19th century - Europe

In 1801, the Irish parliament voted to merge Ireland with England, thus creating the United Kingdom. Ireland remained under total British control until 1922, when the majority of the Irish counties, and the majority of the Irish population, broke away from England, forming the Irish Free State. The northern counties remained loyal to British control, and to this day remain separate from the rest of Ireland as Northern Ireland. On May 17th, 1814, Norway left Danish control and declared independence. It was forced, however, to continue ...

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19th century, 19th century - Europe, 19th century - Americas, 19th century - Other regions, 19th century - Events, 19th century - 1800s, 19th century - 1810s, 19th century - 1820s, 19th century - 1830s, 19th century - 1840s, 19th century - 1850s, 19th century - 1860s, 19th century - 1870s, 19th century - 1880s, 19th century - 1890s, 19th century - Significant people, 19th century - Anthropology, 19th century - Painters, 19th century - Music, 19th century - Literature, 19th century - Science, 19th century - Philosophy and religion, 19th century - Politics, 19th century - Inventions discoveries introductions, 19th century - Decades and years

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The 19th century lasted from 1801 to 1900 in the Gregorian calendar (using the Common Era system of year numbering). Historians sometimes define a "Nineteenth Century" historical era stretching from 1815 (The Congress of Vienna) to 1914 (The outbreak of the First World War); alternatively, Eric Hobsbawm defined the "Long Nineteenth Century" as spanning the years 1789 to 1914. During this century, the Spanish, Portuguese, and Ottoman empires began to crumble and the Holy Roman and Mughal empires ceased. Following t ...

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• 19th century - Europe
• 19th century - Americas
• 19th century - Other regions
• 19th century - Events
• 19th century - 1800s
• 19th century - 1810s
• 19th century - 1820s
• 19th century - 1830s
• 19th century - 1840s
• 19th century - 1850s
• 19th century - 1860s
• 19th century - 1870s
• 19th century - 1880s
• 19th century - 1890s
• 19th century - Significant people
• 19th century - Anthropology
• 19th century - Painters
• 19th century - Music
• 19th century - Literature
• 19th century - Science
• 19th century - Philosophy and religion
• 19th century - Politics
• 19th century - Inventions discoveries introductions
• 19th century - Decades and years

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In 1801, the Irish parliament voted to merge Ireland with England, thus creating the United Kingdom. Ireland remained under total British control until 1922, when the majority of the Irish counties, and the majority of the Irish population, broke away from England, forming the Irish Free State. The northern counties remained loyal to British control, and to this day remain separate from the rest of Ireland as Northern Ireland. On May 17th, 1814 Norway left Swedish control and declared independence. It was forced, however, to continue ...

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19th century, 19th century - Europe, 19th century - Americas, 19th century - Other regions, 19th century - Events, 19th century - 1800s, 19th century - 1810s, 19th century - 1820s, 19th century - 1830s, 19th century - 1840s, 19th century - 1850s, 19th century - 1860s, 19th century - 1870s, 19th century - 1880s, 19th century - 1890s, 19th century - Significant people, 19th century - Anthropology, 19th century - Painters, 19th century - Music, 19th century - Literature, 19th century - Science, 19th century - Philosophy and religion, 19th century - Politics, 19th century - Inventions discoveries introductions, 19th century - Decades and years

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Trousers were introduced into Western European culture at several points in history, but gained their current predominance only in the 16th century. Nomadic Eurasian horsemen/women such as the Scythians, along with Seleucid Persians were the first to wear trousers, later introduced to modern Europe via either the Hungarians or Ottoman Turks. However, the Celts also seem to have worn them in Ancient Europe. < ...

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Trousers, Trousers - Terminology, Trousers - Characteristics, Trousers - History, Trousers - Men's trousers, Trousers - Women's trousers, Trousers - Society, Trousers - Law

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Deforestation - Prehistory. Deforestation has been practiced by humans for thousands of years. Fire was probably the first tool that allowed humans to modify the landscape. The first evidence of deforestation shows up in the Mesolithic. Fire was probably used to drive game into more accessible areas. With the advent of agriculture fire became the prime tool to clear land for crops. In Europe there is little solid evidence before 5000 BP. Mesolithic foragers used fire to create openings for red deer and wild boar. ...

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Deforestation, Deforestation - Effects of deforestation, Deforestation - Definition of deforestation, Deforestation - Use of the term deforestation, Deforestation - Causes of deforestation, Deforestation - Agents, Deforestation - Present Causes, Deforestation - Theories of deforestation, Deforestation - History and Historical causes, Deforestation - Prehistory, Deforestation - Pre-industrial history, Deforestation - Industrial pressure, Deforestation - Recent changes, Deforestation - Environmental effects, Deforestation - Atmospheric pollution, Deforestation - Wildlife, Deforestation - Hydrologic cycle and water resources, Deforestation - Soil erosion, Deforestation - Landslides, Deforestation - Alternatives, Deforestation - Produce substitution, Deforestation - Farming, Deforestation - Social change, Deforestation - Sources and References

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The New Age movement is hardly novel! Its philosophy is rooted in ancient traditions, often based on mystical experiences, each within a different context.

Part II of II, written by Michael Rogge

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Artists from this period include Constance Mayer, Marie Ellenrieder, Rosa Bonheur, Elizabeth Butler, Berthe Morisot, Mary Cassatt, Camille Claudel, Suzanne Valadon and Lucy Bacon. Women such as Marie Ellenrieder and Marie-Denise Villers worked in the field of portraiture in the beginning of the century, and Rosa Bonheur excelled in realist painting and sculpture. Photography was a new medium in this era and several woman became well-known in the field such as ...

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Women artists, Women artists - Issues in constructing a history of women artists, Women artists - Ancient and classical period, Women artists - Medieval era, Women artists - Renaissance era, Women artists - Baroque era, Women artists - 18th century, Women artists - 19th century, Women artists - 20th century, Women artists - Partial bibliography

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American classical music is music written in the United States but in the European classical music tradition. In many cases, beginning in the 18th century, it has been influenced by American folk music styles; and from the 20th century to the present day it has often been influenced by folk, jazz, blues, and pop styles. Jazz music is sometimes referred to as American classical music, mainly by jazz musicians. They feel that, being as jazz originated in America, jazz is the true American classical music. American c ...

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• American classical music - Beginnings
• American classical music - Second New England School
• American classical music - Joplin
• American classical music - 20th century
• American classical music - Glass

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The French language is a romance dialect derived from Vulgar Latin and heavily influenced principally by Celtic and Frankish. Beginning in the 11th century, literature written in medieval French was one of the oldest vernacular (non-Latin) literatures in western Europe and it became a key source of literary themes in the Middle Ages across the continent. Although the European prominence of French literature was eclipsed in part by vernacular literature in Italy in the 14th century, literature in France in the 16th century underwent a ...

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French literature, French literature - French literature, French literature - Literatures of other languages of France, French literature - Selected list of French literary classics, French literature - Literary criticism, French literature - Poetry

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Commercial soup became popular with the invention of canning in the 19th century. Soup - Dessert soups. Ginataan, Filipino soup made from coconut milk, milk, fruits and tapioca pearls, served cold. Oshiruko, a Japanese azuki bean soup Soup - Fruit soups. Fruit soups are served hot or cold depending on the recipe. Many recipes are for cold soups served when fruit was in season during hot weather. Some like Norwegian 'frukt suppe' may be served hot an ...

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Soup, Soup - Potage or pottage, Soup - Early history, Soup - Commercial soup, Soup - Dessert soups, Soup - Fruit soups, Soup - Asian soups, Soup - Traditional regional soups, Soup - Soup as a figure of speech, Soup - Soup in popular culture, Soup - Soup in other languages, Soup - Literary references

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Romanian language - Dacian language. The Dacian language was an Indo-European language spoken by the ancient Dacians. It may have been the first language to influence the Latin spoken in Dacia, but there is very little knowledge about it. About 300 words found only in Romanian (in all dialects) or with a cognate in the Albanian language may be inherited from Dacian, many of them being related to pastoral life (for example: balaur=dragon; brânză=cheese; mal=shore; see: Eastern Romance substratum). Some linguists have asserted tha ...

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Romanian language, Romanian language - History, Romanian language - Classification and related languages, Romanian language - Contacts with other languages, Romanian language - Dacian language, Romanian language - Balkan linguistic union, Romanian language - Slavic languages, Romanian language - Other influences, Romanian language - International words, Romanian language - Geographic distribution, Romanian language - Official status, Romanian language - Dialects and regional varieties, Romanian language - Grammar, Romanian language - Sounds, Romanian language - Diphthongs, Romanian language - Triphthongs, Romanian language - Phonetic changes, Romanian language - Writing system, Romanian language - Romanian alphabet, Romanian language - Reading rules, Romanian language - Group of letters, Romanian language - Punctuation and Capitalization, Romanian language - Language sample, Romanian language - Common words and phrases, Romanian language - Notes

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Buddhism in the modern world

An overview of Buddhism in Modern Asia and Buddhism in West.

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A deep crimson dye is extracted from the female cochineal insects. Cochineal is used to produce scarlet, orange and other red tints too. The colouring comes from carminic (kermesic) acid. Cochineal extract's natural carminic-acid content is usually 19–22% [4]. The insects are killed by immersion in hot water (after which they are dried) or by exposure to sunlight, steam, or the heat of an oven. Each method produces a different colour ...

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Cochineal, Cochineal - Biology, Cochineal - Host cacti, Cochineal - Farming, Cochineal - Dye, Cochineal - History, Cochineal - Usage, Cochineal - Sources for the History of Cochineal

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The Water Buffalo is a very large ungulate. It survives in the wild in India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Vietnam and Thailand and is very widespread as a domestic animal in Asia, South America, North Africa and Europe. It is feral in northern Australia. Wild-living populations also exist in much of South-east Asia but their origin is uncertain: they may be the descendants of wild Water Buffalo, formerly domesticated ferals or a mixture of both. In Asia the population of wild Water Buffalo has become very sparse. Adults range in size f ...

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• Water Buffalo - Asia
• Water Buffalo - Australia
• Water Buffalo - Europe and Middle East

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The 1910s represent the culmination of European militarism which had its beginings during the second half of the 19th Century. The conservative lifestyles during the first half of the decade, as well as the legacy of military alliances, would forever be changed by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the Austrian throne, on 28 June 1914. The murder would trigger a chain of events in which, within 30 days, war would break out in Europe, as well as other regions of the world. The long, wide, and protracted conflict ...

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1910s, 1910s - Events and trends, 1910s - Technology, 1910s - Science, 1910s - War peace and politics, 1910s - Culture religion, 1910s - Others, 1910s - World leaders, 1910s - Entertainers

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Social messages sent by clothing, accessories, and decorations can involve social status, occupation, ethnic and religious affiliation, marital status and sexual availability, etc. Humans must know the code in order to recognize the message transmitted. If different groups read the same item of clothing or decoration with different meanings, the wearer may provoke unanticipated responses. Clothing - Social status. In many societies, people of high rank reserve special items of clothing or decoration for th ...

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Clothing, Clothing - Functional clothing, Clothing - Clothing as social message, Clothing - Social status, Clothing - Occupation, Clothing - Ethnic political and religious affiliation, Clothing - Marital status, Clothing - Sexual availability, Clothing - Sexual fetishes involving clothing, Clothing - Religious habits and special religious clothing, Clothing - Clothing materials, Clothing - Clothing maintenance, Clothing - The life cycle of clothing, Clothing - Early 21st-century clothing styles, Clothing - Mainstream Western or international styles, Clothing - Regional styles, Clothing - Origin and history of clothing, Clothing - Future trends, Clothing - Clothing industry

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The Netherlands has had many well-known painters. The 17th century, when the Dutch republic was prosperous, was the age of the "Dutch Masters" such as Rembrandt van Rijn, Johannes Vermeer, Jan Steen and many others. Famous Dutch painters of the 19th and 20th century are Vincent van Gogh and Piet Mondriaan. M. C. Escher is a well-known graphics artist. Willem de Kooning was born and trained in Rotterdam, ...

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Netherlands, Netherlands - Capital, Netherlands - History, Netherlands - Naming conventions, Netherlands - Politics, Netherlands - Provinces, Netherlands - Geography, Netherlands - Economy, Netherlands - Demographics, Netherlands - Culture, Netherlands - Languages, Netherlands - Religion, Netherlands - Miscellaneous topics

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The twentieth century saw the domination of the world by Europe wane, at least partly from the internal destruction of World War II, and the United States and the Soviet Union rise as superpowers. Following World War II, the United Nations was founded in the hopes that it could prevent conflicts among nations and make future wars impossible. After 1990 the Soviet Union collapsed and the United States became the sole superpower, te ...

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History of the world, History of the world - Hunter-Gatherers, History of the world - Agriculture, History of the world - State, History of the world - City and trade, History of the world - Bronze and Iron Ages, History of the world - The classical empires, History of the world - Age of kingdoms, History of the world - Rise of Europe, History of the world - Age of Discovery, History of the world - Twentieth century

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Main article: History of socialism Socialism, as with capitalism and communism, has deep roots in Western history, from religious communes in the medieval period, through patents of monopoly granted by monarchs, state control or planning of production, or the sharing of the social surplus. With the rise of the ability of technology to make significant strides in production that socialism and capitalism emerged in their modern forms, disagreeing particularly on a single question: could the operation of an unregulated mark ...

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Socialist economics, Socialist economics - Introduction, Socialist economics - Development of Socialist Economic thought, Socialist economics - Utopian socialism, Socialist economics - Socialism and political economy, Socialist economics - Das Kapital, Socialist economics - After Marx, Socialist economics - Socialist Economies In Practice, Socialist economics - Western Europe, Socialist economics - The USSR & Eastern Europe, Socialist economics - Indian Socialist Economics, Socialist economics - Chinese Communist Economics, Socialist economics - Relation to other economic theories

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It is said history is written by the winners, and no better example of this statement is shown in the treatment of the Byzantine Empire in history. It is an empire resented by Western Europe, as shown by the sacking of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade. A popular American university textbook4 on medieval history that circulated in the 1960s and 1970s, has this to say in the only paragraph in the book devoted to "Byzantium": The history of Byzantium is a study in disappointment. The empire centering on Constantinopl ...

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Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - The term Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Identity continuity and consciousness, Byzantine Empire - Origin, Byzantine Empire - Early history, Byzantine Empire - The age of Justinian I, Byzantine Empire - The fight for survival, Byzantine Empire - Golden era, Byzantine Empire - The Comneni and the Crusaders, Byzantine Empire - Underlying reasons for decline, Byzantine Empire - The Decline and Fall of the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Legacy and importance, Byzantine Empire - Bibliography

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