Encyclopedia - 19th Century: Encyclopedia Ii - 19th Century - Inventions Discoveries Introductions
Main articles: Timeline of invention#19th_century and Timeline of scientific discoveries#1800s Research became institutionalized at resea...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Science And Invention In Birmingham: Encyclopedia Ii - Science And Invention In Birmingham - 19th Century
1828: Josiah Mason improved a cheap, efficient slip-in nib which could be added to a fountain pen. 1830. With the invention of a new mach...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 19th Century: Encyclopedia Ii - 19th Century - Significant People
19th century - Anthropology. Lewis H. Morgan Franz Boas Edward Burnett Tylor Karl Verner Brothers Grimm Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai Johan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 19th Century: Encyclopedia - 19th Century
The 19th century lasted from 1801 to 1900 in the Gregorian calendar (using the Common Era system of year numbering). Historians sometimes...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clavichord: Encyclopedia - Clavichord
A clavichord is a small, very quiet, European keyboard instrument. It was invented in about the fourteenth century and continued to be ma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Black Powder: Encyclopedia - Black Powder
Black powder is a type of gunpowder invented in the 9th century and was practically the only known propellant and explosive until the mid...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cardboard: Encyclopedia - Cardboard
Cardboard is a heavy wood-based type of paper, notable for its stiffness and durability. It was first invented in China some time in the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cinema Of France: Encyclopedia - Cinema Of France
France has been influential in the development of film as a mass medium and as an art form. Cinema of France - History. Cinema of Franc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Analytical Society: Encyclopedia - Analytical Society
The Analytical Society was a group of individuals in early-19th century Britain whose aim was to promote the use of Leibnizian or analyti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Boerewors: Encyclopedia - Boerewors
Boerewors is a sausage dish, popular in South African cuisine. It comes from the Afrikaans words boere ("farmers") and wors ("sausage"), ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chu Nom: Encyclopedia - Chu Nom
Chữ nôm (字喃 lit. "southern script") is a classical vernacular script of the Vietnamese language that makes use of Chinese characte...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Belle Époque: Encyclopedia - Belle Époque
La Belle Époque, or "beautiful era", was a period in France's history that began during the late 19th century and lasted until World War...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chlorodyne: Encyclopedia - Chlorodyne
Chlorodyne was the name for one of the most famous patent medicines sold in the British Isles. It was invented in the 19th century, by a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sphinx: Encyclopedia - Sphinx
A Sphinx is an iconic image of a recumbent lion with a human head, invented by the Egyptians of the Old Kingdom, but a cultural import in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cradle Of Humanity: Encyclopedia - Cradle Of Humanity
The evangelical Protestants of the 19th century who invented the term Cradle of Humanity made generalized but undocumented claims that th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cruiser Warship: Encyclopedia - Cruiser Warship
In military terminology, a cruiser is a large warship capable of engaging multiple targets simultaneously. Historically they were general...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Benjamin Thompson: Encyclopedia - Benjamin Thompson
Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford (in German: Reichsgraf von Rumford), (26 March 1753 - 21 August 1814), was an Anglo-American physici...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Villa: Encyclopedia - Villa
The idea and function of a villa has evolved considerably since its invention towards the end of the Roman Republic. Villa - Roman villas...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Neologism: Encyclopedia - Neologism
A neologism is a word, term, or phrase which has been recently created ("coined") —often to apply to new concepts, or to reshape older ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 19th Century: Encyclopedia Ii - 19th Century - Americas
The United States began expansion across the North American Continent, beginning with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. This expansion was ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 19th Century: Encyclopedia Ii - 19th Century - Other Regions
For the rest of the world, there were few places not influenced by the West in some fashion, whether through colonialism, imperialism, or...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 19th Century: Encyclopedia Ii - 19th Century - Europe
In 1801, the Irish parliament voted to merge Ireland with England, thus creating the United Kingdom. Ireland remained under total British...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Science And Invention In Birmingham: Encyclopedia Ii - Science And Invention In Birmingham - 20th Century
1902: Frederick William Lanchester patents disc brakes. 1902: George Andrew Darby patents his electrical Heat-Indicator and Fire Alarm. 1...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Science And Invention In Birmingham: Encyclopedia Ii - Science And Invention In Birmingham - 18th Century
1738: Lewis Paul and John Wyatt, of Birmingham, patent the Roller Spinning machine and the flyer-and-bobbin system, for drawing Wool to a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 19th Century: Encyclopedia Ii - 19th Century - Europe
In 1801, the Irish parliament voted to merge Ireland with England, thus creating the United Kingdom. Ireland remained under total British...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 19th Century: Encyclopedia Ii - 19th Century - Significant People
19th century - Anthropology. Franz Boas Edward Burnett Tylor Karl Verner Brothers Grimm Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai Johann Jakob Bachofen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 19th Century: Encyclopedia Ii - 19th Century - Events
19th century - 1800s. 1801: The Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland merge to form the United Kingdom. 1801-15: Barbary...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Timeline Of Materials Technology: Encyclopedia Ii - Timeline Of Materials Technology - 2nd Millennium
Timeline of materials technology - 18th century. 1738 - William Champion patents a process for the production of metallic zinc by dist...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Timeline Of Materials Technology: Encyclopedia Ii - Timeline Of Materials Technology - 3rd Millennium
Timeline of materials technology - 21st century. ... See also:Timeline of materials technology, Timeline of materials technology - Be...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Venn Diagram: Encyclopedia Ii - Venn Diagram - Origins
John Venn was a 19th-century British philosopher and mathematician who introduced the Venn diagram in 1881. A stained glass window in Cai...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Origins Of Baseball: Encyclopedia Ii - Origins Of Baseball - Did Abner Doubleday Invent Baseball?
Contrary to a once-widely promoted theory that Abner Doubleday invented baseball (presumably in 1839), there is no evidence that he did o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Textile Manufacture During The Industrial Revolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Textile Manufacture During The Industrial Revolution - Industry And Invention
In 1733 in Bury, Lancashire, John Kay invented the flying shuttle — one of the first of a series of inventions that was to propel Brita...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Camembert Cheese: Encyclopedia Ii - Camembert Cheese - History
Camembert was reputedly invented in 1791 by Marie Harel, a farmer from Normandy. However, the origin of the cheese we know today as camem...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Creativity Techniques: Encyclopedia Ii - Creativity Techniques - History
The history of the development of various creative problem-solving techniques extends as far back as antiquity: 4th century of the Chris...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Recording Medium: Encyclopedia Ii - Recording Medium - Recording Medium
A recording medium is a physical material that holds information expressed in any of the existing recording formats. Recording medium - ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Classical Music Of The United Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Classical Music Of The United Kingdom - Music Of The 19th Century
In the early 19th century, the Irish composer and virtuoso pianist John Field was highly influentual in his style of playing which is tho...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Venn Diagram: Encyclopedia Ii - Venn Diagram - Origins
John Venn was a 19th-century British philosopher and mathematician who introduced the Venn diagram in 1881. A stained glass window in Cai...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gas Mantle: Encyclopedia Ii - Gas Mantle - History
For centuries, artificial light had been generated using open flames. Limelight had been invented in the 1820s but the temperature requir...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cinema Of France: Encyclopedia Ii - Cinema Of France - History
Cinema of France - Late 19th century to early 20th century. In the late 19th century, during the early years of cinema, France produced...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hang Gliding: Encyclopedia Ii - Hang Gliding - History
Main article History of flexible wing hang gliding Hang gliding - Overview. Early experiments with gliding flight were made throughout ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Flutina: Encyclopedia Ii - Flutina - The Name Flutina
The term "flutina" is actually a more specific English name for a version of the accordéon diatonique, accordéon mélodique, clavier (k...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kazoo: Encyclopedia Ii - Kazoo - History
Such instruments have been used in Africa for hundreds of years, to disguise the sound of somebody's voice or to imitate animals, for exa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hang Gliding: Encyclopedia Ii - Hang Gliding - History
Hang gliding - Overview. The early experiments with gliding flight were made throughout the late 19th century by pioneers such as Otto ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Paul Ehrlich: Encyclopedia Ii - Paul Ehrlich - Magic Bullet
His life is depicted in the movie The Magic Bullet, which focused on Salvarsan® (arsphenamine, "compound 606"), his cure for syphilis. H...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Deficit: Encyclopedia Ii - Deficit - Early Deficits
Before the invention of bonds, the deficit could only be financed with loans from private investors. A prominent example of this was the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Deficit: Encyclopedia Ii - Deficit - Early Deficits
Before the invention of bonds, the deficit could only be financed with loans from private investors. A prominent example of this was the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Deficit: Encyclopedia Ii - Deficit - Early Deficits
Before the invention of bonds, the deficit could only be financed with loans from private investors. A prominent example of this was the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Reversi: Encyclopedia Ii - Reversi - Origins
The game derives from two different sources. In the 19th century unknown authors in Europe invented Reversi, which the well-known German ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Apéritif: Encyclopedia Ii - Apéritif - History
Apéritif first appeared in 1786 when Antonio Benedetto Carpano invented Vermouth in Turin, which would be sold in the next century by co...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - New Media Art: Encyclopedia Ii - New Media Art - History
The origins of new media art can be traced to the moving photographic inventions of the late 19th Century such as the zoetrope (1834), th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Accordion: Encyclopedia Ii - Accordion - Piano Accordions
The piano accordion is the instrument most often indicated by the term "accordion", but it is one of the most recent inventions among acc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Golf Instruction: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Golf Instruction - 19th Century
The show-and-tell of golf instruction took on new importance in 1848 when, with the invention of the gutta percha ball (or "guttie"), gol...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of British Society: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of British Society - Victorian Era
The social changes during the Victorian era were wide-ranging and fundamental, leaving their mark not only upon Britain but upon much of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cycle Polo: Encyclopedia Ii - Cycle Polo - History
The game was invented by an Irishman, Richard J. Mecredy in 1891. That same year the first cycle polo match was played between The Scalp ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Drilling Rig: Encyclopedia Ii - Drilling Rig - History
Until the advent of internal combustion engines in the late 19th century, the primary method for drilling rock involved muscle power be i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Radio: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Radio - Origins And Developments
The identity of the original inventor of radio, at the time called wireless telegraphy, is contentious. The key invention for the beginni...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Accordion: Encyclopedia Ii - Accordion - Piano Accordions
The piano accordion is the instrument most often indicated by the term "accordion", but it is one of the most recent inventions among acc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Anti-semitism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Anti-semitism - The 21st Century
2003 October 16. The Malaysian Prime Minister Dr. Mahathir Mohammed draws standing ovation at the 57-member Organization of the Islamic C...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Caddo Lake: Encyclopedia Ii - Caddo Lake - History
Caddo was first seen by Europeans in the 16th century, but substantial development would only begin with invention of the steamboat and U...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pneumatic Tube: Encyclopedia Ii - Pneumatic Tube - Pneumatic Post
Pneumatic post or pneumatic mail is a system to deliver letters through pressurized air tubes. It was invented by the Scottish engineer W...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rugby Warwickshire: Encyclopedia Ii - Rugby Warwickshire - Claims To Fame
Rugby is most famous for the invention of Rugby football, which is played throughout the world. Legend has it that the game was invented ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mains Electricity: Encyclopedia Ii - Mains Electricity - History Of Voltage And Frequency
The system of three-phase alternating current electrical generation and distribution was invented by Nikola Tesla in the 19th century. He...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economy Of Wales: Encyclopedia Ii - Economy Of Wales - Economic History
During the 19th century, coal mining and heavy industry dominated the South Wales economy. Thin strips of coal were first found in the 19...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - American Chinese Cuisine: Encyclopedia Ii - American Chinese Cuisine - History
In the 19th century, Chinese restaurateurs invented American Chinese cuisine when they modified their food for American tastes. First cat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cruiser Warship: Encyclopedia Ii - Cruiser Warship - History
The term "cruiser" was a mid 19th century invention. During the age of sail, frigates were small, fast, long range, lightly armed (single...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cruiser: Encyclopedia Ii - Cruiser - History
The term "cruiser" was a mid 19th century invention. During the age of sail, frigates were small, fast, long range, lightly armed (single...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Linkage Mechanical: Encyclopedia Ii - Linkage Mechanical - History
Mechanical linkages are a fundamental part of machine design, and yet many simple linkages were not well understood nor invented until th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hang Gliding: Encyclopedia Ii - Hang Gliding - History
Main article History of flexible wing hang gliding Hang gliding - Overview. The early experiments with gliding flight were made through...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electronic Music: Encyclopedia Ii - Electronic Music - History
Electronic music - Late 19th century early 20th century. The earliest purely electronic instrument was the Teleharmonium or Telharmoniu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Airship: Encyclopedia Ii - Airship - Fiction
Airships were a popular theme in scientific romance (prototypical science fiction) and adventure fiction published in the late 19th centu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Snooker: Encyclopedia Ii - Snooker - History
The game of billiards dates back to the 15th century but snooker is a more recent invention. In the late 19th century billiards games wer...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ocarina: Encyclopedia Ii - Ocarina - History
The ocarina is a very old family of instruments, believed to date back some 12,000 years. Ocarina-type instuments have been of particular...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scientific American: Encyclopedia Ii - Scientific American - History
The magazine was founded by Rufus Porter, and throughout its early years Scientific American put much emphasis on reports of what was goi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Portable Desk: Encyclopedia Ii - Portable Desk - Ubiquity Kills Off The Portables
Most portable desks gradually disappeared during the 19th century, as useful day-to-day writing tools. The introduction of mass literacy ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hackney Wick: Encyclopedia Ii - Hackney Wick - History
During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the Wick was a thriving well-populated industrial zone, as the Hackney Wick first world war mem...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Winchester Rifle: Encyclopedia Ii - Winchester Rifle - Predecessors
The idea of a repeating rifle had been the subject of many inventions since the use of firearms began, but few of these had proven to be ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Light Rail: Encyclopedia Ii - Light Rail - History
From the mid-19th century onwards, horse-drawn trams (or horsecars) were used in many cities around the world. In the late 1880s electric...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zeno's Paradoxes: Encyclopedia Ii - Zeno's Paradoxes - Status Of The Paradoxes Today
Mathematicians thought they had done away with Zeno's paradoxes with the invention of the calculus and methods of handling infinite seque...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sam Gamgee: Encyclopedia Ii - Sam Gamgee - Name
Tolkien took the name from a colloquial word in Birmingham for cotton wool. This was in turn derived from Gamgee Tissue, a surgical dress...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Seven-string Guitar: Encyclopedia Ii - Seven-string Guitar - The Russian Guitar
The classical and acoustic seven-string guitar arrived in the 19th century in Russia, most probably as a development of the English guita...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - League Of American Bicyclists: Encyclopedia Ii - League Of American Bicyclists - History
The League of American Wheelmen was founded in Newport, Rhode Island in 1880, and was the leading national membership organization for bi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nation-state: Encyclopedia Ii - Nation-state - History
The origins of the nation-state are disputed: see the main article on nationalism. Some theories see them as a 19th-century European inve...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Knitting Needle: Encyclopedia Ii - Knitting Needle - Overview
Knitting needles have also been called knitting sticks, knitting pins, knitting wires, or simply wires or rods (Rutt, 2003). Length and t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Radio: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Radio - 20th Century Developments
Developments in the 20th century: Aircraft used commercial AM radio stations for navigation. This continued through the early 1960s when...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Boring Mechanical: Encyclopedia Ii - Boring Mechanical - History
Until the advent of internal combustion engines in the late 19th century, the primary method for drilling rock involved muscle power be i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Light Rail: Encyclopedia Ii - Light Rail - History
From the mid-19th century onwards, horse-drawn trams (or horsecars) were used in many cities around the world. In the late 1880s electric...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Accordion: Encyclopedia Ii - Accordion - History
The accordion is one of several European inventions of the early 19th century that used free reeds driven by a bellows; notable among the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Malta: Encyclopedia Ii - Malta - Economy
Main article: Economy of Malta Until 1800, Malta had very few industries except the cotton, tobacco, and shipyards industry. The dockyard...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Accordion: Encyclopedia Ii - Accordion - History
The accordion is one of several European inventions of the early 19th century that used free reeds driven by a bellows; notable among the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Geodesy: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Geodesy - Scientific Revolution
The invention of the telescope and the theodolite and the development of logarithm tables allowed exact triangulation and grade measureme...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Sex: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Sex - Same-sex Relations
History of sex - Historiographic considerations. Interestingly, while the reverse is often not true, much of the history of different-g...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Sex: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Sex - Same-sex Relations
History of sex - Historiographic considerations. Interestingly, while the reverse is often not true, much of the history of different-g...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Döner Kebab: Encyclopedia Ii - Döner Kebab - History
In travelogues from the 18th century, döner kebab is described as a dish from Asia Minor, consisting of mutton grilled on horizontal rot...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Döner Kebab: Encyclopedia Ii - Döner Kebab - History
In travelogues from the 18th century, döner kebab is described as a dish from Asia Minor, consisting of mutton grilled on horizontal rot...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Multimedia Literacy: Encyclopedia Ii - Multimedia Literacy - Multimedia Literacy In Schools
Teaching literacy has always been the central business of schools. School literacy teaching had tended to focus on written literacy rathe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Russian Roulette: Encyclopedia Ii - Russian Roulette - History
Legends abound regarding the invention of Russian roulette. Most of these, predictably, take place in Russia, or occur among Russian sold...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tire: Encyclopedia Ii - Tire - History
For most of history wheels had very little in the way of shock absorption and journeys were very bumpy and uncomfortable. The modern tire...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tire: Encyclopedia Ii - Tire - History
For most of history wheels had very little in the way of shock absorption and journeys were very bumpy and uncomfortable. The modern tire...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - African American Music: Encyclopedia Ii - African American Music - The 1970s And 1980s
The 1970s saw a general decline in the popularity of black bands. Album-oriented soul continued its popularity, while musicians like Smok...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - African American Music: Encyclopedia Ii - African American Music - The 1970s And 1980s
The 1970s saw a general decline in the popularity of black bands. Album-oriented soul continued its popularity, while musicians like Smok...   » Read the article