The 19th century lasted from 1801 to 1900 in the Gregorian calendar (using the Common Era system of year numbering). Historians sometimes define a "Nineteenth Century" historical era stretching from 1815 (The Congress of Vienna) to 1914 (The outbreak of the First World War); alternatively, Eric Hobsbawm defined the "Long Nineteenth Century" as spanning the years 1789 to 1914. During this century, the Spanish, Portuguese, and Ottoman empires began to crumble and the Holy Roman and Mughal empires ceased. Following t ...

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• 19th century - Europe
• 19th century - Americas
• 19th century - Other regions
• 19th century - Events
• 19th century - 1800s
• 19th century - 1810s
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• 19th century - 1840s
• 19th century - 1850s
• 19th century - 1860s
• 19th century - 1870s
• 19th century - 1880s
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• 19th century - Significant people
• 19th century - Anthropology
• 19th century - Painters
• 19th century - Music
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• 19th century - Philosophy and religion
• 19th century - Politics
• 19th century - Inventions discoveries introductions
• 19th century - Decades and years

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developed by innovators like Eli Whitney, James Watt, and Matthew Boulton middle of the 19th century - human element with theories of worker training, motivation, organizational structure and span of control introduced by Robert Owen, Henry Poor, and M. Laughlin and others.. late 19th century - a new layer of complexity to the theoretical underpinings of management introduced by marginal economists Alfred Marshall and Leon Walras and others .. 1900 we find managers trying to place their theories on a thoro ...

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Timeline of management techniques, Timeline of management techniques - Ancient, Timeline of management techniques - 5th - 17th centuries, Timeline of management techniques - 1800s, Timeline of management techniques - 19th century, Timeline of management techniques - 1910s, Timeline of management techniques - 1920s, Timeline of management techniques - 1930s, Timeline of management techniques - 1950s, Timeline of management techniques - 1960s, Timeline of management techniques - 1970s, Timeline of management techniques - 1980s, Timeline of management techniques - 1990s, Timeline of management techniques - 2000s, Timeline of management techniques - Still undated

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The Act of Union of 1800 formally assimilated Ireland within the British political process, and created a new country "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" with effect from 1 January 1801, uniting England, Wales, Ireland and Scotland. Since then England has not existed as an independent political entity, but as a region it has remained highly dominant in the United Kingdom. The majority of the political and econom ...

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History of England, History of England - England before the English, History of England - The Anglo-Saxon Conquest of Celtic Britain, History of England - England during the Middle Ages, History of England - Tudor England, History of England - Religious Conflict and the Civil War, History of England - The Industrial Revolution, History of England - Recent history

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Little attention was paid to these verses before the Protestant Reformation, and consequently most Christian denominations who have beliefs concerning a "rapture" are those that appeared after the Reformation. The popularization of the term is associated with teaching of John Nelson Darby and the rise of premillennialism and dispensationalism in the United States at the end of the 19th century. Among Christians who believe in the Rapture there is substantial debate about Pre-Trib, Mid-Trib or Post-Trib. Critics of Pre-Trib ofte ...

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Rapture, Rapture - Etymology, Rapture - Varying views, Rapture - Pre-tribulation, Rapture - Post-tribulation, Rapture - Mid-tribulation, Rapture - Pre-tribulation rapture already in process, Rapture - Tradition and the timing of the rapture, Rapture - God's 40 day warning of the rapture, Rapture - Expected events, Rapture - Secret rapture, Rapture - Scriptural basis, Rapture - Criticism, Rapture - Rebuttal, Rapture - History, Rapture - The Rapture in media

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By category Medieval 16th Century - 17th Century 18th Century -19th Century 20th Century - Contemporary Chronological list Writers by category Novelists - Playwrights Poets - Essayists Short Story Writers Alexandre Dumas, père, born Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie (July 24, 1802 – December 5, 1870), is best known for his numerous historical novels of high adventure which have made him the most widely read French author in the world. Many of his novels, includi ...

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• Alexandre Dumas père - Origins and early life
• Alexandre Dumas père - Literary career
• Alexandre Dumas père - Posthumous recognition

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In 1801, the Irish parliament voted to merge Ireland with England, thus creating the United Kingdom. Ireland remained under total British control until 1922, when the majority of the Irish counties, and the majority of the Irish population, broke away from England, forming the Irish Free State. The northern counties remained loyal to British control, and to this day remain separate from the rest of Ireland as Northern Ireland. On May 17th, 1814, Norway left Danish control and declared independence. It was forced, however, to continue ...

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19th century, 19th century - Europe, 19th century - Americas, 19th century - Other regions, 19th century - Events, 19th century - 1800s, 19th century - 1810s, 19th century - 1820s, 19th century - 1830s, 19th century - 1840s, 19th century - 1850s, 19th century - 1860s, 19th century - 1870s, 19th century - 1880s, 19th century - 1890s, 19th century - Significant people, 19th century - Anthropology, 19th century - Painters, 19th century - Music, 19th century - Literature, 19th century - Science, 19th century - Philosophy and religion, 19th century - Politics, 19th century - Inventions discoveries introductions, 19th century - Decades and years

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In 1770 Captain James Cook sailed along the east coast of Australia, the first European to do so. On 22 August, at Possession Island in the Torres Strait, Cook wrote in his journal: "I now once more hoisted English Coulers and in the Name of His Majesty King George the Third, took possession of the whole Eastern Coast from the above Latitude down to this place by the name of New South Wales." What exactly about the Australian coast reminded Cook of South Wales is not known. Cook's proclamation made the whole of Australia British territory, e ...

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History of New South Wales, History of New South Wales - Foundation and growth, History of New South Wales - Self-government, History of New South Wales - Federation and statehood, History of New South Wales - Federation to World War II, History of New South Wales - Postwar New South Wales

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No single time or person can be identified with the invention of the bicycle. Its earliest known forebears were called velocipedes, and included many types of human-powered vehicles. One of these, the scooter-like dandy horse of the French Comte de Sivrac, dating to 1790, was long cited as the earliest bicycle. Most bicycle historians now believe that these hobby-horses with no steering mechanism probably n ...

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Bicycle, Bicycle - History, Bicycle - Technical aspects, Bicycle - Legal requirements, Bicycle - Construction and parts, Bicycle - Performance, Bicycle - Bicycle physics, Bicycle - Social and historical aspects, Bicycle - Economic and social implications, Bicycle - Bicycles at work, Bicycle - Bicycle recreation, Bicycle - Bicycles and war, Bicycle - Bicycle racing, Bicycle - Modal share: cycle use in modern cities, Bicycle - Cycling activism, Bicycle - Types of bicycle, Bicycle - Standards, Bicycle - Notes

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After the Norman conquest of England the area passed into the hands of the Norman De Birmingham family (sometimes spelt De Bermingham) who became lords of the manor from which they took a surname. Birmingham was recorded as a minor village in the Domesday Book of 1086 which stated: "There was land for six ploughs, but only three plough teams were used, there were the families of five villeins [i.e tenants of the Lord] and four bordars [i.e farmers]; woodland half a league by two furlongs [2778 by 402 m], no m ...

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History of Birmingham, History of Birmingham - Ancient history, History of Birmingham - Saxon Birmingham, History of Birmingham - Medieval Birmingham, History of Birmingham - 16th and 17th centuries, History of Birmingham - 18th century, History of Birmingham - 19th century, History of Birmingham - Improvements, History of Birmingham - Expansion, History of Birmingham - 20th century, History of Birmingham - Diversity, History of Birmingham - Regeneration, History of Birmingham - Historic population

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Ireland - Literature and the arts. Main articles: Irish literature, and Irish art, and [[]], and [[]]See also:

Ireland, Ireland - Politics, Ireland - Geography, Ireland - Flags of Ireland, Ireland - History, Ireland - History since partition, Ireland - Irish Independence: The Irish Free State Éire Ireland, Ireland - Northern Ireland, Ireland - Sport, Ireland - Culture, Ireland - Literature and the arts, Ireland - Music and dance, Ireland - Demographics, Ireland - Infrastructure, Ireland - Transport, Ireland - Energy

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The Tamil alphabet has 12 vowels and 18 consonants. These combine to form 216 compound characters. There is one special character (aaytha ezutthu), giving a total of 247 characters. Tamil language - Vowels. The vowels are called uyir ezhuthu (uyir - life, ezhuthu - letter). The vowels are classified into short and lon ...

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Tamil language, Tamil language - History, Tamil language - Classification, Tamil language - Geographic distribution, Tamil language - Legal status, Tamil language - Spoken and literary variants, Tamil language - Dialects, Tamil language - Writing system, Tamil language - Sounds, Tamil language - Vowels, Tamil language - Consonants, Tamil language - Special character, Tamil language - Phonology, Tamil language - Grammar, Tamil language - Parts of speech, Tamil language - Sentence structure, Tamil language - Vocabulary, Tamil language - Examples

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Carl Jung was the first psychologist to attach importance to the Tarot. He may have regarded the Tarot cards as representing archetypes: fundamental types of person or situation embedded in the subconscious of all human beings. The Emperor, for instance, represents the ultimate patriarch or father figure. The theory of archetypes gives rise to several psychological uses. Some psychologists use Tarot cards to identify how a client views himself or herself, by asking the patient to select a card that he or she identifies with. Some try ...

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Tarot, Tarot - The Tarot Deck, Tarot - Origin and History, Tarot - The tarot deck, Tarot - Use of tarot cards in divination, Tarot - Differences among decks, Tarot - Symbolism, Tarot - Psychology, Tarot - Storytelling and Art, Tarot - Divination, Tarot - Layouts or spreads, Tarot - Further Information

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Christianity in China - Earliest period. For a fuller account see Nestorianism in China Traditional Christian thought suggested that St. Thomas, known as "the Apostle of India" or possibly St. Bartholomew were the first to spread the Christian gospel in China. Third century Christian writer Arnobius mentions in a text a people known as the "Seres" as being among the groups (he enumerates also the Persians and Medes) which had been evangelized at that time. While there is evidence that Christianity existed in Mesopotamia and Persia by the early fourth century, the ...

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Christianity in China, Christianity in China - History, Christianity in China - Earliest period, Christianity in China - Medieval period, Christianity in China - Post-Reformation, Christianity in China - Modern Age, Christianity in China - The Missionary Period, Christianity in China - First Protestant Missionaries, Christianity in China - Catholic Missionary Efforts, Christianity in China - Church education, Christianity in China - Japanese Occupation, Christianity in China - Christianity in the contemporary PRC, Christianity in China - Official Christian Organizations, Christianity in China - House Churches, Christianity in China - Contemporary Trends, Christianity in China - International visitors and Christianity, Christianity in China - Demographics/Geography, Christianity in China - Orthodox Christianity in China, Christianity in China - Names for Christianity and God, Christianity in China - Names for Christianity, Christianity in China - Names for God

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Thomas Carlyle - Early writings. His first major work, Sartor Resartus (1832) was intended to be a new kind of book: simultaneously factual and fictional, serious and satirical, speculative and historical. It ironically commented on its own formal structure, while forcing the reader to confront the problem of where 'truth' is to be found. The narrator finds contempt for all things in human society and life. He contemplates the "Everlasting No" of refusal, comes to the "Center of Indifference," and eventual ...

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Thomas Carlyle, Thomas Carlyle - Early Life and Influences, Thomas Carlyle - Writings, Thomas Carlyle - Early writings, Thomas Carlyle - Heroes and Hero Worship, Thomas Carlyle - The Everlasting Yea and No, Thomas Carlyle - Worship of Silence and Sorrow, Thomas Carlyle - Later work, Thomas Carlyle - Private life, Thomas Carlyle - Influence, Thomas Carlyle - Works, Thomas Carlyle - Definitions

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Main article: Demographics of Costa Rica Costa Rica has a population of 4,016,173 persons (July 2005 est.) In the central part of the country, most people are of European descent or Mestizos (to varying degrees), most of the population today are considered light mestizos largely of Spanish genetic composition. The pure indigenous population today numbers about 29,000, less than one percent of the population. In Guanacaste, most of the population descends from a mix of the Chorotega Indians, Bantu Afri ...

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Costa Rica, Costa Rica - History of Costa Rica, Costa Rica - Geography, Costa Rica - Politics, Costa Rica - Provinces, Costa Rica - Economy, Costa Rica - Foreign affairs, Costa Rica - Flora and Fauna, Costa Rica - Demographics, Costa Rica - Culture, Costa Rica - Famous Costa Ricans, Costa Rica - Reference

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While any British history predating the first mentions by literate Romans is, by definition, consigned to an obscured landscape known intimidatingly as 'prehistory', a few things are known about the area. Whitehawk Camp — a natural viewpoint — is bisected by Manor Road. The centre of this early Neolithic causewayed enclosure c.3500BC is someway toward the aerial mast on the south side of Manor Road, opposite the grandstand. There are four concentric circles of ditches and mounds, broken or 'causewayed' in many places. Significant vestiges of the mounds remain ...

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Brighton, Brighton - Early history, Brighton - 18th and 19th century, Brighton - 20th Century, Brighton - Piers, Brighton - IRA bombing, Brighton - Brighton today, Brighton - Night-life & popular music, Brighton - Sport, Brighton - Transport, Brighton - Notable inhabitants, Brighton - Brighton in literature, Brighton - Brighton in film

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The mullet became popular in the 1970s, and was greatly popularised by English pop star David Bowie but was known to have been worn long before then. Urban legends have it dating back to 19th Century fishermen with long hair in back to keep them warm, hence the term mullet. The term was also referenced in the 1967 film Cool Hand Luke, starring Paul Newman and George Kennedy, in which Kennedy's character refers to men with long hair as "Mulletheads." In the 70s, the mullet was a short, square affair. In the 80s, it became big and bouffant, and mullet men often indulged in ano ...

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Mullet haircut, Mullet haircut - History, Mullet haircut - Synonyms, Mullet haircut - Famous people who have worn a mullet, Mullet haircut - Real life, Mullet haircut - Fictional characters

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Reform Judaism - History. In 1836 several members of the Synagogue of Bevis Marks in London requested the introduction of such alterations and modifications as were in the line of the changes introduced in the Reform synagogue in Hamburg and other places. The congregation conceded and took steps to insure greater decorum at the services. In 1839 they made a second request, advocating a diminution in the length and number of prayers, a more convenient hour of service on Sabbaths and holy days, sermons in En ...

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Reform Judaism, Reform Judaism - 19th Century German Reform Judaism, Reform Judaism - Origins, Reform Judaism - View of Jewish Nationhood, Reform Judaism - Changes in prayer services, Reform Judaism - View of Zionism, Reform Judaism - Teachings on the Oral Law, Reform Judaism - National and universal elements, Reform Judaism - Development of American Reform Judaism, Reform Judaism - Pittsburgh Platform 1885, Reform Judaism - Reform Jewish theology today, Reform Judaism - Reform Judaism's position on Jewish law today, Reform Judaism - Jewish identity and inter-religious marriages, Reform Judaism - Union for Reform Judaism, Reform Judaism - Timeline of Reform Judaism in the United States, Reform Judaism - Reform Judaism in Britain, Reform Judaism - History, Reform Judaism - Reform Judaism in the UK today, Reform Judaism - Liberal Judaism, Reform Judaism - Reform and Progressive Rabbis in Britain, Reform Judaism - Progressive Judaism in Israel, Reform Judaism - History, Reform Judaism - National Bodies, Reform Judaism - Reference

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In the 1840's the farm's "nisse" became the bearer of Christmas presents in Denmark, and was then called "julenisse". In 1881, the Swedish magazine Ny Illustrerad Tidning published Viktor Rydberg's poem Tomten, where the tomte is alone awake in the cold Christmas night, pondering the mysteries of life and death. This poem featured the first painting by Jenny Nyström of this traditional Swedish mythical character which she turned into the white-bearded, red-capped friendly figure associated with Christmas ever since. Shortly af ...

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Tomte, Tomte - Appearance, Tomte - Temperament, Tomte - The heathen tomte, Tomte - Similar folklore, Tomte - The modern tomte, Tomte - External link

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The Brighton Marine Palace and Pier, generally known as the Palace Pier before being unofficially renamed by its current owners as Brighton Pier in 2000, opened in May 1899 and is still popular. It suffered a large fire on 4 February 2003 but the damage was limited and most of the pier was able to reopen the next day. The older West Pier, built in 1866 by Eugenius Birch, has been closed and deteriorating since 1975, awaiting renovation. The West Pier is one of only two Grade 1 listed piers in the UK, the ot ...

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Brighton, Brighton - Early history, Brighton - 18th and 19th century, Brighton - 20th Century, Brighton - Piers, Brighton - IRA bombing, Brighton - Brighton today, Brighton - Brighton nightlife, Brighton - Transport, Brighton - Notable Inhabitants, Brighton - Brighton in literature, Brighton - Brighton in film

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