218 BC

Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC - 210s BC - 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC 160s BC Years: 223 BC 222 BC 221 BC 220 BC 219 BC - 218 BC - 217 BC 216 BC 215 BC 214 BC 213 BC 218 BC - Events. Second Punic War Melita (Malta) is incorporated into the Roman Republic. October, Hannibal crosses the Alps and invades Italy. In November, Hannibal defeats the Romans under Pub ...

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• 218 BC - Events

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Kalinga

Kalinga is another name for the state of Orissa, but was larger in size than the modern day Orissa.

Kalinga is an ancient territory of east-central India that included most of modern Orissa, part of northern Andhra Pradesh, and a portion of Madhya Pradesh. Strictly, it stretched not farther south than the Godavari River, thus excluded Vengi (the Andhra territory between Godavari river and the Krishna river). The hinterland of Kalinga led through mountainous and thickly forested country, inhabited by semi-Hinduized tribes, to central India and the Gangetic plain. With the ports of Coringa (modern day Kakinada), Vishakhapatnam, Chicacole, and Ganjam and the important towns of Rajahmundry and Vizayanagaram, Kalingans made excellent seaborne trade with Burma (now Myanmar) and areas still farther south and east. It was mentioned by the Roman writer Pliny the Elder.

Kalinga was conquered by Mahapadma, the founder of the Nanda dynasty (c. 343-c. 321 BC) of Magadha. It seceded from the Magadhan empire sometime after the fall of the Nanda dynasty, but it was reconquered by the Maurya king Ashoka in the 3rd century BC in a terrible war that was said to have helped to convert him to Buddhism. Subsequently, the Soma-vanshis (who belong to Soma dynasty) of southern Kosala, who controlled the strategic town of Chakrakotta (in the former Bastar state), ruled parts of the coastal strip for a period of time, as did the Yayatis, Vishnukundins, Bhanjas, and Bhauma Karas.

The eastern Gangas (pronounced as Gungu s) were the most famous rulers of all Kalinga. Their dynasty, which began its rule in the mid-11th century AD, sometimes competed with and sometimes allied itself with the Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi. In the next century Anantavarma Chodagangadeva was particularly renowned; he built the Temple of Jagannaatha at Puri. The famous temple of the sun-god at Konarak (Konaarka) was built in the 13th century by Narasimhadeva I. Between 1238 and 1305 the Gangas (pronounced as Gungus) successfully withstood Muslim infiltration from the north, but the dynasty collapsed when the sultan of Delhi penetrated Kalinga from the south in 1324.€€€

(See also: Kalinga , Hinduism, Yoga, Body Mind and Soul)

Buddha [one of true wisdom]: Buddha is a title bestowed on an enlightened master. The Buddha in the present cycle is Siddhartha Gautama (563 BC) who was born in a small kingdom in present day Nepal. After a renunciation of his kingdom and a long period of asceticism, he became enlightened and began teaching. His sermons form the school of philosophy called Buddhism.

(See also: Buddha , Hinduism, Yoga, Body Mind and Soul)

Ramayana

"The most ancient Sanskrit epic poem, written by the sage Valmiki. It is estimated to have been composed about 500 B.C., and contains approximately 50,000 lines. The Ramayana describes the life of Sri Rama: his banishment from Ayodhya; life in the forest with his faithful wife Sita; Sita's abduction by Ravana; the war of Rama and his allies against Ravana; defeat of Ravana and rescue of Sita; Rama's return to Ayodhya as ruler; slander of Sita by the people of Ayodhya and her banishment from the kingdom; her subsequent exoneration and final ascent to heaven, where she is joined by Rama."

-- Ramakrishna-Vedanta Wordbook

"The Ramayana is a work of the same essential kind as the Mahabharata; it differs only by a greater simplicity of plan, a more delicate ideal temperament and a finer glow of poetic warmth and colour. The main bulk of the poem in spite of much accretion is evidently by a single hand and has a less complex and more obvious unity of structure. There is less of the philosophic, more of the purely poetic mind, more of the artist, less of the builder. The whole story is from beginning to end of one piece and there is no deviation from the stream of the narrative. At the same time there is a like vastness of vision, an even more wide-winged flight of epic sublimity in the conception and sustained richness of minute execution in the detail.

...The eopic poet has taken here also as his subject an Itihasa, an ancient tale or legend associated with an old Indian dynasty and filled it in with detail from myth and folklore, but has exalted all into a scale of grandiose epic figure that it may bear more worthily the high intention and significance. The subject is the same as in the Mahabharata,, the strife of the divine with the titanic forces in the life of the earth, but in more purely ideal forms, in frankly supernatural dimensions and an imaginative heightening of both the good and the evil in human character. On one side is portrayed an ideal manhood, a divine beauty of virtue and ethical order, a civilization founded on the Dharma and realising an exaltation of the moral ideal which is presented with a singularly strong appeal of aesthetic grace and harmony and sweetness; on the other are wild and anarchic and almost amorphous forces of superhuman egoism and self-will and exultant violence, and the two ideas and powers of mental nature living and embodied are brought into conflict and led to a decisive issue of the victory of the divine man over the Rakshasa. All shade and complexity are omitted which would diminish the single urity of the idea, the representative force in the outline of the figures, the significance of the temperamental colour and only so much admitte as is sufficient to humanise the appeal and the significance.

The poet makes us conscious of the immense forces that are behind our life and sets his action in a magnificent epic scenery, the great imperial city, the mountains and ocean, the forest and wilderness, described with such a largeness as to make us feel as if the whole world were the scene of his poem and its subject the whole divine and titanic possibility of man imaged in a few great or monstrous figures. The ethical and the aesthetic mind of India have here fused themselves into a harmonious unity and reached an unexampled pure wideness and beauty of self-expression. The Ramayana embodied for the Indian imagination its highest and tenderest human ideals of character, made strength and courage and gentleness and purity and fidelity and self-sacrifice familiar to it in the suavest and most harmonious forms..."

-- Sri Aurobindo, The Foundations of Indian Culture,

SABCL Vol 14 pp. 289-90

(See also: Ramayana , Hinduism, Vedic Scriptures, Yoga, Body Mind and Soul)

Arya (n): One of noble birth or character (Sanskrit). Also, the family of Indo-European languages, therefore, the nomadic invaders who brought a language of this group into India (and Europe) between 2,000 and 1,500 BC from the northern steppes.

(See also: Arya , Hinduism, Yoga, Body Mind and Soul)

The first Buddhist council was held soon after the death of the Buddha under the patronage of king Ajatasatru, and presided by a monk named Mahakasyapa, at Rajagaha (today's Rajgir). Its objective was to record the Buddha's sayings (sutra) and codify monastic rules (vinaya). Buddhist Councils - 2nd Buddhist council 383 BC. The second Buddhist council was convened by king Kalasoka and held at Vaisali, following conflicts between the conservative and liberal elements of Sangha. The conservative school ...

Including:

• Buddhist Councils - 1st Buddhist council 5th century BC
• Buddhist Councils - 2nd Buddhist council 383 BC
• Buddhist Councils - 3rd Buddhist council c. 250 BC
• Buddhist Councils - 4th Buddhist council c. 100 AD
• Buddhist Councils - 5th Buddhist council c. 1871 A.D
• Buddhist Councils - 6th Buddhist council c. 1954 A.D

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Cremona - Ancient city. Cremona was originally a settlement of the Cenomani, a Gaul tribe. The today's city was founded in 218 BC by the Romans as a military outpost (castrum), together with the twin city of Piacenza. It quickly grew into one of the largest towns in northern Italy, as it was on the main road connecting Genoa to Aquileia, the Via Posthumia. In 40 BC the heirs of the veterans who had sided with Marcus Iunius Brutus and the Senate forfeited their lands to Augustus' men. The city's prosperity ...

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Cremona, Cremona - History, Cremona - Ancient city, Cremona - The city in the High Middle Ages, Cremona - Cremona as a Commune, Cremona - The Seignory, Cremona - Foreign occupations, Cremona - Economy, Cremona - Music, Cremona - Sport, Cremona - Main monuments, Cremona - Notable people born in Cremona

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Ancient warfare is war as conducted from the beginnings of history to the end of the ancient period. In Europe, the end of antiquity is often equated with the fall of Rome in 476. In China, it can also be seen as ending in the fifth century, with the growing role of mounted warriors needed to counter the ever-growing threat from the north. Ancient warfare - Overview. The difference between prehistoric and ancient warfare is less one of technology than of organization. The development of first city-states, a ...

Including:

• Ancient warfare - Overview
• Ancient warfare - Chariots
• Ancient warfare - Infantry
• Ancient warfare - Cavalry
• Ancient warfare - Naval warfare
• Ancient warfare - Tactics and weapons
• Ancient warfare - Strategy
• Ancient warfare - Tactics
• Ancient warfare - Weapons
• Ancient warfare - Sieges
• Ancient warfare - Cultures
• Ancient warfare - Chinese
• Ancient warfare - Persian
• Ancient warfare - Egyptian
• Ancient warfare - Germanic
• Ancient warfare - Greek
• Ancient warfare - Indus Valley
• Ancient warfare - Japanese
• Ancient warfare - Roman
• Ancient warfare - Important ancient wars
• Ancient warfare - Important ancient battles
• Ancient warfare - Unit types
• Ancient warfare - Sources

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Antiochus III the Great, (c. 241–187 BC, ruled 223–187 BC), younger son of Seleucus II Callinicus, became ruler of the Seleucid Empire as a youth of about eighteen in 223 BC. His traditional designation, the Great, stems from a misunderstanding of Megas Basileus (Great king), the traditional title of the Persian kings, which he adopted. Antiochus III the Great - Early years. Antiochus III inherited a disorganized state. Not only had Asia Minor become detached, but the further easte ...

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• Antiochus III the Great - Early years
• Antiochus III the Great - Wars against Diadoches
• Antiochus III the Great - War against Rome

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Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC - 210s BC - 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC 160s BC Years: 221 BC 220 BC 219 BC 218 BC 217 BC - 216 BC - 215 BC 214 BC 213 BC 212 BC 211 BC 216 BC - Events. Second Punic War: August 2 - Hannibal crushes the Romans in the Battle of Cannae, one of the greatest tactical masterpiece in military history. As a result, a number of Italian cities allied to R ...

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• 216 BC - Events
• 216 BC - Births
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The first Buddhist council was held soon after the death of the Buddha under the patronage of king Ajatasatru, and presided by a monk named Mahakasyapa, at Rajagaha (today's Rajgir). Its objective was to record the Buddha's sayings (sutra) and codify monastic rules (vinaya). Buddhist Councils - 2nd Buddhist council 383 BC. The second Buddhist council was convened by king Kalasoka and held at Vaisali, following conflicts between the conservative and liberal elements of Sangha. The conservative school ...

Including:

• Buddhist Councils - 1st Buddhist council 5th century BC
• Buddhist Councils - 2nd Buddhist council 383 BC
• Buddhist Councils - 3rd Buddhist council c. 250 BC
• Buddhist Councils - 4th Buddhist council c. 100 AD
• Buddhist Councils - 5th Buddhist council c. 1871 A.D
• Buddhist Councils - 6th Buddhist council c. 1954 A.D

Read more here: » Buddhist Councils: Encyclopedia - Buddhist Councils

Carthage (from the Phoenician Qart-Hadasht "New City" (written without vowels as QRT HDŠT قرت-حدش or קרת חדשת), was an ancient city in North Africa located on the eastern side of Lake Tunis, across from the center of modern Tunis in Tunisia. It remains a popular tourist attraction. Carthage - Founding of Carthage. In approximately 814 BC, Carthage was founded by Phoenician settlers from the city of Tyre, bringing with them the city-god Melqart. Traditionally, the city was founded ...

Including:

• Carthage - Founding of Carthage
• Carthage - Life in Carthage
• Carthage - Carthaginian Commerce
• Carthage - Carthaginian Government
• Carthage - Carthaginian Religious Practices
• Carthage - Conflict with the Greeks and Romans
• Carthage - First Sicilian War
• Carthage - Second Sicilian War
• Carthage - Third Sicilian War
• Carthage - Pyrrhus of Epirus
• Carthage - The Messanan Crisis
• Carthage - The Punic Wars
• Carthage - Roman Carthage
• Carthage - Carthage in fiction

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This article is about the city of Cremona. For the Italian mathematician see Luigi Cremona. Cremona is a city in Northern Italy, situated in Lombardy, on the left shore of the Po river in the middle of the Pianura padana (Po valley). It is a small city and the capital of the province of Cremona. Cremona - History. Cremona - Ancient city. Cremona was originally a settlement of the Cenomani, a Gaul tribe. The today's city was founded in 218 BC by the Romans as ...

Including:

• Cremona - History
• Cremona - Ancient city
• Cremona - The city in the High Middle Ages
• Cremona - Cremona as a Commune
• Cremona - The Seignory
• Cremona - Foreign occupations
• Cremona - Economy
• Cremona - Music
• Cremona - Sport
• Cremona - Main monuments
• Cremona - Notable people born in Cremona

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Located in Bohai Sea, the island is 4 km from Downtown Zhifu and is 10 km x 1 km. Part of Public Road No. 26 connects the western end of the island and the north part of the mainland peninsula. Originally, the island was disconnected from the mainland, but for a period of millennium of years, the sand and soil in the ocean floor built up a 600-metre wide pathway. Thus the island is called the "Mainland-connecting Island" in Chinese (陸連島); it could even be considered a small peninsula. The island's largest mountain is Laoye Mount ...

Including:

• Zhifu Island - Geography
• Zhifu Island - History
• Zhifu Island - Etymologies
• Zhifu Island - Miscellanea

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Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC - 220s BC - 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC Years: 227 BC 226 BC 225 BC 224 BC 223 BC - 222 BC - 221 BC 220 BC 219 BC 218 BC 217 BC Events Marcus Claudius Marcellus leads the Romans to victory in the Battle of Clastidium, conquering the area later known as Cisalpine Gaul. Cleomenes III defeated and the Spartan army annihilated by the Achaean League and the ...

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Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC - 220s BC - 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC Years: 226 BC 225 BC 224 BC 223 BC 222 BC - 221 BC - 220 BC 219 BC 218 BC 217 BC Events State of Qin conquered the state of Qi. The king of Qin unifed China and proclaimed himself First Emperor, as he was the first Chinese sovereign able to rule the whole country. He is known by historians as Qin Shi Huang. Hannib ...

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Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC - 220s BC - 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC Years: 225 BC 224 BC 223 BC 222 BC 221 BC - 220 BC - 219 BC 218 BC 217 BC 216 BC 215 BC Events October/November - Pharaoh Ptolemy IV of Egypt marries his sister, who rises to the throne as Arsinoe III of Egypt. Eratosthenes measures the size of the Earth. On the island Crete, the Gortynians occupy Matala. ...

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Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC - 210s BC - 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC 160s BC Years: 224 BC 223 BC 222 BC 221 BC 220 BC - 219 BC - 218 BC 217 BC 216 BC 215 BC 214 BC Events Second Illyrian War: provoked by King Scerdilaidas, Rome launched a punitive expedition, which smashed the Illyrians Second Punic War: Hannibal conquers the Greek colony of Saguntum, an ally of Rome, thus provoked Rome to declare war on Carthage

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Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC - 210s BC - 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC 160s BC Years: 220 BC 219 BC 218 BC 217 BC 216 BC - 215 BC - 214 BC 213 BC 212 BC 211 BC 210 BC Events April 23 - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Lake Trasum. Second Punic War: Marcus Claudius Marcellus again repulses an attack by Hannibal in the Secon ...

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Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC - 220s BC - 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC Years: 228 BC 227 BC 226 BC 225 BC 224 BC - 223 BC - 222 BC 221 BC 220 BC 219 BC 218 BC Events Antiochus III the Great succeeds his older brother Seleucus III Ceraunus as king of the Seleucid dynasty. Achaeus is made governor of all Seleucid dominions west of the Taurus Mountains State of Qin conquered the state ...

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