Encyclopedia - 2013: Encyclopedia - 2013
2013 (MMXIII) is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. It corresponds to the years 5773/5774 in the Hebrew Calenda...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 2013: Encyclopedia Ii - 2013 - Predicted Events
2013 - January. January 20 - The President of the United States of America (elected November 6, 2012) will be inaugurated. 2013 - M...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Future-drama: Encyclopedia Ii - Future-drama - Synopsis
Bart and Lisa get in a feud over who each other would like. But when trouble breaks out, enter Professor Frink, who uses an astrology mac...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lunar Phase: Encyclopedia - Lunar Phase
In astronomy, a phase of the Moon is any of the aspects or appearances presented by the Moon as seen from Earth, determined by the portio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lunar Phase: Encyclopedia Ii - Lunar Phase - Lunar Phases 2005-2020
Lunar phase - 2005. Lunar phase - 2006. Lunar phase - 2007. Lunar phase - 2008. Lunar phase - 2009. Lunar phase - 2010. Luna...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lunar Phase: Encyclopedia Ii - Lunar Phase - Lunar Phases 2005-2020
Lunar phase - 2005. Lunar phase - 2006. Lunar phase - 2007. Lunar phase - 2008. Lunar phase - 2009. Lunar phase - 2010. Luna...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Conjunction Astronomy: Encyclopedia Ii - Conjunction Astronomy - Conjunctions Of Planets In Right Ascension 2005-2020
Conjunction astronomy - 2005. Conjunction astronomy - 2006. Conjunction astronomy - 2007. Conjunction astronomy - 2008. Conjunc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lunar Phase: Encyclopedia Ii - Lunar Phase - Lunar Phase Calculation
, where t = [UT] - [12AM, January 1, 2001], days such that new moon=.0, first quarter=.25, full moon=.5, last quarter=.75 or a C program....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Conjunction Astronomy: Encyclopedia - Conjunction Astronomy
Conjunction is a term used in positional astronomy and astrology. It means that, as seen from some place (usually the Earth), two celesti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Third Country Relationships With The Eu: Encyclopedia Ii - Third Country Relationships With The Eu - Efta And Eea
The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) was created to allow European countries to partake in free trade with the European Communities...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mardi Gras: Encyclopedia Ii - Mardi Gras - Dates
The date can vary from February 3 to March 9 in non-leap years or February 4 to March 9 in leap years. Like Lent, the date is dependent o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mega Man Vii: Encyclopedia Ii - Mega Man Vii - Story
In the year 20XX (2013), thanks to the efforts of Mega Man and his friends, Dr. Wily was finally brought to justice after several years o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lyon Metro: Encyclopedia Ii - Lyon Metro - Routes
Lyon Metro - Lines A and B. Lines A (Perrache - Laurent Bonnevay) and B (Charpennes - Part-Dieu) were constructed using the cut-and-cov...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - P-3 Orion: Encyclopedia Ii - P-3 Orion - Design
The P-3 Orion is based on the Lockheed L-188 Electra. The first production version, designated P3V-1, first flew 15 April 1961, but by th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Shrove Tuesday: Encyclopedia Ii - Shrove Tuesday - Dates
The date can vary from as early as February 3 to as late as March 9. Like Lent, the date is dependent on that of Easter. Shrove Tuesday (...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Russia-ukraine Gas Dispute: Encyclopedia Ii - Russia-ukraine Gas Dispute - 2002 Contract
According to the contract signed by Russian state company Gazprom and Ukrainian state company Naftohaz Ukrainy on June 21, 2002, which wa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Third Country Relationships With The Eu: Encyclopedia Ii - Third Country Relationships With The Eu - European Neighbourhood Policy
According to the European Union's official site, the objective of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) is to share the benefits of the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Third Country Relationships With The Eu: Encyclopedia Ii - Third Country Relationships With The Eu - Financial Cooperation And Assistance Programmes
Third country relationships with the EU - For the 2000-2006 budgetary period. CARDS, short for "Community Assistance for Reconstructio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lunar Phase: Encyclopedia Ii - Lunar Phase - Lunar Phase Calculation
, where t = [UT] - [12AM, January 1, 2001], days such that New Moon=.0, First Quarter=.25, Full Moon=.5, Last Quarter=.75 or a C program....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Conjunction Astronomy: Encyclopedia Ii - Conjunction Astronomy - Grand Conjunctions
Conjunction astronomy - 2007. A very remarkable planetary/galactic configuration occurs on 23rd and 24 December 2007. The 23/12 configu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Conjunction Astronomy: Encyclopedia Ii - Conjunction Astronomy - Superior And Inferior
As seen from a planet that is superior, if an inferior planet is on the opposite side of the Sun, it is in superior conjunction with the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mandala Airlines Flight 091: Encyclopedia Ii - Mandala Airlines Flight 091 - Aircraft And Airline
The aircraft, registration PK-RIM, was built in 1981 and formerly belonged to Lufthansa where it was registered as D-ABHK "Bayreuth". The...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Conjunction Astronomy: Encyclopedia Ii - Conjunction Astronomy - Grand Conjunctions
Conjunction astronomy - 2007. A very remarkable planetary/galactic configuration occurs on 23rd and 24 December 2007. The 23/12 configu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Holidays 2000-2050: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Holidays 2000-2050 - 5760s 2000s
Jewish holidays 2000-2050 - 5760 2000. Saturday, January 22 - Tu Bishvat Tuesday, March 21 - Purim Thursday, April 20 - Pesach* Tuesda...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Holidays 2000-2050: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Holidays 2000-2050 - 5770s 2010s
Jewish holidays 2000-2050 - 5770 2009–2010. Saturday, September 19 - Rosh HaShanah* Monday, September 28 - Yom Kippur* Saturday, Oct...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Holidays 2000-2050: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Holidays 2000-2050 - 5780s 2020s
Jewish holidays 2000-2050 - 5780 2019–2020. Monday, September 30 - Rosh HaShanah* Wednesday, October 9 - Yom Kippur* Monday, October...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Holidays 2000-2050: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Holidays 2000-2050 - 5790s 2030s
Jewish holidays 2000-2050 - 5790 2029–2030. Monday, September 10 - Rosh HaShanah* Wednesday, September 19 - Yom Kippur* Monday, Sept...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Holidays 2000-2050: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Holidays 2000-2050 - 5800s 2040s
Jewish holidays 2000-2050 - 5800 2039–2040. Monday, September 19 - Rosh HaShanah* Wednesday, September 28 - Yom Kippur* Monday, Octo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 2007 Atlantic Hurricane Season: Encyclopedia Ii - 2007 Atlantic Hurricane Season - 2007 Storm Names
The following names will be used for named storms that form in the North Atlantic in 2007. The names not retired from this list will be u...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gilts: Encyclopedia Ii - Gilts - Double-dated Gilts
In the past, the UK government issued Double-Dated gilts, which have a range of maturity dates, such as 12% Exchequer Stock 2013-2017. Th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Third Country Relationships With The Eu: Encyclopedia Ii - Third Country Relationships With The Eu - The Euro-mediterranean Partnership
Main article: Barcelona Process, Euro-Mediterranean free trade area The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership or Barcelona Process is a wide fra...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lisa Simpson: Encyclopedia Ii - Lisa Simpson - Future
It should be noted that the specific years listed below are probably inconsistent, given the general "timelessness" of the series: 2010 ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tel Aviv Subway: Encyclopedia Ii - Tel Aviv Subway - Back On Track
As of 2000, newer and more plausible plans for a subway system in Tel Aviv have seen the light of day. Today, the first 22km line (The Re...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - No Child Left Behind Act: Encyclopedia Ii - No Child Left Behind Act - Major Provisions
No Child Left Behind Act - Adequate Yearly Progress. The law requires states to create an accountability system of assessments, graduat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rahxephon: Encyclopedia Ii - Rahxephon - Plot
The premise of RahXephon is the fight between Humans, and pan-dimensional invaders known as the Mulians, short Mu (pronounced "moo", or "...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ethanol Fuel: Encyclopedia Ii - Ethanol Fuel - Ethanol Fuel In The United States
Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuel in the Midwest. The so-called corn belt in the Midwestern United States produces large amounts of corn (Ame...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Earth: Encyclopedia - Earth
Earth, also known as Terra, and Tellus mostly in the 19th century, is the third-closest planet to the Sun. It is the largest of the solar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hanukkah: Encyclopedia - Hanukkah
Hanukkah, also known as the Festival of Lights or Festival of Dedication, is an eight day Jewish holiday that starts on the 25th day of K...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - New Year: Encyclopedia - New Year
The New Year is an event that happens when a culture celebrates the end of one year and the beginning of the next. Cultures that measure ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ash Wednesday: Encyclopedia - Ash Wednesday
In the Western Christian calendar, Ash Wednesday is the first day of Lent. (Eastern Christianity starts Great Lent on Clean Monday, which...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rosh Hashanah: Encyclopedia - Rosh Hashanah
This article is about the Jewish holiday of Rosh Hashanah. For the tractate in the Talmud with the same name, see Rosh Hashanah (Talmu...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Kali Yuga: Mysticism Magick Dictionary On Kali Yuga
KALI YUGA 1/1000 of Kalpa. This age in which we are living is the Kali Yuga, or "Dark Age," and lasts 432,000 years, having ...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Neptune: Mysticism Magick Dictionary On Neptune
NEPTUNE In extremity comes Neptune, the northernmost of all our arts, to help us overcome the forces of darkness that would enslave us...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Time: Mysticism Magick Dictionary On Time
TIME Adeste, O Tempora Omnia! ("Be now, All Ye Times!") According to Merlin and others, mortals tend to face the opposite di...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Apo Pantas Kakodaimones!: Mysticism Magick Dictionary On Apo Pantas Kakodaimones!
APO PANTAS KAKODAIMONES! False banishing mantram ("Away all evil demons!")   APOCALYPSE We are aware that the muslims i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Earth: Encyclopedia Ii - Earth - Earth In The Solar System
It takes the Earth 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4.091 seconds (1 sidereal day) to rotate around the axis connecting the north pole and the so...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Calculating The Day Of The Week: Encyclopedia Ii - Calculating The Day Of The Week - The Algorithm To Calculate The Day Of The Week
The algorithm is valid for the Gregorian calendar. This began in Britain and her colonies on September 14, 1752. The area now forming the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hanukkah: Encyclopedia Ii - Hanukkah - Hanukkah Rituals
Hanukkah has relatively simple religious rituals that are performed during the eight nights and days of the holiday. Some aspects are pra...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Minot North Dakota: Encyclopedia Ii - Minot North Dakota - Geography
Minot North Dakota - External. Minot is located in north central North Dakota, at 48°13′59″N, 101°17′32″W (48.233190, -101.29...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - British National Identity Card: Encyclopedia Ii - British National Identity Card - Concerns
British national identity card - Privacy concerns. Some people are concerned about how much information the government has about its ci...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mandala Airlines Flight 091: Encyclopedia Ii - Mandala Airlines Flight 091 - Causes
The airline said it was too early to know the cause of the crash. Witness statements are contradictory, with some claiming that the plane...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friday The 13th: Encyclopedia Ii - Friday The 13th - Effects
Strangely, there is evidence to suggest that Friday the 13th is actually unlucky for some. Psychologists have found that some people are ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Shrove Tuesday: Encyclopedia Ii - Shrove Tuesday - Food Traditions
In Ireland and Australia Shrove Tuesday is known as "Pancake Tuesday", while in Britain it is popularly known as "Pancake Day". In both r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rosh Hashanah: Encyclopedia Ii - Rosh Hashanah - In Rabbinic Literature
Philo, in his treatise on the festivals, calls New-Year's Day the festival of the sacred moon and feast of the trumpets, and explains the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Al Michaels: Encyclopedia Ii - Al Michaels - Early Life And Career
Michaels attended Alexander Hamilton High School in Los Angeles, California, where he was a football and baseball player. Michaels gradua...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - New Year: Encyclopedia Ii - New Year - Historical Dates For The New Year
The ancient Roman calendar had only ten months and started the year on 1 March, which is still reflected in the names of some months whic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mandala Airlines Flight 091: Encyclopedia Ii - Mandala Airlines Flight 091 - Survivors
Passenger Rohadi Sitepu told Metro Television from hospital that he and five other people seated in the back of the plane in Row 20 had a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rosh Hashanah: Encyclopedia Ii - Rosh Hashanah - Date
Rosh Hashanah extends over the first two days of the Hebrew month of Tishrei, even in Israel where most holidays last only one day. (Sinc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rosh Hashanah: Encyclopedia Ii - Rosh Hashanah - Traditions And Customs
This holiday is characterized by the blowing of the shofar (as per Leviticus 23:24), a trumpet made from a ram's horn. In fact, the shofa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Shrove Tuesday: Encyclopedia Ii - Shrove Tuesday - Shrove Tuesday In England
A famous pancake race at Olney in Buckinghamshire has been held since 1445. Many towns throughout England held traditional Shrove Tuesday...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Earth: Encyclopedia Ii - Earth - Descriptions Of Earth
Earth has often been personified as a deity, in particular a goddess (see Gaia and Mother Earth). The Chinese earth goddess Hu-Tu is simi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Earth: Encyclopedia Ii - Earth - Geography
Map references: Time Zones, Coordinates. Biggest geographic subdivision Continents, Oceans Area: Total: 510.073 million km2 land: 148.94...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Earth: Encyclopedia Ii - Earth - Environment And Ecosystem
Earth is the only place in the universe where life is known to exist. The planet's lifeforms are sometimes said to form a "biosphere". Th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rosh Hashanah: Encyclopedia Ii - Rosh Hashanah - In The Hebrew Bible
In the earliest times the Hebrew year began in autumn with the opening of the economic year. There followed in regular succession the sea...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Minot North Dakota: Encyclopedia Ii - Minot North Dakota - Demographics
As of the censusGR2 of 2000, there are 36,567 people, 15,520 households, and 9,265 families residing in the city. The population density ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Minot North Dakota: Encyclopedia Ii - Minot North Dakota - History
Minot came into existence in 1886, when Jim Hill's Great Northern Railroad ended its push through the state for the winter, after having ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Minot North Dakota: Encyclopedia Ii - Minot North Dakota - Education
The Minot Public School District has 10 elementary schools located in the city; Bel Air, Edison, Lewis and Clark, Lincoln, Longfellow, Mc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - P-3 Orion: Encyclopedia Ii - P-3 Orion - Specifications P-3 Orion
P-3 Orion - General characteristics. Crew: 11 Length: 116 ft 10 in (35.6 m) Wingspan: 99 ft 8 in (30.4 m) Height: 33 ft 8.5 in (10.3 m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Earth: Encyclopedia Ii - Earth - Geography
Map references: Time Zones, Coordinates. Biggest geographic subdivision Continents, Oceans Area: Total: 510.073 million km2 land: 148.94...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Earth: Encyclopedia Ii - Earth - Environment And Ecosystem
Earth is the only place in the universe where life is known to exist. The planet's lifeforms are sometimes said to form a "biosphere". Th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Minot North Dakota: Encyclopedia Ii - Minot North Dakota - Recreation
The Minot Park District operates 17 parks with various facilities; Corbett Field, home to American Legion, high school and college baseba...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Minot North Dakota: Encyclopedia Ii - Minot North Dakota - Culture
Minot's midwestern setting and attitudes sometimes hides its sizable and sometimes flamboyant arts community. Minot has an art museum, a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Minot North Dakota: Encyclopedia Ii - Minot North Dakota - Transportation
Minot North Dakota - Railroads. The railroads that built Minot remain there today, though Great Northern is now part of the BNSF Railwa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Minot North Dakota: Encyclopedia Ii - Minot North Dakota - Media
Minot has several media outlets but little local content. KXMC-TV and the Minot Daily News, and to a lesser extent, KMOT-TV, are somewhat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Minot North Dakota: Encyclopedia Ii - Minot North Dakota - Politics
The mayor of Minot is Curt Zimbelman, a banker. As mayor he chairs the 14-member City Council, but only casts a vote to break a tie. The ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Minot North Dakota: Encyclopedia Ii - Minot North Dakota - Economy
The city's economy is more robust than other cities of its size due to its large service area; however, it is beset by significant proble...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Earth: Encyclopedia Ii - Earth - Environment And Ecosystem
Earth is the only place in the universe where life is known to exist. The planet's lifeforms are sometimes said to form a "biosphere". Th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rosh Hashanah: Encyclopedia Ii - Rosh Hashanah - In The New Testament
Some Christian groups, most notably those 7th day Church of God groups with origins in the Worldwide Church of God also observe Rosh Hosh...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Al Michaels: Encyclopedia Ii - Al Michaels - National Basketball Association
In 2003, Michaels was named the lead announcer for ABC's telecasts of the National Basketball Association, replacing Brad Nessler. Michae...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Calculating The Day Of The Week: Encyclopedia Ii - Calculating The Day Of The Week - Introduction
The basis of nearly all the algorithms to calculate the day of the week is: To number the days of the week from 0 to 6 so that we can th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Calculating The Day Of The Week: Encyclopedia Ii - Calculating The Day Of The Week - Useful Concepts
Calculating the day of the week - Corresponding months. "Corresponding months" are those months within the calendar year that start on ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Al Michaels: Encyclopedia Ii - Al Michaels - Monday Night Football
His longest-running assignment was that of the lead play-by-play announcer on ABC's Monday Night Football telecasts, which he began in 19...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - British National Identity Card: Encyclopedia Ii - British National Identity Card - Reaction
British national identity card - Public reaction. The announcement of the scheme followed a public consultation, particularly among 'st...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - British National Identity Card: Encyclopedia Ii - British National Identity Card - The Scheme
British national identity card - National Identity Register. Key to the ID Card scheme will be a centralised computer database, the Nat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Al Michaels: Encyclopedia Ii - Al Michaels - 1989 World Series
On October 17, 1989, Michaels was in San Francisco, California, preparing to cover the third game of the 1989 World Series between the ho...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Al Michaels: Encyclopedia Ii - Al Michaels - 1986 American League Championship Series
Even though the events of October 17, 1989 in San Francisco are widely considered to be the most memorable baseball-related moment of Al ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Al Michaels: Encyclopedia Ii - Al Michaels - Personal
Michaels currently resides in Los Angeles, California (although he has often called games with a slight Brooklyn accent). Since August 27...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - British National Identity Card: Encyclopedia Ii - British National Identity Card - Development
British national identity card - ID cards during the World Wars. Compulsory identity cards were first issued in the United Kingdom duri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Calculating The Day Of The Week: Encyclopedia Ii - Calculating The Day Of The Week - Another Algorithm To Calculate The Day Of The Week
This method is also valid for calculating days within the Gregorian calendar. Four numbers have to first be calculated to determine the d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hanukkah: Encyclopedia Ii - Hanukkah - Commemoration
The word Hanukkah means "dedication." Spiritually, Hanukkah commemorates the Miracle of the Oil. At the re-dedication of the Temple in Je...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hanukkah: Encyclopedia Ii - Hanukkah - When Hanukkah Occurs
The dates of Hanukkah are determined by the Hebrew Calendar. Hanukkah begins at the 25th day of Kislev and concluding on the 2nd or 3rd d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Earth: Encyclopedia Ii - Earth - Lexicography
Its astronomical symbol consists of a circled cross, representing a meridian and the equator; a variant puts the cross atop the circle (U...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Earth: Encyclopedia Ii - Earth - Physical Characteristics
See also: Geology The Earth consists of several atmospheric, hydrologic, and mainly geologic layers. Its components are the atmosphere, t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Al Michaels: Encyclopedia Ii - Al Michaels - The Miracle On Ice
Two of Michaels' more famous broadcasts were of the 1980 Winter Olympics ice hockey medal round match between the United States and the S...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hanukkah: Encyclopedia Ii - Hanukkah - Background
Hanukkah - Chronology. 198 BCE: Armies of the Seleucid King Antiochus III (Antiochus the Great) oust Ptolemy V from Judea and Samaria....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hanukkah: Encyclopedia Ii - Hanukkah - Interaction With Other Traditions
Hanukkah gained increased importance with many Jewish families in the twentieth century, including large numbers of secular Jews who want...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hanukkah: Encyclopedia Ii - Hanukkah - Historical Sources
Hanukkah - In the Talmud. The miracle of Hanukkah is described in the Talmud. The Gemara, in tractate Shabbat 21b [1], says that after ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hanukkah: Encyclopedia Ii - Hanukkah - The Story
Around 200 BCE Jews lived as an autonomous people in the land of Israel, also referred to as Judea, which at that time was controlled by ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hanukkah: Encyclopedia Ii - Hanukkah - Hanukkah Games: Dreidel And Gelt
Hanukkah - Dreidel. The dreidel (a four-sided "top") is associated with Hanukkah. It has four sides: ×  (Nun), ×’ (Gimel), ×” (Hey), ×...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Earth: Encyclopedia Ii - Earth - Geography
Map references: Time Zones, Coordinates. Biggest geographic subdivision Continents, Oceans Area: Total: 510.073 million km2 land: 148.94...   » Read the article