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1st millennium BCE | A Wisdom Archive on 1st millennium BCE | | 1st millennium BCE A selection of articles related to 1st millennium BCE | |
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1st millennium BCE, 1st millennium BC, 1st millennium BC - Centuries and Decades, 1st millennium BC - Cultural landmarks, 1st millennium BC - Events, 1st millennium BC - Inventions Discoveries Introductions, 1st millennium BC - Significant persons
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO 1st millennium BCE | | | |  1st millennium BCE: Encyclopedia II - History of the world - Age of kingdomsThroughout the temperate zones of Eurasia, America, and North Africa, large empires continued to rise and fall.
The gradual breakup of the Roman Empire, which spanned several centuries following the 2nd century CE, coincided with the spread of Christianity westward from the Middle East. The western part of the Roman Empire fell under the domination of various Germanic tribes in the 5th century, and these polities gradually developed into a number of warring Catholic states. The remaining part of the Roman Empire in the eastern Mediter ...
See also:History of the world, History of the world - Hunter-Gatherers, History of the world - Agriculture, History of the world - State, History of the world - City and trade, History of the world - Bronze and Iron Ages, History of the world - The classical empires, History of the world - Age of kingdoms, History of the world - Rise of Europe, History of the world - Age of Discovery, History of the world - Twentieth century Read more here: » History of the world: Encyclopedia II - History of the world - Age of kingdoms |
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| | | | | 1st millennium BCE: Encyclopedia II - History of the world - The classical empires By the last centuries BCE the Mediterranean, the Ganges and the Yellow River became the seats of empires which future rulers would strive to imitate. In China the Qin and Han dynasties extended the rule of imperial government through political unity, improved communications and also notably the establishment of state monopolies by Emperor Wu. In India, the influence of the Mauryas spread over much of the north subcontinent and Pandyas at the south of the subcontinent. In the west, the Romans began expanding their territory through conquest a ...
See also:History of the world, History of the world - Hunter-Gatherers, History of the world - Agriculture, History of the world - State, History of the world - City and trade, History of the world - Bronze and Iron Ages, History of the world - The classical empires, History of the world - Age of kingdoms, History of the world - Rise of Europe, History of the world - Age of Discovery, History of the world - Twentieth century Read more here: » History of the world: Encyclopedia II - History of the world - The classical empires |
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| | | | | 1st millennium BCE: Encyclopedia II - History of the world - City and trade Agriculture also created, and allowed for the storage of, food surpluses that could support people not directly involved in food production. The development of agriculture permitted the creation of the first cities. These were state centers with nearly no agricultural production of their own. The cities were parasites of a sort, absorbing agricultural products from the surrounding countryside.
The development of cities led to what has been called civilization: first Sumerian in lower Mesopotamia (3500 BCE), then Egyptian along the Nil ...
See also:History of the world, History of the world - Hunter-Gatherers, History of the world - Agriculture, History of the world - State, History of the world - City and trade, History of the world - Bronze and Iron Ages, History of the world - The classical empires, History of the world - Age of kingdoms, History of the world - Rise of Europe, History of the world - Age of Discovery, History of the world - Twentieth century Read more here: » History of the world: Encyclopedia II - History of the world - City and trade |
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| | | | | 1st millennium BCE: Encyclopedia II - History of the world - State Agriculture led to several major changes. It allowed far larger population densities, which organized themselves into states. There are several definitions used for the term "state." Max Weber and Norbert Elias defined the state as an organization of people that has a monopoly on the legitimate use of force in a particular geographic area.
The first states appeared in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in the late 4th and early 3rd millennia BC. Ancient Egypt began as a state without cities. In Mesopotamia there were several city-states. A state needs an army to impose the legitimate use of forc ...
See also:History of the world, History of the world - Hunter-Gatherers, History of the world - Agriculture, History of the world - State, History of the world - City and trade, History of the world - Bronze and Iron Ages, History of the world - The classical empires, History of the world - Age of kingdoms, History of the world - Rise of Europe, History of the world - Age of Discovery, History of the world - Twentieth century Read more here: » History of the world: Encyclopedia II - History of the world - State |
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| | | | | 1st millennium BCE: Encyclopedia II - Tocharians - Historic role The Tocharians, living along the Silk Road, had contacts with the Chinese and Persians, and Turkic, Indian and Iranian tribes. They may have been the same as, or were related to, the Indo-European Yuezhi who fled from their settlements in the eastern Tarim Basin under attacks from the Xiongnu in the 2nd century BCE (Shiji Chinese historical Chronicals, Chap. 123) and expanded south to Bactria and northern India to form the Kushan Empire.
The Tocharians who remained in the Tarim Bassin adopted Buddhism, which, like their alphabet, came ...
See also:Tocharians, Tocharians - Archaeology, Tocharians - Language, Tocharians - Historic role, Tocharians - Naming Read more here: » Tocharians: Encyclopedia II - Tocharians - Historic role |
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| | | | | 1st millennium BCE: Encyclopedia II - Tocharians - Naming The term Tocharians has a somewhat complicated history. It is based on the ethnonym Tokharoi (Greek Τόχαροι) used by Greek historians (e.g. Ptolemy VI, 11, 6). The first mention of the Tocharians appeared in the 1st century BCE, when Strabo presented them as a Scythian tribe, and explained that the Tokharians — together with the Assianis, Passianis and Sakaraulis — took part in the destruction of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom in the second half of the 2nd century BCE:
"Most of the Scythians, beginning fr ...
See also:Tocharians, Tocharians - Archaeology, Tocharians - Language, Tocharians - Historic role, Tocharians - Naming Read more here: » Tocharians: Encyclopedia II - Tocharians - Naming |
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| | | | | 1st millennium BCE: Encyclopedia II - Baku - Climate The climate is hot and dry in the summer, cool and wet in the winter, when gale-force winds sweep through on occasion, driven by masses of polar air; however, snow is rare at 28 metres below sea level, and temperatures on the coast rarely drop to freezing.
Baku is situated on the western shore of the Caspian Sea and is Azerbaijan's largest city, one of very few places where Soviet citizens could actually enjoy beaches or relax in now-dilapidated spa complexes overlooking the salty Caspian Sea. The old Inturist Hotel was one of Baku's largest, now being renovated, but overshadowed by the newer Hyatt Park, Hyatt ...
See also:Baku, Baku - History, Baku - Climate, Baku - Economy, Baku - Famous people from Baku Read more here: » Baku: Encyclopedia II - Baku - Climate |
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| | | | | 1st millennium BCE: Encyclopedia II - History of the world - Agriculture A major change, described by the great prehistorian Vere Gordon Childe as a "revolution," occurred around the 9th millennium BCE with the adoption of agriculture. Although research has tended to concentrate on the Fertile Crescent area of the Middle East, archaeology in the Americas, East Asia and Southeast Asia indicates that agricultural systems using different crops and animals may well have ...
See also:History of the world, History of the world - Hunter-Gatherers, History of the world - Agriculture, History of the world - State, History of the world - City and trade, History of the world - Bronze and Iron Ages, History of the world - The classical empires, History of the world - Age of kingdoms, History of the world - Rise of Europe, History of the world - Age of Discovery, History of the world - Twentieth century Read more here: » History of the world: Encyclopedia II - History of the world - Agriculture |
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| | | | | 1st millennium BCE: Encyclopedia II - Tocharians - Language Main article: Tocharian languages
The Tocharians appear to have originally spoken two distinct languages of the Indo-European Tocharian family, an Eastern ("A") form and a Western ("B") form. According to some, only the Eastern ("A") form can be properly called "Tocharian", as the native name for the Western form is referred to as Kuchean (see below). Commonalities between the Tocharian languages and various other Indo-European language families (as with Germanic, Balto-Slavic, even Italic or Greek) have been suggested, but the ...
See also:Tocharians, Tocharians - Archaeology, Tocharians - Language, Tocharians - Historic role, Tocharians - Naming Read more here: » Tocharians: Encyclopedia II - Tocharians - Language |
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| | | | | 1st millennium BCE: Encyclopedia II - History of the world - Twentieth century The twentieth century saw the domination of the world by Europe wane, at least partly from the internal destruction of World War II, and the United States and the Soviet Union rise as superpowers. Following World War II, the United Nations was founded in the hopes that it could prevent conflicts among nations and make future wars impossible. After 1990 the Soviet Union collapsed and the United States became the sole superpower, te ...
See also:History of the world, History of the world - Hunter-Gatherers, History of the world - Agriculture, History of the world - State, History of the world - City and trade, History of the world - Bronze and Iron Ages, History of the world - The classical empires, History of the world - Age of kingdoms, History of the world - Rise of Europe, History of the world - Age of Discovery, History of the world - Twentieth century Read more here: » History of the world: Encyclopedia II - History of the world - Twentieth century |
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| | | | | 1st millennium BCE: Encyclopedia II - History of the world - Age of Discovery In the fourteenth century the Renaissance began in Europe. Some modern scholars have questioned whether this flowering of art and humanism was a benefit to science, but the era did see an important fusion of Arab and European knowledge. One of the most important developments was the caravel, which combined the Arab lateen sail with European square rigging to create the first vessels that could safely sail the Atlantic Ocean. Along with important developments in navigation, this technology allowed Christopher Columbus in 1492 to penetrate across the Atlantic Ocea ...
See also:History of the world, History of the world - Hunter-Gatherers, History of the world - Agriculture, History of the world - State, History of the world - City and trade, History of the world - Bronze and Iron Ages, History of the world - The classical empires, History of the world - Age of kingdoms, History of the world - Rise of Europe, History of the world - Age of Discovery, History of the world - Twentieth century Read more here: » History of the world: Encyclopedia II - History of the world - Age of Discovery |
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| | | | | 1st millennium BCE: Encyclopedia II - Abrahamic religion - Inclusivity Judaism teaches that one does not necessarily have to be Jewish to be righteous. Gentiles (non-Jews) can become righteous by following the prescribed path to righteousness given in the Torah, known as the Noahide Laws. In this context the Rambam (Rabbi Moses Maimonides, one of the major Jewish teachers) commented, "Quoting from our sages, the righteous people from other nations have a place in the world to come, if they have a ...
See also:Abrahamic religion, Abrahamic religion - Overview, Abrahamic religion - Origins, Abrahamic religion - Patriarchs, Abrahamic religion - The Supreme Deity, Abrahamic religion - Judaism, Abrahamic religion - Christianity, Abrahamic religion - Islam, Abrahamic religion - Inclusivity, Abrahamic religion - Religious scriptures, Abrahamic religion - Judaism, Abrahamic religion - Christianity, Abrahamic religion - Islam, Abrahamic religion - Rastafari movement, Abrahamic religion - The coming, Abrahamic religion - Afterlife, Abrahamic religion - Judaism, Abrahamic religion - Christianity, Abrahamic religion - Islam, Abrahamic religion - Worship, Abrahamic religion - Circumcision, Abrahamic religion - Food restrictions, Abrahamic religion - Evangelism Read more here: » Abrahamic religion: Encyclopedia II - Abrahamic religion - Inclusivity |
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| | | | | 1st millennium BCE: Encyclopedia II - Yuezhi - Settlement in Transoxiana The Yuezhi were visited by a Chinese mission, led by Zhang Qian in 126 BCE, that was seeking an offensive alliance with the Yuezhi to counter the Xiongnu threat to the north. Although the request for an alliance was denied by the son of the slain Yuezhi king, who preferred to maintain peace in Transoxiana rather than to seek revenge, Zhang Qian made a detailed account, reported in the Shiji, that gives a lot of insi ...
See also:Yuezhi, Yuezhi - Origins, Yuezhi - The Yuezhi exodus, Yuezhi - Settlement in Transoxiana, Yuezhi - Invasion of Bactria, Yuezhi - Expansion into the Hindu-Kush, Yuezhi - Founders of the Kushan empire, Yuezhi - Yuezhi monarchs Read more here: » Yuezhi: Encyclopedia II - Yuezhi - Settlement in Transoxiana |
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| | | | | 1st millennium BCE: Encyclopedia II - Yuezhi - Invasion of Bactria Some time after 126 BCE, possibly disturbed by further incursions of rivals from the north, and apparently vanquished by the Parthian king Mithridates II, the Yuezhi moved south to Bactria. Bactria had been conquered by the Macedonians under Alexander the Great in 330 BCE, and since settled by the Hellenistic civilization of the Seleucids and the Greco-Bactrians for two centuries.
This event is recorded in Classical Greek sources, when Strabo presented them as a Scythian tribe, and explained that the Tokharians -- together with the As ...
See also:Yuezhi, Yuezhi - Origins, Yuezhi - The Yuezhi exodus, Yuezhi - Settlement in Transoxiana, Yuezhi - Invasion of Bactria, Yuezhi - Expansion into the Hindu-Kush, Yuezhi - Founders of the Kushan empire, Yuezhi - Yuezhi monarchs Read more here: » Yuezhi: Encyclopedia II - Yuezhi - Invasion of Bactria |
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| | | | | 1st millennium BCE: Encyclopedia II - Yuezhi - Expansion into the Hindu-Kush The area of the Hindu-Kush (Paropamisadae) was ruled by the western Indo-Greek king until the reign of Hermaeus (reigned c. 90–70 BCE). After that date, no Indo-Greek kings are known in the area, which was probably overtaken by the neighbouring Yuezhi, who had been in relation with the Greeks for a long time. According to Bopearachchi, no trace of Indo-Scythians occupation (nor coins of major Indo-Scythian rulers such as Maues or Azes I) ha ...
See also:Yuezhi, Yuezhi - Origins, Yuezhi - The Yuezhi exodus, Yuezhi - Settlement in Transoxiana, Yuezhi - Invasion of Bactria, Yuezhi - Expansion into the Hindu-Kush, Yuezhi - Founders of the Kushan empire, Yuezhi - Yuezhi monarchs Read more here: » Yuezhi: Encyclopedia II - Yuezhi - Expansion into the Hindu-Kush |
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| | | | | 1st millennium BCE: Encyclopedia II - Yuezhi - The Yuezhi exodus The Yuezhi sometimes practiced the exchange of hostages with the Xiongnu, and at one time were hosts to Maodun (Ch:冒頓), son of the Xiongnu leader. Maodun stole a horse and escaped when the Yuezhi tried to kill him in retaliation for an attack by his father. Maodun subsequently became ruler of the Xiongnu after killing his father.
Around 177 BCE, led by one of Maodun's tribal chiefs, the Xiongnu invaded Yuezhi territory in the Gansu region and achieved a crushing victory. Maodun boasted in a letter to the Han emperor that due to "t ...
See also:Yuezhi, Yuezhi - Origins, Yuezhi - The Yuezhi exodus, Yuezhi - Settlement in Transoxiana, Yuezhi - Invasion of Bactria, Yuezhi - Expansion into the Hindu-Kush, Yuezhi - Founders of the Kushan empire, Yuezhi - Yuezhi monarchs Read more here: » Yuezhi: Encyclopedia II - Yuezhi - The Yuezhi exodus |
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| | | | | 1st millennium BCE: Encyclopedia II - The Bible and history - Schools of archaeological and historical thought There are two loosely defined historical schools of thought with regard to the historicity of the Bible, biblical minimalism and biblical maximalism, as well as a non-historical method of reading the Bible, the traditional religious reading of the Bible.
Note that historical opinions fall on a spectrum, rather than in two tightly defined camps. Since there is a wide range of opinions regarding the historicity of the Bible, it should not be surprising that any given scholar may have views that fall anywhere between these two loosel ...
See also:The Bible and history, The Bible and history - Introduction, The Bible and history - Conservative religious views, The Bible and history - Liberal/moderate religious views and secular views, The Bible and history - Overview of Academic views, The Bible and history - Old Testament/Hebrew Bible, The Bible and history - Genesis, The Bible and history - The Patriarchs, The Bible and history - Exodus, The Bible and history - Joshua, The Bible and history - United Monarchy, The Bible and history - Later kings, The Bible and history - The Exile and after, The Bible and history - New Testament/Greek Bible, The Bible and history - Historicity of Christian beliefs, The Bible and history - Historicity of Christian traditions, The Bible and history - Marginal views, The Bible and history - Schools of archaeological and historical thought, The Bible and history - Biblical minimalism, The Bible and history - Biblical maximalism, The Bible and history - Increasing conflict between the maximalist and minimalist schools, The Bible and history - Archaeology and modern Israeli politics Read more here: » The Bible and history: Encyclopedia II - The Bible and history - Schools of archaeological and historical thought |
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| | | | | 1st millennium BCE: Encyclopedia II - The Bible and history - Introduction
The Bible and history - Conservative religious views.
Some people, especially those within Fundamentalist Christianity and Orthodox Judaism, hold that the Bible is the Word of God, and is therefore inerrant and infallible. The Bible is therefore held to be historically accurate, even down to smallest details - although most allow for copyist errors. However, not all theological conservatives believe in Bible inerrancy although this view is very prevalent among religious conservative individuals and scholars. All ...
See also:The Bible and history, The Bible and history - Introduction, The Bible and history - Conservative religious views, The Bible and history - Liberal/moderate religious views and secular views, The Bible and history - Overview of Academic views, The Bible and history - Old Testament/Hebrew Bible, The Bible and history - Genesis, The Bible and history - The Patriarchs, The Bible and history - Exodus, The Bible and history - Joshua, The Bible and history - United Monarchy, The Bible and history - Later kings, The Bible and history - The Exile and after, The Bible and history - New Testament/Greek Bible, The Bible and history - Historicity of Christian beliefs, The Bible and history - Historicity of Christian traditions, The Bible and history - Marginal views, The Bible and history - Schools of archaeological and historical thought, The Bible and history - Biblical minimalism, The Bible and history - Biblical maximalism, The Bible and history - Increasing conflict between the maximalist and minimalist schools, The Bible and history - Archaeology and modern Israeli politics Read more here: » The Bible and history: Encyclopedia II - The Bible and history - Introduction |
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| | | | | 1st millennium BCE: Encyclopedia II - The Bible and history - New Testament/Greek Bible For more detail, see main article: Historicity of Jesus
The Bible and history - Historicity of Christian beliefs.
The historicity, teachings and nature of Jesus are currently debated among Biblical scholars. The earliest New Testament texts which refer to him, Paul's letters, are usually dated from the mid-first century. Paul himself had seen Jesus only in visions; but he claimed they were divine revelations and hence authoritative. Most modern scholars hold that the works describing Jesus (primaril ...
See also:The Bible and history, The Bible and history - Introduction, The Bible and history - Conservative religious views, The Bible and history - Liberal/moderate religious views and secular views, The Bible and history - Overview of Academic views, The Bible and history - Old Testament/Hebrew Bible, The Bible and history - Genesis, The Bible and history - The Patriarchs, The Bible and history - Exodus, The Bible and history - Joshua, The Bible and history - United Monarchy, The Bible and history - Later kings, The Bible and history - The Exile and after, The Bible and history - New Testament/Greek Bible, The Bible and history - Historicity of Christian beliefs, The Bible and history - Historicity of Christian traditions, The Bible and history - Marginal views, The Bible and history - Schools of archaeological and historical thought, The Bible and history - Biblical minimalism, The Bible and history - Biblical maximalism, The Bible and history - Increasing conflict between the maximalist and minimalist schools, The Bible and history - Archaeology and modern Israeli politics Read more here: » The Bible and history: Encyclopedia II - The Bible and history - New Testament/Greek Bible |
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| | | | | 1st millennium BCE: Encyclopedia II - Yuezhi - Founders of the Kushan empire By the end of the 1st century BCE, one of the five tribes of the Yuezhi, the Kui-Shan (Ch: 貴霜, Guishang, origin of name Kushan adopted in the West), managed to take control of the Yuezhi confederation. From that point, the Yuezhi extended their control over the northwestern area of the Indian subcontinent, founding the Kushan Empire, which was to rule the region for several centuries. The Yuezhi came to be known as Kushan among Western civilizations, however the Chinese kept calling them Yuezhi throughout thei ...
See also:Yuezhi, Yuezhi - Origins, Yuezhi - The Yuezhi exodus, Yuezhi - Settlement in Transoxiana, Yuezhi - Invasion of Bactria, Yuezhi - Expansion into the Hindu-Kush, Yuezhi - Founders of the Kushan empire, Yuezhi - Yuezhi monarchs Read more here: » Yuezhi: Encyclopedia II - Yuezhi - Founders of the Kushan empire |
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| | | | | 1st millennium BCE: Encyclopedia II - Abrahamic religion - Origins The origins of Judaism and the ancestral Abrahamic religion are still obscure. The only source generally agreed by all to be canonical that bears on that question is the Genesis book of the Hebrew Bible, which according to Rabbinic tradition was written by Moses after the Exodus from Egypt, sometime in the 2nd millennium BC. According to Genesis, the principles of Judaism were revealed gradually to a line of patriarchs from Adam to Jacob (also called Israel); however the religion was only established when Moses received the Ten Commandments on Mount Sinai, and with the ...
See also:Abrahamic religion, Abrahamic religion - Overview, Abrahamic religion - Origins, Abrahamic religion - Patriarchs, Abrahamic religion - The Supreme Deity, Abrahamic religion - Judaism, Abrahamic religion - Christianity, Abrahamic religion - Islam, Abrahamic religion - Inclusivity, Abrahamic religion - Religious scriptures, Abrahamic religion - Judaism, Abrahamic religion - Christianity, Abrahamic religion - Islam, Abrahamic religion - Rastafari movement, Abrahamic religion - The coming, Abrahamic religion - Afterlife, Abrahamic religion - Judaism, Abrahamic religion - Christianity, Abrahamic religion - Islam, Abrahamic religion - Worship, Abrahamic religion - Circumcision, Abrahamic religion - Food restrictions, Abrahamic religion - Evangelism Read more here: » Abrahamic religion: Encyclopedia II - Abrahamic religion - Origins |
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