222 BC

Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC - 220s BC - 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC Years: 227 BC 226 BC 225 BC 224 BC 223 BC - 222 BC - 221 BC 220 BC 219 BC 218 BC 217 BC Events Marcus Claudius Marcellus leads the Romans to victory in the Battle of Clastidium, conquering the area later known as Cisalpine Gaul. Cleomenes III defeated and the Spartan army annihilated by the Achaean League and the ...

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Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC - 220s BC - 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC Years: 232 BC 231 BC 230 BC 229 BC 228 BC - 227 BC - 226 BC 225 BC 224 BC 223 BC 222 BC Events Faced with a dangerously small number of Spartan citizens, and other handicaps to the city-state, Cleomenes III issues revolutionary reforms: cancels debts, redistributes lands, makes citizens of perioeci and metics. ...

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(2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium) 3rd century BC - Events. The first two Punic Wars between Carthage and Rome over dominance in western Mediterranean Rome conquers Spain Gaulish migration to Macedon, Thrace and Galatia 281 BC Antiochus I Soter, on the assassination of his father Seleucus becomes emperor of the Seleucid empire. 273 BC to 252 BC Ashoka the Great ruled the Mauryan Empire 261 BC Antiochus II Theos, 2nd son, at the death o ...

Including:

• 3rd century BC - Events
• 3rd century BC - Significant persons
• 3rd century BC - Inventions discoveries introductions
• 3rd century BC - Decades and years

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Yan (pinyin: yan1, simplified Chinese/traditional Chinese: 燕) was a state during the Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods in China. Its capital was Ji (nowadays Beijing). As the most northeastern of all the Chinese states during this time period, it suffered several invasions from the north. The states of Zhao and Qi were its main enemies. The border between the Zhao and the Yan b ...

Including:

• Yan state - External link

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Zhao (pinyin: zhao4, simplified Chinese: 赵, traditional Chinese: 趙) was a Chinese state during the Warring States Period. Its territory included areas in modern Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces. The state of Zhao bordered the Xiongnu (Huns), the states of Qin, Wei and Yan. Its capital was Handan (邯郸), suburb of modern-day Handan City in Hebei. At the beginning of the Warring States Period, the state of Zhao was one of the weakest states. Zhao gained strength during the reign of King Wuling of Zhao. Th ...

Including:

• Zhao state - List of Zhao rulers

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Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC - 220s BC - 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC Years: 230 BC 229 BC 228 BC 227 BC 226 BC - 225 BC - 224 BC 223 BC 222 BC 221 BC 220 BC Events Seleucus III Ceraunus succeeds his father Seleucus II Callinicus as king of the Seleucid dynasty. Battle of Faesulae, Romans are defeated by the Gauls of Northern Italy. Eratosthenes of Cyrene calculates the cir ...

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The Warring States Period (traditional Chinese: 戰國時代, simplified Chinese: 战国时代 pinyin Zhànguó Shídài) takes place from sometime in the 5th century BC to the unification of China by Qin in 221 BC. It is nominally considered to be the second part of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, following the Spring and Autumn Period. Like the Spring and Autumn Period, the king of Zhou acted merely as a figurehead. The name Warring States Period was named after Record of the Warring States compiled in early Han Dynasty. The ...

Including:

• Warring States Period - Partition of Jin
• Warring States Period - Change of Government in Qi
• Warring States Period - Early strife in the Three Jins Qi and Qin
• Warring States Period - Shang Yang's reforms in Qin
• Warring States Period - Ascension of the Kingdoms
• Warring States Period - Chu expansion and defeats
• Warring States Period - The Domination of Qin and the resulting Grand Strategies
• Warring States Period - Zhao's military reforms
• Warring States Period - Qin's conquest of China
• Warring States Period - Films set in the Warring States Period

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Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC - 220s BC - 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC Years: 229 BC 228 BC 227 BC 226 BC 225 BC - 224 BC - 223 BC 222 BC 221 BC 220 BC 219 BC Events The Battle of Telamon, Romans under Aemilius Papus and Gaius Atilius Regulus defeat the Gauls, but Regulus was killed

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Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC - 210s BC - 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC 160s BC Years: 223 BC 222 BC 221 BC 220 BC 219 BC - 218 BC - 217 BC 216 BC 215 BC 214 BC 213 BC 218 BC - Events. Second Punic War Melita (Malta) is incorporated into the Roman Republic. October, Hannibal crosses the Alps and invades Italy. In November, Hannibal defeats the Romans under Pub ...

Including:

• 218 BC - Events

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Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC - 220s BC - 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC Years: 225 BC 224 BC 223 BC 222 BC 221 BC - 220 BC - 219 BC 218 BC 217 BC 216 BC 215 BC Events October/November - Pharaoh Ptolemy IV of Egypt marries his sister, who rises to the throne as Arsinoe III of Egypt. Eratosthenes measures the size of the Earth. On the island Crete, the Gortynians occupy Matala. ...

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Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC - 210s BC - 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC 160s BC Years: 224 BC 223 BC 222 BC 221 BC 220 BC - 219 BC - 218 BC 217 BC 216 BC 215 BC 214 BC Events Second Illyrian War: provoked by King Scerdilaidas, Rome launched a punitive expedition, which smashed the Illyrians Second Punic War: Hannibal conquers the Greek colony of Saguntum, an ally of Rome, thus provoked Rome to declare war on Carthage

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Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC - 220s BC - 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC Years: 228 BC 227 BC 226 BC 225 BC 224 BC - 223 BC - 222 BC 221 BC 220 BC 219 BC 218 BC Events Antiochus III the Great succeeds his older brother Seleucus III Ceraunus as king of the Seleucid dynasty. Achaeus is made governor of all Seleucid dominions west of the Taurus Mountains State of Qin conquered the state ...

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Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC - 220s BC - 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC Years: 226 BC 225 BC 224 BC 223 BC 222 BC - 221 BC - 220 BC 219 BC 218 BC 217 BC Events State of Qin conquered the state of Qi. The king of Qin unifed China and proclaimed himself First Emperor, as he was the first Chinese sovereign able to rule the whole country. He is known by historians as Qin Shi Huang. Hannib ...

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There are no fixed or universally agreed dates for the beginning or the end of the Ancient Greek period. In common usage it refers to all Greek history before the Roman Empire, but historians use the term more precisely. Some writers include the periods of the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations, while others argue that these civilizations were so different from later Greek cultures that they should be classed separately. Traditionally, the Ancient Greek period was taken to begin with the date of the first Olympic Games in 776 B ...

See also:

History of Greece, History of Greece - Aegean civilization: prehistoric Greece, History of Greece - Mycenaean Greece Bronze Age, History of Greece - Greek Dark Ages, History of Greece - Ancient Greece, History of Greece - Hellenistic Greece, History of Greece - Roman Period, History of Greece - Medieval Greece, History of Greece - Ottoman Rule and the Rise of Modern Greece, History of Greece - Creation of the Modern Greek State

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In the Spring and Autumn Period, the State of Jin (晉) was arguably the most powerful state in China. However, near the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the power of the ruling family weakened, and Jin gradually came under the control of six large families (六卿). By the beginning of the Warring States Period, after numerous power struggles, there were four families left: the Zhi (智) family, the Wei (魏) family, the Zhao (趙) family, and the Han (韓) family, with the Zhi family being the dominant power in Jin. Zhi Yao (智瑶), t ...

See also:

Warring States Period, Warring States Period - Partition of Jin, Warring States Period - Change of Government in Qi, Warring States Period - Early strife in the Three Jins Qi and Qin, Warring States Period - Shang Yang's reforms in Qin, Warring States Period - Ascension of the Kingdoms, Warring States Period - Chu expansion and defeats, Warring States Period - The Domination of Qin and the resulting Grand Strategies, Warring States Period - Zhao's military reforms, Warring States Period - Qin's conquest of China, Warring States Period - Films set in the Warring States Period

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Cleomenes had 30,000 infantrymen composing of hoplites, perioikoi and about 650 cavalries. The Spartan phalanx, under the command of Cleomenes was arranged on a hill named Olympus near Sellasia and were supported by a body of light infantry mercenaries. The allied troops of Sparta and the perioikoi phalanx were occupied by the commander Eucleidas on the other hill, Evas at the left wing. The centre were made up of Spartan cavalries, supported by other light infantrymen. Cleomenes probably hoped for a higher tactical position that would compensate numerical inferiorities: it had dug a dit ...

See also:

Battle of Sellasia, Battle of Sellasia - Antigonus Doson and the Hellenic League with Cleomenes III, Battle of Sellasia - Forces in presence, Battle of Sellasia - Ancient sources

Read more here: » Battle of Sellasia: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Sellasia - Forces in presence

In the Spring and Autumn Period, the State of Jin (晉) was arguably the most powerful state in China. However, near the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the power of the ruling family weakened, and Jin gradually come under the control of six large families (六卿). By the beginning of the Warring States Period, after numerous power struggles, there were four families left: the Zhi (智) family, the Wei (魏) family, the Zhao (趙) family, and the Han (韓) family, with the Zhi family being the dominant power in Jin. Zhi Yao (智瑶), t ...

See also:

Warring States Period, Warring States Period - Partition of Jin, Warring States Period - Change of Government in Qi, Warring States Period - Early strife in the Three Jins Qi and Qin, Warring States Period - Shang Yang's reforms in Qin, Warring States Period - Ascension of the Kingdoms, Warring States Period - Chu expansion and defeats, Warring States Period - The Domination of Qin and the resulting Grand Strategies, Warring States Period - Zhao's military reforms, Warring States Period - Qin's conquest of China, Warring States Period - Films set in the Warring States Period

Read more here: » Warring States Period: Encyclopedia II - Warring States Period - Partition of Jin

The Romans had special names for 3 specific days in each month. The system was originally based on phases of the Moon (Luna), and these days were probably declared when the lunar conditions were right. After the reforms of Numa Pompilius, they occurred on fixed days. Kalends - first day of the month, from which the word "calendar" is derived. Interest on debt was due on Kalends. Nones – depending on the month, could be the 5th or the 7th day; traditionally the day of the Half Moon Ides � ...

See also:

Roman calendar, Roman calendar - History of the Calendar, Roman calendar - Months, Roman calendar - The example of September, Roman calendar - Days of the week, Roman calendar - Character of the Day, Roman calendar - Years, Roman calendar - Converting Pre-Julian Dates

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Bishop Theophilus of Alexandria was Nicene patriarch when the decrees of emperor Theodosius I forbade public observances of any but Christian rites. Theodosius I had progressively made the sacred feasts into workdays (AD 389), had forbidden public sacrifices, closed temples, and colluded in frequent acts of local violence by Christians against major cult sites. The decree that went out in AD 391, that "no one is to go to the sanctuaries, walk through the temples," resulted in many temples throughout the Empire that could be declared "abandoned" and the universal practice immediately began ...

See also:

Serapeum, Serapeum - Destruction of the Serapeum, Serapeum - Excavation and Egyptian chronology, Serapeum - References and further reading

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Historically and economically the most important part of Messinia is the great plain, consisting of two distinct portions, watered by the river Pamisus (mod. Pirnatza) and its affluents. This is the most fertile tract in Greece, and at the present day produces oranges, citrons, almonds, figs, grapes and olives in great abundance and of excellent quality. The plain, is bounded on the north by the Nomian Mountains (modern Tetrási, around 1,570 m, 5210 ft.) and their westerly extension, on the west by the mountains of Cyparissia (around 1,300 ...

See also:

Messinia, Messinia - History, Messinia - Climate, Messinia - Transportation, Messinia - Population, Messinia - Communications, Messinia - Television, Messinia - Municipalities and communities, Messinia - Islands, Messinia - Provinces, Messinia - External link:

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