
• Søren Kierkegaard - Selected bibliography
• Søren Kierkegaard - Notes

Read more here: » Søren Kierkegaard: Encyclopedia - Søren Kierkegaard

Lisburn Urban Area is within Belfast Metropolitan Urban Area (BMUA)and is classified as a Large Town by the NI Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) (ie with population between 18,000 and 75,000 people). On Census day (29 April 2001) there were 71,465 people living in Lisburn. Of these: 25.4% were aged under 16 years and 15.6% were aged 60 and over 47.9% of the population were male and 52.1% were female 41.7% were from a Catholic background and 54.2% were from a Protestant background 4.0% of people aged 16-74 were unemployed. For more details se ...

See also:

Lisburn, Lisburn - History, Lisburn - The Troubles, Lisburn - 2001 Census, Lisburn - See Also

Read more here: » Lisburn: Encyclopedia II - Lisburn - 2001 Census

(partly on the territory of Estonia) Title: Elder (Vanem) (- 12th century) ...

See also:

List of Estonian rulers, List of Estonian rulers - Vaddjamå, List of Estonian rulers - Metsapoole, List of Estonian rulers - Sakala, List of Estonian rulers - Alempois, List of Estonian rulers - Harjumaa, List of Estonian rulers - Jogentagan, List of Estonian rulers - Järvamaa, List of Estonian rulers - Läänemaa, List of Estonian rulers - Mõhu, List of Estonian rulers - Nurmekund, List of Estonian rulers - Soopoolitse, List of Estonian rulers - Ugandi, List of Estonian rulers - Vaiga, List of Estonian rulers - Virumaa, List of Estonian rulers - Hiiumaa, List of Estonian rulers - Revala, List of Estonian rulers - Saaremaa, List of Estonian rulers - Kievan Rus', List of Estonian rulers - Kingdom of Denmark, List of Estonian rulers - Bishopric of Dorpat, List of Estonian rulers - Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek, List of Estonian rulers - Livonian Order, List of Estonian rulers - Kindom of Poland, List of Estonian rulers - Dynastia Jagiellonów, List of Estonian rulers - Rzeczpospolita, List of Estonian rulers - Dynastia Jagiellonów, List of Estonian rulers - House of Vasa, List of Estonian rulers - Kingdom of Sweden, List of Estonian rulers - House of Vasa, List of Estonian rulers - House of Pfalz, List of Estonian rulers - House of Hesse, List of Estonian rulers - Kingdom of Livonia, List of Estonian rulers - House of Oldenburg, List of Estonian rulers - Muscovy, List of Estonian rulers - House of Romanov, List of Estonian rulers - Russia, List of Estonian rulers - House of Romanov, List of Estonian rulers - Russian Provisional Government 1917, List of Estonian rulers - Republic of Velise, List of Estonian rulers - German State, List of Estonian rulers - Hohenzollern, List of Estonian rulers - Estland, List of Estonian rulers - Soviet Republic of Naissaar, List of Estonian rulers - Republic of Estonia, List of Estonian rulers - Baltic Duchy, List of Estonian rulers - Commune of the Working People of Estonia, List of Estonian rulers - Estonian SSR, List of Estonian rulers - Soviet Union, List of Estonian rulers - Great-German State

Read more here: » List of Estonian rulers: Encyclopedia II - List of Estonian rulers - Vaddjamå

Main article: History of Romania In 513 BC, south of the Danube, the tribal confederation of the Getae were defeated by Darius during his campaign against the Scythians (Herodotus IV.93). Over half a millennium later, the Getae (also named Daci by Romans) were defeated by the Roman Empire under Emperor Trajan in two campaigns stretching from 101 to 106, and the core of their kingdom was turned into the Roman province of Dacia. The Gothic and Carpic campaigns in the Balkans during 238–256 forced the Roman Empire to reorganize ...

See also:

Romania, Romania - Name, Romania - History, Romania - Romanian heads of state from the Unification of 1859, Romania - Politics, Romania - Administrative divisions, Romania - Geography, Romania - Largest cities, Romania - Economy, Romania - Trade, Romania - Taxation, Romania - Debt, Romania - Wages, Romania - Currency, Romania - National Budget, Romania - National Holidays, Romania - Sport in Romania, Romania - Demographics, Romania - Ethnicity, Romania - Language, Romania - Religion, Romania - Culture, Romania - Miscellaneous topics, Romania - Gallery, Romania - International rankings

Read more here: » Romania: Encyclopedia II - Romania - History

Xi-1 Sagittarii is a spectral type B9.5 supergiant which has an apparent magnitude of +5.08. It is at least 2300 light years from Earth. ...

See also:

Xi Sagittarii, Xi Sagittarii - ξ¹ Sagittarii, Xi Sagittarii - ξ² Sagittarii

Read more here: » Xi Sagittarii: Encyclopedia II - Xi Sagittarii - ξ¹ Sagittarii

Separated from People's Commissariat of Defence in 1937, in 1946 joined with People's Commissariat of Defence into People's Commissariat of Armed Forces. People's Commissars: Petr Smirnov 30 December 1937 – 30 June 1938 Mikhail Frinovskiy 8 сентября 1938 – 20 March 1939 Nikolai Kuznetsov 28 April 1939 – 25 February 1946 ...

See also:

Minister of Defence of Soviet Union, Minister of Defence of Soviet Union - People's Commissariat of Military and Sea Affairs of the USSR, Minister of Defence of Soviet Union - People's Commissariat of Defence of the USSR, Minister of Defence of Soviet Union - People's Commissariat of Navy of the USSR, Minister of Defence of Soviet Union - People's Commissariat from 15 March 1946 Ministry of Armed Forces of the USSR, Minister of Defence of Soviet Union - Ministry of War of the USSR, Minister of Defence of Soviet Union - Ministry of Navy of the USSR, Minister of Defence of Soviet Union - Ministry of Defence of the USSR

Read more here: » Minister of Defence of Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - Minister of Defence of Soviet Union - People's Commissariat of Navy of the USSR

Silvio Berlusconi - Statements about Mussolini. On one occasion, Berlusconi stated that "Benito Mussolini's regime hadn't killed a single person" and that Mussolini "just used to send opposers on holiday", thus apparently denying or dismissing a long series of fascist crimes, from the murder of Giacomo Matteotti to the infamous fascist concentration camps (Rab, Gonars, etc). Berlusconi later claimed that he did not mean to white-wash Mussolini, that he only reacted to a comparison, which he felt unfair, between the fascist dictator and Saddam Hussein. Silvi ...

See also:

Silvio Berlusconi, Silvio Berlusconi - Early years, Silvio Berlusconi - Business career, Silvio Berlusconi - Milano 2, Silvio Berlusconi - Vittorio Mangano, Silvio Berlusconi - Fininvest, Silvio Berlusconi - Current Assets, Silvio Berlusconi - Political career, Silvio Berlusconi - Going Down into the Field, Silvio Berlusconi - The debate about the motives, Silvio Berlusconi - The 1994 Electoral Victory, Silvio Berlusconi - Fall of the Berlusconi I cabinet, Silvio Berlusconi - Electoral Victory of 2001, Silvio Berlusconi - Subsequent Elections, Silvio Berlusconi - The Berlusconi III Cabinet, Silvio Berlusconi - Policies, Silvio Berlusconi - Legislative actions, Silvio Berlusconi - Controversy, Silvio Berlusconi - Statements about Mussolini, Silvio Berlusconi - Arguments for Illegal Jobs, Silvio Berlusconi - The Economist, Silvio Berlusconi - Influence on the Media, Silvio Berlusconi - Conflicts of Interests, Silvio Berlusconi - Sense of Humour, Silvio Berlusconi - Legal investigations of Berlusconi, Silvio Berlusconi - Dilatory tactics, Silvio Berlusconi - Member of Propaganda Due masonry lodge, Silvio Berlusconi - Entrepreneurial career Bettino Craxi & Mafia, Silvio Berlusconi - Trials, Silvio Berlusconi - Personality

Read more here: » Silvio Berlusconi: Encyclopedia II - Silvio Berlusconi - Controversy

Main article: History of Romania In 513 BC, south of the Danube, the tribal confederation of the Getae were defeated by Darius during his campaign against the Scythians (Herodotus IV.93). Over half a millennium later, the Getae (also named Daci by Romans) were defeated by the Roman Empire under Emperor Trajan in two campaigns stretching from 101 to 106, and the core of their kingdom was turned into the Roman province of Dacia. The Gothic and Carpic campaigns in the Balkans during 238–256 forced the Roman Empire to reorganize a new Roman province of Dacia south of Dan ...

See also:

Romania, Romania - Name, Romania - History, Romania - Romanian heads of state from the Unification of 1859, Romania - Politics, Romania - Administrative divisions, Romania - Geography, Romania - Largest cities, Romania - Economy, Romania - Trade, Romania - Taxation, Romania - Debt, Romania - Wages, Romania - Currency, Romania - National Budget, Romania - National Holidays, Romania - Sport in Romania, Romania - Demographics, Romania - Ethnicity, Romania - Language, Romania - Religion, Romania - Culture, Romania - Miscellaneous topics, Romania - Gallery, Romania - International rankings

Read more here: » Romania: Encyclopedia II - Romania - History