2004 BC

(22nd century BC - 21st century BC - 20th century BC - other centuries) (4th millennium BC - 3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC) 21st century BC - Events. 2130 BC – 2080 BC — Ninth Dynasty wars in Egypt. 2112 BC – 2095 BC — Sumerian campaigns of Ur-Nammu. 2091 BC — beginning of the mythological Patriarchal Age is traditionally set in this year. 2071 BC — Magh Ithe, first recorded battle in Ireland myths. 2070 BC* — X ...

Including:

• 21st century BC - Events
• 21st century BC - Significant persons
• 21st century BC - Inventions discoveries introductions

Read more here: » 21st century BC: Encyclopedia - 21st century BC

Uruk (Sumerian Unug, Biblical Erech, Greek Orchoë and Arabic Warka), was an ancient city of Sumer and later Babylonia, situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates, on the line of the ancient Nil canal, in a region of marshes, about 140 miles SSE from Baghdad. The modern name of Iraq is possibly derived from the name Uruk. It was one of the oldest and most important cities of Sumer. Its walls were said to have been built by order of Gilgamesh, or rather, his predecessor Enmerkar, ...

Read more here: » Uruk: Encyclopedia - Uruk

The Akkadian Empire usually refers to the Semitic speaking state that grew up around the city of Akkad north of Sumer, and reached its greatest extent under Sargon of Akkad. Akkadian Empire - History. Rulers with Semitic names had already established themselves at Kish. One of them, contemporary with the last Sumerian ruler, Lugal-Zage-Si, was Alusarsid (or Urumus) who "subdued Elam and Barahs." But the fame of these early establishers of Semitic supremacy was far eclipsed by that of Sargon (Sharru-kinIncluding:

• Akkadian Empire - History
• Akkadian Empire - Culture
• Akkadian Empire - Art
• Akkadian Empire - Achievements
• Akkadian Empire - Collapse
• Akkadian Empire - After the Akkadian Empire
• Akkadian Empire - Reference

Read more here: » Akkadian Empire: Encyclopedia - Akkadian Empire

The Amorites were considered a backwards people by Mesopotamian standards. That they were able to cause so much trouble in the Ur III empire is surprising. In truth, the Amorite efforts to invade the empire may have been effective simply because they were in the right place at the right time. Scholars have suggested that, by the reign of Ibbi-Sin, the empire was already in decline due to long-term drought--in fact, the same drought that helped to take down the Akkadian Empire circa 2193 BC may have been responsible for the fall of Ur III. On ...

See also:

Ibbi-Sin, Ibbi-Sin - The success of the Amorite invasion

Read more here: » Ibbi-Sin: Encyclopedia II - Ibbi-Sin - The success of the Amorite invasion

Knowledge of Elamite history remains largely fragmentary, reconstruction being based on mainly Mesopotamian sources. The city of Susa was founded around 4000 BC, and during its early history, fluctuated between submission to Mesopotamian and Elamite power. The earliest levels (22-17 in the excavations conducted by Le Brun, 1978) exhibit pottery that has no equivalent in Mesopotamia, but for the succeeding period, the excavated material allows identification with the culture of Sumer of the Uruk period. Proto-Elamite influence from the Persia ...

See also:

Elam, Elam - Etymology, Elam - History, Elam - Old Elamite Period, Elam - Middle Elamite Period, Elam - Neo-Elamite Period, Elam - Elamite language, Elam - The Elamite Legacy, Elam - Elamite influence on the Achaemenids, Elam - Post Achaemenid influence, Elam - Elamite studies

Read more here: » Elam: Encyclopedia II - Elam - History

Rulers with Semitic names had already established themselves at Kish. One of them, contemporary with the last Sumerian ruler, Lugal-Zage-Si, was Alusarsid (or Urumus) who "subdued Elam and Barahs." But the fame of these early establishers of Semitic supremacy was far eclipsed by that of Sargon (Sharru-kin), who defeated and captured Lugal-Zage-Si, conquering his empire. A lengthy inscription of Sargon's son, Manishtushu, was discovered at Susa by J. de Morgan. The date of Sargon is placed by modern scholars around 2300 BC (although the later "archaeologist king" of Babyl ...

See also:

Akkadian Empire, Akkadian Empire - History, Akkadian Empire - Culture, Akkadian Empire - Art, Akkadian Empire - Achievements, Akkadian Empire - Collapse, Akkadian Empire - After the Akkadian Empire, Akkadian Empire - Reference

Read more here: » Akkadian Empire: Encyclopedia II - Akkadian Empire - History

Akkadian Empire - Art. A finely executed bas relief representing Naram-Sin, and bearing a striking resemblance to early Egyptian art in many of its features, has been found at Diarbekr, in modern Turkey. Babylonian art, however, had already attained a high degree of excellence; two cylinder seals of the time of Sargon are among the most beautiful specimens of the gem-cutter's art ever discovered. See also:

Akkadian Empire, Akkadian Empire - History, Akkadian Empire - Culture, Akkadian Empire - Art, Akkadian Empire - Achievements, Akkadian Empire - Collapse, Akkadian Empire - After the Akkadian Empire, Akkadian Empire - Reference

Read more here: » Akkadian Empire: Encyclopedia II - Akkadian Empire - Culture

The Elamites called their country Haltamti (in later Elamite, Atamti), which the neighboring Akkadians rendered as Elam. Elam means "highland". Additionally, the Haltamti are known as Elam in the Hebrew Old Testament, where they are called the offspring of Elam, eldest son of Shem (see Elam in the Bible). The high country of Elam was increasingly identified by its low-lying later capital, Susa. Geographers after Ptolemy called it Susiana. The Elamite civilization was primarily centered in the ...

See also:

Elam, Elam - Etymology, Elam - History, Elam - Old Elamite Period, Elam - Middle Elamite Period, Elam - Neo-Elamite Period, Elam - Elamite language, Elam - The Elamite Legacy, Elam - Elamite influence on the Achaemenids, Elam - Post Achaemenid influence, Elam - Elamite studies

Read more here: » Elam: Encyclopedia II - Elam - Etymology

Naram-Sin recorded the Akkadian's wars against the Armani or Armeni people in Ararat. The Armeni is a reference to Armen who was the ruler of the Armenian tribe (Armen's followers, the Armenians, were refered to as Armeni or Armens at the time). It is also unknown if Sargon, grandfather of Naram-Sin, and Manishtushu, father of Naram-Sin, also fought against the Armeni people of Ararat during their rule of the Akkadian Empire. It is highly probable however considering that Naram-Sin recorded mul ...

See also:

Akkadian Empire, Akkadian Empire - History, Akkadian Empire - Culture, Akkadian Empire - Art, Akkadian Empire - Achievements, Akkadian Empire - Collapse, Akkadian Empire - After the Akkadian Empire, Akkadian Empire - Reference

Read more here: » Akkadian Empire: Encyclopedia II - Akkadian Empire - Collapse

The fall of the empire established by Sargon seems to have been as sudden as its rise, and little is known about the Gutian period. From the fall of Akkad until around 2100 BC, there is much that is still dark. A relatively well known king from that period is Gudea, king of Lagash. The period between ca. 2100 BC and 2000 BC is sometimes called the 3rd dynasty of Ur or "Sumerian Renaissance", founded by Ur-Nammu (originally a general). Though documents again began to be written in Sumerian, this dynasty may actually have been Semitic; Sumerian was becoming a dead language, much as Latin later would be in Medieval Eu ...

See also:

Akkadian Empire, Akkadian Empire - History, Akkadian Empire - Culture, Akkadian Empire - Art, Akkadian Empire - Achievements, Akkadian Empire - Collapse, Akkadian Empire - After the Akkadian Empire, Akkadian Empire - Reference

Read more here: » Akkadian Empire: Encyclopedia II - Akkadian Empire - After the Akkadian Empire

Elamite is unrelated to the neighboring Semitic, Sumerian and Indo-European languages. It was written in a cuneiform adapted from Akkadian script, although the very earliest documents were written in the quite different "Linear Elamite" script. This seems to have developed from an even earlier writing known as "proto-Elamite", but scholars are not unanimous on whether or not this script was used to write Elamite or another language, and it has not yet been deciphered. Some linguists believe Elamite may be related to the living Dravidi ...

See also:

Elam, Elam - Etymology, Elam - History, Elam - Old Elamite Period, Elam - Middle Elamite Period, Elam - Neo-Elamite Period, Elam - Elamite language, Elam - The Elamite Legacy, Elam - Elamite influence on the Achaemenids, Elam - Post Achaemenid influence, Elam - Elamite studies

Read more here: » Elam: Encyclopedia II - Elam - Elamite language

The Assyrians thought that they had utterly destroyed the Elamites, but new polities emerged in the area after Assyrian power faded. However, they never again exercised the power of the earlier Elamite empires; they controlled the watershed of the Karun and little beyond. Among the nations that benefited from the decline of the Assyrians were the Persians, whose presence around Lake Urmia to the north of Elam is attested from the 9th century BC in Assyrian texts. Some time after that region fell to Madius the Scythian (653 BC), Teispes son of Achaemenes conquered Elamite Anshan in the mid 7th century BC, forming a nucleus ...

See also:

Elam, Elam - Etymology, Elam - History, Elam - Old Elamite Period, Elam - Middle Elamite Period, Elam - Neo-Elamite Period, Elam - Elamite language, Elam - The Elamite Legacy, Elam - Elamite influence on the Achaemenids, Elam - Post Achaemenid influence, Elam - Elamite studies

Read more here: » Elam: Encyclopedia II - Elam - The Elamite Legacy

In a 2001 talk, Basello Gian Pietro (Istituto Universitario Orientale, Naples) stated: While even today the languages play a basic role in our schematisation and teaching of the past, this stepchild shows us how frail the boundaries of our academic subjects are. While ancient Elamites fought against Assyrians and rebelled against Persians, Elamite studies are strictly bound to Assyriology and Iranian studies. As ancient Elam stood and represented a meeting place between Mesopotamian lowland and Iranian highland, so Elamite studi ...

See also:

Elam, Elam - Etymology, Elam - History, Elam - Old Elamite Period, Elam - Middle Elamite Period, Elam - Neo-Elamite Period, Elam - Elamite language, Elam - The Elamite Legacy, Elam - Elamite influence on the Achaemenids, Elam - Post Achaemenid influence, Elam - Elamite studies

Read more here: » Elam: Encyclopedia II - Elam - Elamite studies

The Elamites called their country Haltamti (in later Elamite, Atamti), which the neighboring Akkadians rendered as Elam. Elam means "highland". Additionally, the Haltamti are known as Elam in the Hebrew Old Testament, where they are called the offspring of Elam, eldest son of Shem (see Elam (Hebrew Bible)). The high country of Elam was increasingly identified by its low-lying later capital, Susa. Geographers after Ptolemy called it Susiana. The Elamite civilization was primarily centered in th ...

See also:

Elam, Elam - Etymology, Elam - History, Elam - Old Elamite Period, Elam - Middle Elamite Period, Elam - Neo-Elamite Period, Elam - Elamite language, Elam - The Elamite Legacy, Elam - Elamite influence on the Achaemenids, Elam - Post Achaemenid influence, Elam - Elamite studies

Read more here: » Elam: Encyclopedia II - Elam - Etymology