The 19th century lasted from 1801 to 1900 in the Gregorian calendar (using the Common Era system of year numbering). Historians sometimes define a "Nineteenth Century" historical era stretching from 1815 (The Congress of Vienna) to 1914 (The outbreak of the First World War); alternatively, Eric Hobsbawm defined the "Long Nineteenth Century" as spanning the years 1789 to 1914. During this century, the Spanish, Portuguese, and Ottoman empires began to crumble and the Holy Roman and Mughal empires ceased. Following t ...

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developed by innovators like Eli Whitney, James Watt, and Matthew Boulton middle of the 19th century - human element with theories of worker training, motivation, organizational structure and span of control introduced by Robert Owen, Henry Poor, and M. Laughlin and others.. late 19th century - a new layer of complexity to the theoretical underpinings of management introduced by marginal economists Alfred Marshall and Leon Walras and others .. 1900 we find managers trying to place their theories on a thoro ...

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Timeline of management techniques, Timeline of management techniques - Ancient, Timeline of management techniques - 5th - 17th centuries, Timeline of management techniques - 1800s, Timeline of management techniques - 19th century, Timeline of management techniques - 1910s, Timeline of management techniques - 1920s, Timeline of management techniques - 1930s, Timeline of management techniques - 1950s, Timeline of management techniques - 1960s, Timeline of management techniques - 1970s, Timeline of management techniques - 1980s, Timeline of management techniques - 1990s, Timeline of management techniques - 2000s, Timeline of management techniques - Still undated

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The accordion is one of several European inventions of the early 19th century that used free reeds driven by a bellows; notable among them were: The Aeoline, by German Bernhard Eschenbach (and his cousin, Caspar Schlimbach), 1810. Was a piano with added aeoline register. Aeoline Harmonika and Pysharmonika are very similar names at that time. Aeoline and Aura ware first without bellows or keyboard. The Hand Physhamonika Anton Haeckel 1818 Hand type mentioned in music new ...

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Accordion, Accordion - Physical description, Accordion - History, Accordion - Piano accordions, Accordion - Button accordions, Accordion - Stradella bass system, Accordion - Free bass systems, Accordion - Audio samples, Accordion - Related instruments, Accordion - Squeezeboxes, Accordion - Other free-reeds

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A deep crimson dye is extracted from the female cochineal insects. Cochineal is used to produce scarlet, orange and other red tints too. The colouring comes from carminic (kermesic) acid. Cochineal extract's natural carminic-acid content is usually 19–22% [4]. The insects are killed by immersion in hot water (after which they are dried) or by exposure to sunlight, steam, or the heat of an oven. Each method produces a different colour ...

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Cochineal, Cochineal - Biology, Cochineal - Host cacti, Cochineal - Farming, Cochineal - Dye, Cochineal - History, Cochineal - Usage, Cochineal - Sources for the History of Cochineal

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Charles Babbage was born in England most likely at 44 Crosby Row, Walworth Road, London. There is quite a discrepancy over the date of Babbage's birth. It was first published in The Times obituary as December 26, 1792. However, days later a nephew of Babbage wrote to say that Babbage was born precisely one year earlier, in 1791. Later evidence, from St. Mary's Newington, London, proved that Babbage was born on January 6, 1792. The reliabi ...

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Charles Babbage, Charles Babbage - Life, Charles Babbage - Education, Charles Babbage - Marriage, Charles Babbage - Children, Charles Babbage - Design of computers, Charles Babbage - Difference engine, Charles Babbage - Printer, Charles Babbage - Analytical engine, Charles Babbage - Other accomplishments, Charles Babbage - Odd

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In 1801, the Irish parliament voted to merge Ireland with England, thus creating the United Kingdom. Ireland remained under total British control until 1922, when the majority of the Irish counties, and the majority of the Irish population, broke away from England, forming the Irish Free State. The northern counties remained loyal to British control, and to this day remain separate from the rest of Ireland as Northern Ireland. On May 17th, 1814, Norway left Danish control and declared independence. It was forced, however, to continue ...

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Buenos Aires ISPs provide dial-up, cable, satellite-based and ADSL connections to the Internet. In 2004, a major ISP introduced download quotas, which prompted a switch by many subscribers to smaller ISPs that still allow unlimited use, as of 2005. Suburban users routinely experience lower ADSL speeds, but their situation is improving steadily as investment in new facilities has been stepped up. The Internet boom in the early 2000s gave birth to cibercafés. Their rates are usually much lower than those charged in developed countries. There is also a growing number of wi-fi hot ...

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Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires - Population, Buenos Aires - Economy, Buenos Aires - History, Buenos Aires - Culture, Buenos Aires - Language variations, Buenos Aires - Tango, Buenos Aires - Miscellaneous, Buenos Aires - Transportation, Buenos Aires - Barrios, Buenos Aires - Sports, Buenos Aires - Internet, Buenos Aires - Tourist attractions and places of interest

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The piano is a crucial instrument in Western classical music, jazz, film, television and electronic game music, and most other complex western musical genres. A large number of composers being proficient pianists, the piano is often used as a tool for composition. Pianos were, and are, extremely popular instruments for private household ownership, especially among the middle- and upper-classes. Hence pianos have gained a place in the popular consciousness, and are sometimes referred to by nicknames, including: "the ivories", "the joanna", "the eighty-eight", and "the black(s) and white(s)." Playing the piano is somet ...

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Piano, Piano - Early history, Piano - Development of the modern piano, Piano - History and musical performance, Piano - The modern piano, Piano - Types, Piano - Keyboard, Piano - Pedals, Piano - Materials, Piano - Care and maintenance, Piano - Role of the piano, Piano - Related lists, Piano - Other types of pianos, Piano - Related instruments

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Since its return to democracy in 1990, Chile has been an active participant in the international political arena. Chile completed a 2-year non-permanent position on the UN Security Council in January 2005. Chile is an active member of the UN family of agencies and participates in UN peacekeeping activities. Chile hosted the Defense Ministerial of the Americas in 2002 and the APEC summit and related meetings in 2004. Chile hosted the Community of Democracies ministerial in April 2005. An associate member of Mercosur and a full member of APEC, Chile and has been an important actor on international ...

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Chile, Chile - Origin of the name, Chile - History, Chile - Politics, Chile - Regions, Chile - Geography, Chile - Economy, Chile - Foreign Trade, Chile - Finance, Chile - Defense, Chile - Army, Chile - Navy, Chile - Air Force FACH, Chile - Carabineros, Chile - Foreign relations, Chile - Demographics, Chile - Culture, Chile - Language, Chile - National symbols, Chile - Miscellaneous topics, Chile - International rankings, Chile - Overall, Chile - Economy, Chile - Other

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A köçek would begin training around the age of seven or eight, and would be considered accomplished after about six years of study and practice. A dancer's career would last as long as he was beardless and retained his youthful appearance. Dancers would get married when they were around 25 or 30, and then could become organizers of a new köçek troop. Köçeks were organized into companies known as kol. Twelve such companies were counted in the mid-1600's, each c ...

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Köçek, Köçek - Roots, Köçek - Culture, Köçek - Modern offshoots

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In the Middle Ages, the Mongol Empire's campaign against China by Genghis Khan and his army was extremely effective, allowing the Mongols to sweep through large areas. Even if they could not enter some of the more well-fortified cities, they used innovative battle tactics to grab hold of the land and the people: "By concentrating on the field armies, the strongholds had to wait. Of course, smaller fortresses, or ones easily surprised, were taken as they came along. This had two effects. First, it cut off the principal city fr ...

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Siege, Siege - Ancient and medieval siege warfare, Siege - Mongol siege warfare, Siege - Sieges in the age of gunpowder, Siege - Emerging theories on improving fortifications, Siege - New styles of fortresses employed, Siege - Marshal Vauban, Siege - Advent of mobile warfare, Siege - Modern warfare, Siege - Recent sieges, Siege - Police actions, Siege - Bibliography, Siege - Notes

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The Egyptians were apparently the first to produce an artificial imitation of turquoise, in the glazed earthenware product faience. Later glass and enamel were also used, and in modern times more sophisticated ceramics, porcelain, plastics, and various assembled, pressed, bonded, and sintered products (composed of various copper and aluminium compounds) have been developed: examples of the latter include "Viennese turquoise", made from precipitated aluminium phosphate coloured by copper oleate; and "neolith", a mixture of bayerite and copper ...

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Turquoise, Turquoise - Properties, Turquoise - Formation, Turquoise - Occurrence, Turquoise - Iran, Turquoise - Sinai, Turquoise - United States, Turquoise - Other sources, Turquoise - History of use, Turquoise - Imitations, Turquoise - Treatments, Turquoise - Valuation and care

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Buffalo has a perhaps undeserved reputation for severe weather. In fact, Buffalo is the sunniest and driest of any major city in the Northeast in the summer, but still receives enough rain to keep vegetation green and lush. Of course, this causes the area to be quite humid in late summer, which is why many residents have backyard pools and air conditioners, a fact that surprises many visitors, w ...

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Adjacent to Union Terrace Gardens stands a colossal bronze statue of William Wallace, by W. G. Stevenson. Also nearby these same gardens are a bronze statue of Robert Burns and Charles Marochetti's seated figure of Prince Albert. In front of Robert Gordon's College is the bronze statue, by T. S. Burnett, of General Gordon. At the head of Queen's Road stands the bronze statue of Queen Victoria, erected in 1893 by the royal tradesmen of the city. Near the Cross stands the granite statue o ...

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Aberdeen, Aberdeen - Coat of Arms and Motto, Aberdeen - History, Aberdeen - Background, Aberdeen - Art and architecture, Aberdeen - Churches, Aberdeen - Education, Aberdeen - Culture, Aberdeen - Parks and open spaces, Aberdeen - Statues, Aberdeen - Bridges, Aberdeen - Harbour, Aberdeen - Industry, Aberdeen - Population, Aberdeen - Sport, Aberdeen - Transport, Aberdeen - Twinned cities worldwide

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In 1801, the Irish parliament voted to merge Ireland with England, thus creating the United Kingdom. Ireland remained under total British control until 1922, when the majority of the Irish counties, and the majority of the Irish population, broke away from England, forming the Irish Free State. The northern counties remained loyal to British control, and to this day remain separate from the rest of Ireland as Northern Ireland. On May 17th, 1814 Norway left Swedish control and declared independence. It was forced, however, to continue ...

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19th century, 19th century - Europe, 19th century - Americas, 19th century - Other regions, 19th century - Events, 19th century - 1800s, 19th century - 1810s, 19th century - 1820s, 19th century - 1830s, 19th century - 1840s, 19th century - 1850s, 19th century - 1860s, 19th century - 1870s, 19th century - 1880s, 19th century - 1890s, 19th century - Significant people, 19th century - Anthropology, 19th century - Painters, 19th century - Music, 19th century - Literature, 19th century - Science, 19th century - Philosophy and religion, 19th century - Politics, 19th century - Inventions discoveries introductions, 19th century - Decades and years

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19th century - Anthropology. Franz Boas Edward Burnett Tylor Karl Verner Brothers Grimm Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai Johann Jakob Bachofen 19th century - Painters. The Realism and Romanticism of the early 19th century gave way to Impressionism and Post-Impressionism in the later half of the century, with Paris being the dominant art capital of the world. 19th century painters included: Paul Cezanne Eugà ...

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19th century, 19th century - Europe, 19th century - Americas, 19th century - Other regions, 19th century - Events, 19th century - 1800s, 19th century - 1810s, 19th century - 1820s, 19th century - 1830s, 19th century - 1840s, 19th century - 1850s, 19th century - 1860s, 19th century - 1870s, 19th century - 1880s, 19th century - 1890s, 19th century - Significant people, 19th century - Anthropology, 19th century - Painters, 19th century - Music, 19th century - Literature, 19th century - Science, 19th century - Philosophy and religion, 19th century - Politics, 19th century - Inventions discoveries introductions, 19th century - Decades and years

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Main articles: Timeline of invention#19th_century and Timeline of scientific discoveries#1800s Research became institutionalized at research universities such as the University of Berlin and at corporate laboratories such as Edison's Menlo Park which accelerated the rate at which discoveries and innovations were made. Department stores Epidemiology Mail order businesses Philology ...

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19th century, 19th century - Europe, 19th century - Americas, 19th century - Other regions, 19th century - Events, 19th century - 1800s, 19th century - 1810s, 19th century - 1820s, 19th century - 1830s, 19th century - 1840s, 19th century - 1850s, 19th century - 1860s, 19th century - 1870s, 19th century - 1880s, 19th century - 1890s, 19th century - Significant people, 19th century - Anthropology, 19th century - Painters, 19th century - Music, 19th century - Literature, 19th century - Science, 19th century - Philosophy and religion, 19th century - Politics, 19th century - Inventions discoveries introductions, 19th century - Decades and years

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19th century - 1800s. 1801: The Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland merge to form the United Kingdom. 1801-15: Barbary Wars between the United States and the Barbary States of North Africa 1803: The United States buys out France's territorial claims in North America via the Louisiana Purchase. This begins America's westward expansion to the Pacific referred to as its Manifest Destiny which involves annexing and conquering land from Mexico, Britain, and Native Americans.See also:

19th century, 19th century - Europe, 19th century - Americas, 19th century - Other regions, 19th century - Events, 19th century - 1800s, 19th century - 1810s, 19th century - 1820s, 19th century - 1830s, 19th century - 1840s, 19th century - 1850s, 19th century - 1860s, 19th century - 1870s, 19th century - 1880s, 19th century - 1890s, 19th century - Significant people, 19th century - Anthropology, 19th century - Painters, 19th century - Music, 19th century - Literature, 19th century - Science, 19th century - Philosophy and religion, 19th century - Politics, 19th century - Inventions discoveries introductions, 19th century - Decades and years

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19th century - Anthropology. Lewis H. Morgan Franz Boas Edward Burnett Tylor Karl Verner Brothers Grimm Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai Johann Jakob Bachofen 19th century - Painters. The Realism and Romanticism of the early 19th century gave way to Impressionism and Post-Impressionism in the later half of the century, with Paris being the dominant art capital of the world. 19th century painters included: P ...

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19th century, 19th century - Europe, 19th century - Americas, 19th century - Other regions, 19th century - Events, 19th century - 1800s, 19th century - 1810s, 19th century - 1820s, 19th century - 1830s, 19th century - 1840s, 19th century - 1850s, 19th century - 1860s, 19th century - 1870s, 19th century - 1880s, 19th century - 1890s, 19th century - Significant people, 19th century - Anthropology, 19th century - Painters, 19th century - Music, 19th century - Literature, 19th century - Science, 19th century - Philosophy and religion, 19th century - Politics, 19th century - Inventions discoveries introductions, 19th century - Decades and years

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The United States began expansion across the North American Continent, beginning with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. This expansion was asserted to be the Manifest Destiny of the country. This was accompanied by the subjugation and dispersal of Native Americans. The expansion was accelerated by the building of transcontinental railroads, and growing numbers of immigrants. On January 24, 1848, gold was discovered in California, leading to the largest of many gold and silver "rushes" throught the century. Millions of people flocked to mines a ...

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19th century, 19th century - Europe, 19th century - Americas, 19th century - Other regions, 19th century - Events, 19th century - 1800s, 19th century - 1810s, 19th century - 1820s, 19th century - 1830s, 19th century - 1840s, 19th century - 1850s, 19th century - 1860s, 19th century - 1870s, 19th century - 1880s, 19th century - 1890s, 19th century - Significant people, 19th century - Anthropology, 19th century - Painters, 19th century - Music, 19th century - Literature, 19th century - Science, 19th century - Philosophy and religion, 19th century - Politics, 19th century - Inventions discoveries introductions, 19th century - Decades and years

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