19th century - Significant people

The 19th century lasted from 1801 to 1900 in the Gregorian calendar (using the Common Era system of year numbering). Historians sometimes define a "Nineteenth Century" historical era stretching from 1815 (The Congress of Vienna) to 1914 (The outbreak of the First World War); alternatively, Eric Hobsbawm defined the "Long Nineteenth Century" as spanning the years 1789 to 1914. During this century, the Spanish, Portuguese, and Ottoman empires began to crumble and the Holy Roman and Mughal empires ceased. Following t ...

Including:

• 19th century - Europe
• 19th century - Americas
• 19th century - Other regions
• 19th century - Events
• 19th century - 1800s
• 19th century - 1810s
• 19th century - 1820s
• 19th century - 1830s
• 19th century - 1840s
• 19th century - 1850s
• 19th century - 1860s
• 19th century - 1870s
• 19th century - 1880s
• 19th century - 1890s
• 19th century - Significant people
• 19th century - Anthropology
• 19th century - Painters
• 19th century - Music
• 19th century - Literature
• 19th century - Science
• 19th century - Philosophy and religion
• 19th century - Politics
• 19th century - Inventions discoveries introductions
• 19th century - Decades and years

Read more here: » 19th century: Encyclopedia - 19th century

19th century - Anthropology. Lewis H. Morgan Franz Boas Edward Burnett Tylor Karl Verner Brothers Grimm Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai Johann Jakob Bachofen 19th century - Painters. The Realism and Romanticism of the early 19th century gave way to Impressionism and Post-Impressionism in the later half of the century, with Paris being the dominant art capital of the world. 19th century painters included: P ...

See also:

19th century, 19th century - Europe, 19th century - Americas, 19th century - Other regions, 19th century - Events, 19th century - 1800s, 19th century - 1810s, 19th century - 1820s, 19th century - 1830s, 19th century - 1840s, 19th century - 1850s, 19th century - 1860s, 19th century - 1870s, 19th century - 1880s, 19th century - 1890s, 19th century - Significant people, 19th century - Anthropology, 19th century - Painters, 19th century - Music, 19th century - Literature, 19th century - Science, 19th century - Philosophy and religion, 19th century - Politics, 19th century - Inventions discoveries introductions, 19th century - Decades and years

Read more here: » 19th century: Encyclopedia II - 19th century - Significant people

19th century - Anthropology. Franz Boas Edward Burnett Tylor Karl Verner Brothers Grimm Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai Johann Jakob Bachofen 19th century - Painters. The Realism and Romanticism of the early 19th century gave way to Impressionism and Post-Impressionism in the later half of the century, with Paris being the dominant art capital of the world. 19th century painters included: Paul Cezanne Eug� ...

See also:

19th century, 19th century - Europe, 19th century - Americas, 19th century - Other regions, 19th century - Events, 19th century - 1800s, 19th century - 1810s, 19th century - 1820s, 19th century - 1830s, 19th century - 1840s, 19th century - 1850s, 19th century - 1860s, 19th century - 1870s, 19th century - 1880s, 19th century - 1890s, 19th century - Significant people, 19th century - Anthropology, 19th century - Painters, 19th century - Music, 19th century - Literature, 19th century - Science, 19th century - Philosophy and religion, 19th century - Politics, 19th century - Inventions discoveries introductions, 19th century - Decades and years

Read more here: » 19th century: Encyclopedia II - 19th century - Significant people

20th century - World leaders. Africa Gnassingbe Eyadema, Togo Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Côte d'Ivoire Kenneth Kaunda, Zambia Jomo Kenyatta, Kenya Idi Amin, Uganda Nelson Mandela, South Africa Robert Mugabe, Zimbabwe Gamal Abdal Nasser, Egypt Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana Julius Nyerere, Tanzania Habib Bourguiba, Tunisia Muammar al-Qaddafi, Libya Haile Selassie, Ethiopia Léopold Sédar Sengh ...

See also:

20th century, 20th century - Overview, 20th century - Important developments events and achievements, 20th century - Science and technology, 20th century - Wars and politics, 20th century - Culture and entertainment, 20th century - Disease and medicine, 20th century - Natural resources and the environment, 20th century - Significant people, 20th century - World leaders, 20th century - Scientists, 20th century - Humanities, 20th century - Business, 20th century - Aerospace pioneers, 20th century - Spiritual figures, 20th century - Artists, 20th century - Music, 20th century - Film, 20th century - Writers and poets, 20th century - Sports figures, 20th century - Decades and years

Read more here: » 20th century: Encyclopedia II - 20th century - Significant people

Although Western Australia has been occupied by Aboriginal people for tens of thousands of years, the present state has its origins in the British settlement known as the Swan River Colony, founded at Perth in 1829 (although the first British settlement occurred in Albany in 1826). Since that time, many immigrants have continued to be of British origin, outnumbered only by arrivals from other Australian states. There has also been significant immigration from New Zealand and South Africa. Small numbers of Southeast Asian (especially e ...

See also:

Western Australia, Western Australia - Geography, Western Australia - People, Western Australia - Economy, Western Australia - Government, Western Australia - Major population centres ranking, Western Australia - Native species, Western Australia - Education, Western Australia - Media

Read more here: » Western Australia: Encyclopedia II - Western Australia - People

Main article: History of Eritrea Eritrea had been ruled by many powers before it was colonised by the Italians in 1885. Previously, the coast was long occupied by the Ottoman Turks, who then left it to their Egyptian heirs in the mid 19th century. The interior, particularly the Christian (predominantly Coptic) Kebessa Highlands of Hamasien, Akale Guzai, and Serai, were traditionally loosely associated with the Abyssinian Empire. An Italian Roman Catholic priest by the name of Sapetto purchased the port of Assab from the Afar Su ...

See also:

Eritrea, Eritrea - History, Eritrea - Politics, Eritrea - Regions, Eritrea - Geography, Eritrea - Economy, Eritrea - Demographics, Eritrea - Religion, Eritrea - Culture, Eritrea - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Eritrea: Encyclopedia II - Eritrea - History

Some scholars consider the Saginaw Valley, particularly in the vicinity of Flint, to be the oldest continually inhabited part of Michigan. Regardless of the validity of this claim, the region was home to several Ojibwa tribes at the top of the 19th century, with a particularly significant community established near present-day Montrose. The Flint River had several convenient fording points which became a point of contention among rival tribes, as attested by the presence of a ...

See also:

Flint Michigan, Flint Michigan - History, Flint Michigan - Geography, Flint Michigan - Demographics, Flint Michigan - Crime, Flint Michigan - Education, Flint Michigan - Culture, Flint Michigan - Sports, Flint Michigan - Transportation, Flint Michigan - Famous persons and groups, Flint Michigan - Notes

Read more here: » Flint Michigan: Encyclopedia II - Flint Michigan - History

Main article: History of socialism Socialism, as with capitalism and communism, has deep roots in Western history, from religious communes in the medieval period, through patents of monopoly granted by monarchs, state control or planning of production, or the sharing of the social surplus. With the rise of the ability of technology to make significant strides in production that socialism and capitalism emerged in their modern forms, disagreeing particularly on a single question: could the operation of an unregulated mark ...

See also:

Socialist economics, Socialist economics - Introduction, Socialist economics - Development of Socialist Economic thought, Socialist economics - Utopian socialism, Socialist economics - Socialism and political economy, Socialist economics - Das Kapital, Socialist economics - After Marx, Socialist economics - Socialist Economies In Practice, Socialist economics - Western Europe, Socialist economics - The USSR & Eastern Europe, Socialist economics - Indian Socialist Economics, Socialist economics - Chinese Communist Economics, Socialist economics - Relation to other economic theories

Read more here: » Socialist economics: Encyclopedia II - Socialist economics - Development of Socialist Economic thought

In 1801, the Irish parliament voted to merge Ireland with England, thus creating the United Kingdom. Ireland remained under total British control until 1922, when the majority of the Irish counties, and the majority of the Irish population, broke away from England, forming the Irish Free State. The northern counties remained loyal to British control, and to this day remain separate from the rest of Ireland as Northern Ireland. On May 17th, 1814, Norway left Danish control and declared independence. It was forced, however, to continue ...

See also:

19th century, 19th century - Europe, 19th century - Americas, 19th century - Other regions, 19th century - Events, 19th century - 1800s, 19th century - 1810s, 19th century - 1820s, 19th century - 1830s, 19th century - 1840s, 19th century - 1850s, 19th century - 1860s, 19th century - 1870s, 19th century - 1880s, 19th century - 1890s, 19th century - Significant people, 19th century - Anthropology, 19th century - Painters, 19th century - Music, 19th century - Literature, 19th century - Science, 19th century - Philosophy and religion, 19th century - Politics, 19th century - Inventions discoveries introductions, 19th century - Decades and years

Read more here: » 19th century: Encyclopedia II - 19th century - Europe

Victorian morality is a distillation of the moral views of people living at the time of Queen Victoria (reigned 1837 - 1901) in particular, and to the moral climate of Great Britain throughout the 19th century in general. It is not tied to this historical period and can describe any set of values that espouses sexual repression, low tolerance of crime, and a strong social ethic. Historians now regard the Victorian era as a time of many contradictions. A plethora of social movements concerned with improving public morals co-exis ...

Including:

• Victorian morality - Historical background
• Victorian morality - Victorian morality
• Victorian morality - Notes

Read more here: » Victorian morality: Encyclopedia - Victorian morality

The population of the Malwa region was about 18.9 million in 2001, with a population density of a moderate 231/km². The annual birth rate in the region was 31.6 per 1000, and the death rate 10.3. The infant mortality rate was 93.8, slightly higher than the overall rate for the Madhya Pradesh state. There are numerous tribes in the region, such as the Bhils—and their allied groups, the Bhilalas, Barelas and Patelias—and the Meenas, who all differ to a remarkable degree from the regional population in their dialects and social life. They ...

See also:

Malwa, Malwa - History, Malwa - Geography, Malwa - Demographics, Malwa - Economy, Malwa - Culture, Malwa - Tourism, Malwa - Notes

Read more here: » Malwa: Encyclopedia II - Malwa - Demographics

The nineteenth century Oxford Movement within the Church of England began as a "High Church" movement, following a call to action to save the Church, whose position, with Catholic Emancipation and other changes in the English body politic, was perceived as being in danger. High Churchmen strove against the erosion of the Church of England's traditionally-privileged and legally-entrenched role in English society; however, over time a significant number of the leading lights of the Oxford Movement converted to Roman Catholicism, following the ...

See also:

High church, High church - Evolution of the term High Church

Read more here: » High church: Encyclopedia II - High church - Evolution of the term High Church

A morphogenetic field, according to biologist Rupert Sheldrake, is a biological and potentially social equivalent to an electromagnetic field that operates to shape the exact form of a living thing and may also shape its behaviour and coordination with other beings. This morphogenetic field provides a force that guides the development of an organism as it grows, making it take on a form similar to that of others in its species.

Read more here: » Morphogenetic fields: Morphogenetic fields and Rupert Sheldrake

A deep crimson dye is extracted from the female cochineal insects. Cochineal is used to produce scarlet, orange and other red tints too. The colouring comes from carminic (kermesic) acid. Cochineal extract's natural carminic-acid content is usually 19–22% [4]. The insects are killed by immersion in hot water (after which they are dried) or by exposure to sunlight, steam, or the heat of an oven. Each method produces a different colour ...

See also:

Cochineal, Cochineal - Biology, Cochineal - Host cacti, Cochineal - Farming, Cochineal - Dye, Cochineal - History, Cochineal - Usage, Cochineal - Sources for the History of Cochineal

Read more here: » Cochineal: Encyclopedia II - Cochineal - Dye

As the sighting of the moon is a must in Islam to signal holy occasions, so is the confluence of the full moon, pournami , and the star Pushya in the month of Makara or January. It is a day consecrated to the worship of Subrahmanya - he who is full of bliss and effulgence - the younger son of Shiva. He is more or less appropriated by the Tamils as their own god; temples to Kartikeya dot the state, most of them situated on hilltops, in places like Palani and Tiruttani, in thick forests as in Subrahmanya in Dakshina Kannada and on the seashore as in Tiruchendur.

(See also: Subrahmanya , God and Religion, Peace on Earth, Peace of Mind, Love and Happiness, Life and Beyond, Body Mind and Soul)

Read more here: » Subrahmanya: The Child as the Guru of God  

Main article: Modernism Modernism is the name given to a series of movements (See Modernism) arising out of the idea that the 20th century presented a new basis for society and activity, and therefore art should adopt this new basis, however construed, as the fundamental of aesthetics. Modernism took the progressive spirit of the late 19th century, its love of rigor and of technical advancement, and unhinged it from the norms and forms of late 19th century art. To take one example, architect Frank Lloyd Wright did his drafting ...

See also:

20th century classical music, 20th century classical music - Romantic style, 20th century classical music - Modernism, 20th century classical music - The Second Viennese School atonality and serialism, 20th century classical music - Free dissonance and experimentalism, 20th century classical music - Neoclassicism, 20th century classical music - Post-modern music, 20th century classical music - Post-modernity's birth, 20th century classical music - Minimalism, 20th century classical music - Electronic music, 20th century classical music - Jazz-influenced composition, 20th century classical music - Other

Read more here: » 20th century classical music: Encyclopedia II - 20th century classical music - Modernism

The settlement, then called "Fort Louis de la Louisiane", was first established in 1702, at Twenty-seven Mile Bluff on the Mobile River, as the first capital of the French colony of Louisiana. Following a series of floods, the town was relocated downriver to its present location near the head of Mobile Bay in 1711 and named Fort Conde. The capital of Louisiana was moved to Biloxi in 1720 and to New Orleans in 1723 and Mobile was relegated to t ...

See also:

Mobile Alabama, Mobile Alabama - History, Mobile Alabama - Geography and climate, Mobile Alabama - Demographics, Mobile Alabama - Law and government, Mobile Alabama - Economy, Mobile Alabama - Battle House project and downtown rebirth, Mobile Alabama - Transportation media and education, Mobile Alabama - Transportation, Mobile Alabama - Media, Mobile Alabama - Education, Mobile Alabama - Notable Mobilians, Mobile Alabama - Awards, Mobile Alabama - Surrounding Suburbs, Mobile Alabama - Trivia, Mobile Alabama - Sister Cities

Read more here: » Mobile Alabama: Encyclopedia II - Mobile Alabama - History

Brazil is a melting-pot of different ethnicities and origins. The dominant ancestry among Brazilians is the Portuguese, descendants of the early colonists or of 19th and 20th centuries Portuguese immigrants. The settlement of Portuguese started in Brazil after 1532, when the active process of colonization began since the founding of São Vicente. Until independence in 1822, the Portuguese were the only European nation that successfully settled in Brazil, and mos ...

See also:

Brazil, Brazil - History, Brazil - Politics, Brazil - States, Brazil - Geography, Brazil - Economy, Brazil - Demographics, Brazil - Ethnicity and race, Brazil - Languages, Brazil - Religion, Brazil - Poverty illiteracy and income concentration, Brazil - International rankings, Brazil - Culture, Brazil - Flora and fauna, Brazil - Sports, Brazil - Notes

Read more here: » Brazil: Encyclopedia II - Brazil - Demographics

In Pre-Columbian times Key West was inhabited by the Calusa people. The first European to visit was Juan Ponce de León in 1521. As Florida became a Spanish colony, a fishing and salvage village with a small garrison was established here. The name "Key West" is derived from a "false friend" anglicization of the Spanish language name of the island, Cayo Hueso, meaning "Bone Island". In 1763 when Great Britain took control of Florida, the community of Spaniard ...

See also:

Key West Florida, Key West Florida - History, Key West Florida - Notable Key West natives, Key West Florida - Notable Key West non-natives, Key West Florida - Geography and climate, Key West Florida - Geography, Key West Florida - Climate, Key West Florida - Demographics, Key West Florida - Attractions events recreation and culture

Read more here: » Key West Florida: Encyclopedia II - Key West Florida - History

Serbs - Contribution to humanity. Serbs have played a significant role in the development of the arts and sciences. Prominent individuals include the scientists Nikola Tesla, Mihajlo Pupin, Ruđer Bošković, Jovan Cvijić, Milutin Milanković and Mileva Marić; the renowned mathematicians Jovan Karamata, Mihailo Petrović, and Đuro Kurepa; the famous composers Stevan Mokranjac and Josif Runjanin; the celebrated authors Dositej Obradović, Miloš Crnjanski, and Ivo Andrić; the prolific inventor Ogneslav Kostovi ...

See also:

Serbs, Serbs - Population, Serbs - Culture, Serbs - Contribution to humanity, Serbs - Language, Serbs - Surnames, Serbs - Religion, Serbs - Symbols, Serbs - Customs, Serbs - Name, Serbs - History, Serbs - Subgroups, Serbs - Cognate peoples

Read more here: » Serbs: Encyclopedia II - Serbs - Culture