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19th centuries | A Wisdom Archive on 19th centuries | | 19th centuries A selection of articles related to 19th centuries | |
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19th centuries
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO 19th centuries | | | |  19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - Family name - English-speaking countriesAlmost all surnames of English origin fall into just four types:
Occupations (e.g. Smith, Baker, Archer)
Personal characteristics (e.g. Short, Brown, Whitehead)
Places & geographical features (e.g. Scott, Hill, Rivers, Windsor)
Ancestry, often based on a first name (e.g. Richardson, James) or, if we include surnames of Scottish origin, clan (e.g. Macdonald, Forbes).
These surname types describe respectively the occupation, personal characteristics, location/origin, and ancestry (typic ...
See also:Family name, Family name - English-speaking countries, Family name - French-speaking countries, Family name - Ireland, Family name - Irish surname prefixes, Family name - Italy, Family name - Greece, Family name - Pakistan, Family name - Portugal and Brazil, Family name - Spain and Hispanic areas, Family name - The Philippines, Family name - Iceland, Family name - Finland, Family name - Scandinavia, Family name - The Netherlands, Family name - Belgium, Family name - Russia, Family name - Poland, Family name - Ashkenazi Jewish surnames, Family name - Romania, Family name - India and Indonesia, Family name - Ethiopia/Eritrea, Family name - China Hungary Japan Korea and Vietnam, Family name - Mongolia Read more here: » Family name: Encyclopedia II - Family name - English-speaking countries |
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| | | | | 19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - Zambia - History The indigenous hunter-gatherer occupants of Zambia, (called Bushmen) began to be displaced or absorbed by more advanced migrating tribes about 2,000 years ago. The major waves of Bantu-speaking immigrants—the Bantu expansion—began in the 12th century.
Among them, the Tonga people (also called Batonga) were first to settle in Zambia and are believed to have come from the far east near the "big sea" believed to be the Red Sea where human civilisation started. Other groups followed with the greatest influx coming between the late 17t ...
See also:Zambia, Zambia - History, Zambia - Politics, Zambia - Government, Zambia - Constitution, Zambia - Judiciary, Zambia - Provinces, Zambia - Military, Zambia - Foreign relations, Zambia - Education, Zambia - Geography, Zambia - Economy, Zambia - Demographics & People Groups, Zambia - Religion, Zambia - Culture, Zambia - Miscellaneous topics Read more here: » Zambia: Encyclopedia II - Zambia - History |
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| | | | | | 19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - Stamp duty - United Kingdom
Stamp duty - Introduction.
In the United Kingdom, stamp duty is a form of tax charged on instruments (that is, written documents), and requires a physical stamp to be attached to or impressed upon the instrument in question.
The scope of stamp duty has been reduced dramatically in recent years. Apart from transfers of shares and securities, the issue of bearer instruments and certain transactions involving partnerships, stamp duty was largely abolished in the UK from 1 December 2003. Stamp duty land ...
See also:Stamp duty, Stamp duty - Australia, Stamp duty - External links, Stamp duty - Hong Kong, Stamp duty - United Kingdom, Stamp duty - Introduction, Stamp duty - History of UK stamp duties, Stamp duty - Stamp duty reserve tax, Stamp duty - Stamp duty land tax, Stamp duty - External links, Stamp duty - United States Read more here: » Stamp duty: Encyclopedia II - Stamp duty - United Kingdom |
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| | | | | 19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - Rahel Varnhagen - Life and works Rahel's family life was very uncongenial during her childhood. Her father, a wealthy jeweler, was a strong-willed man who ruled his family despotically. She became very intimate with Dorothea and Henriette, the daughters of the philosopher Moses Mendelssohn. Together with them she knew Henriette Herz, with whom she later became most intimately associated, moving in the same intellectual sphere. Rahel's home became the meeting-place of men like Schlegel, Schelling, Steffens, Schack, Schleiermacher, Alexander and Wilhelm von Humboldt, Motte Fo ...
See also:Rahel Varnhagen, Rahel Varnhagen - Life and works, Rahel Varnhagen - Article Refernces Read more here: » Rahel Varnhagen: Encyclopedia II - Rahel Varnhagen - Life and works |
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| | | | | 19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - Sibiu - Places of interest Much of the city's aspect is due to its position, easily defensible, but allowing horizontal development. The old city of Sibiu lies on the right bank of the Cibin River, on a hill situated at about 200m from the river. It consists of two distinct entities: the Upper City and the Lower City. Traditionally, the Upper City was the wealthier part and commercial outlet, while the Lower City served as the manufacturing area.
< ...
See also:Sibiu, Sibiu - History, Sibiu - Population, Sibiu - Economy, Sibiu - Employment breakdown by economic sector, Sibiu - Transportation, Sibiu - Tourism, Sibiu - Places of interest, Sibiu - The Lower City, Sibiu - The Upper City, Sibiu - The Fortifications, Sibiu - Stairs' Passage, Sibiu - Education, Sibiu - Famous natives Read more here: » Sibiu: Encyclopedia II - Sibiu - Places of interest |
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| | | | | | | 19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - French language - History
French language - The Roman invasion of Gaul.
The French language is a Romance language, meaning that it is descended from Latin. Before the Roman invasion of what is modern-day France by Julius Cæsar (58–52 BC), France was inhabited largely by a Celtic people that the Romans referred to as Gauls, although there were also other linguistic/ethnic groups in France at this time, such as the Iberians in southern France and Spain, the Ligurians on the Mediterranean coast, Greek colonies such as Massalia (i.e. present-day Marseille), Phoenician outposts, an ...
See also:French language, French language - History, French language - The Roman invasion of Gaul, French language - The Franks, French language - Langue d'Oïl, French language - Foreign language groups, French language - Modern French, French language - Modern issues, French language - Geographic distribution, French language - Legal status in France, French language - Legal status in Canada, French language - Legal status in other countries, French language - Regional Varieties, French language - Derived languages, French language - Sound system, French language - Grammar, French language - Vocabulary, French language - Numerals, French language - Writing system Read more here: » French language: Encyclopedia II - French language - History |
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| | | | | 19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - Friedrich Schiller University of Jena - History The elector John Frederick the Magnanimous of Saxony first thought of a plan to establish a university at Jena in 1547 while he was being held captive by emperor Charles V. The plan was put into motion by his three sons and, after having obtained a charter from the emperor Ferdinand I, the university was established on February 2, 1558.
Prior to the 20th century, University enrollment peaked in the 18th century. The universities reputation peaked under the auspices of duke Charles Augustus, Goethe's patron (1787–1806), when Gottlieb Fichte, Georg Hegel, Friedrich Schelling, Friedric ...
See also:Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena - Organisation, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena - History, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena - Notable alumni, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena - Reference, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena - External link Read more here: » Friedrich Schiller University of Jena: Encyclopedia II - Friedrich Schiller University of Jena - History |
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| | | | | 19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - French language - History
French language - The Roman invasion of Gaul.
The French language is a Romance language, meaning that it is descended from Latin. Before the Roman invasion of what is modern-day France by Julius Cæsar (58–52 BC), France was inhabited largely by a Celtic people that the Romans referred to as Gauls, although there were also other linguistic/ethnic groups in France at this time, such as the Iberians in southern France and Spain, the Ligurians on the Mediterranean coast, Greek colonies such as Massalia (i.e. present-day Marseille), Phoenician outposts, an ...
See also:French language, French language - History, French language - The Roman invasion of Gaul, French language - The Franks, French language - Langue d'Oïl, French language - Foreign language groups, French language - Modern French, French language - Modern issues, French language - Geographic distribution, French language - Legal status in France, French language - Legal status in Canada, French language - Legal status in other countries, French language - Dialects, French language - Derived languages, French language - Sound system, French language - Grammar, French language - Vocabulary, French language - Numerals, French language - Writing system Read more here: » French language: Encyclopedia II - French language - History |
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| | | | | 19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - Francophobia - France as Continental Hegemony Though French history in the broadest sense extends back more than a millennium it has existed as a recognizable nation-state (rather than a dynastic, transnational entity typical of the late Middle Ages) for less than half that period. Francophobia as a consistent, identifiable phenomenon may be dated to the point at which the country became the chief power of continental Europe: after breaking the back of the Hapsburg Empire in the 30 Years War.
Francophobia - 1648 and Louis XIV.
France was perceiv ...
See also:Francophobia, Francophobia - Use of the Term, Francophobia - France as Continental Hegemony, Francophobia - 1648 and Louis XIV, Francophobia - Francophobia in Britain, Francophobia - The French Revolution, Francophobia - The Age of Napoleon, Francophobia - France as Imperial Power, Francophobia - France in Africa and Asia, Francophobia - The support of France to African dictatorships, Francophobia - The Case of Algeria, Francophobia - France as vocal Middle Power, Francophobia - World War II, Francophobia - Gaullism, Francophobia - Anti-French sentiment in the United States, Francophobia - France and the E.U., Francophobia - Criticisms of France Read more here: » Francophobia: Encyclopedia II - Francophobia - France as Continental Hegemony |
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| | | | | 19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - Family name - English-speaking countries Almost all surnames of English origin fall into just four types:
Occupations (e.g. Smith, Baker, Archer)
Personal characteristics (e.g. Short, Brown, Whitehead)
Places & geographical features (e.g. Scott, Hill, Rivers, Windsor)
For those descended from peers, the name of their holdings.
Ancestry, often based on a first name (e.g. Richardson, James) or, if we include surnames ...
See also:Family name, Family name - English-speaking countries, Family name - French-speaking countries, Family name - Ireland, Family name - Irish surname prefixes, Family name - Italy, Family name - Greece, Family name - Pakistan, Family name - Portugal and Brazil, Family name - Spain and Hispanic areas, Family name - The Philippines, Family name - Iceland, Family name - Finland, Family name - Scandinavia, Family name - The Netherlands, Family name - Belgium, Family name - Russia, Family name - Poland, Family name - Ashkenazi Jewish surnames, Family name - Romania, Family name - India and Indonesia, Family name - Ethiopia/Eritrea, Family name - China Hungary Japan Korea and Vietnam, Family name - Mongolia Read more here: » Family name: Encyclopedia II - Family name - English-speaking countries |
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| | | | | 19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - Founding of modern Singapore - The need for a new British port Between the 16th and 19th centuries, the Malay archipelago was gradually taken over by the European colonial powers, beginning with the arrival of the Portuguese at Malacca in 1509. The early dominance of the Portuguese was challenged, during the 17th century, by the Dutch, who came to control most of the region's ports. The Dutch established a monopoly over trade within the archipelago, particularly in spices, then the region's most important product. Other colo ...
See also:Founding of modern Singapore, Founding of modern Singapore - The need for a new British port, Founding of modern Singapore - Raffles' Landing and Arrival, Founding of modern Singapore - The treaty Read more here: » Founding of modern Singapore: Encyclopedia II - Founding of modern Singapore - The need for a new British port |
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| | | | | 19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - History of Armenia - Prehistory Archaeologists refer to the Shulaveri-Shomu culture of the central Transcaucasus region, including modern Armenia, as the earliest known prehistoric culture in the area, carbon-dated to roughly 6000 - 4000 BC. However, a recently discovered tomb has been dated to 9000 BC. Another early culture in the Armenian Highland and surrounding areas—the Kura-Araxes culture—is assigned the period of ca. 4000 - 2200 BC, and is believed to have subsequently developed into the Trialeti culture (ca. 2200 ...
See also:History of Armenia, History of Armenia - Prehistory, History of Armenia - Early History, History of Armenia - Armenian Kingdom, History of Armenia - Christianisation, History of Armenia - Armenia and Byzantium, History of Armenia - Arabs Seljuks and Crusaders, History of Armenia - Armenia under Ottoman Rule from 1514, History of Armenia - East Armenia under Russian Rule 1820-1917, History of Armenia - The First Republic 1917-1922, History of Armenia - Transcaucasian Federative Soviet Socialist Republic 1923-1936, History of Armenia - The Second Republic 1936-1990, History of Armenia - The Armenian Republic 1990-today Read more here: » History of Armenia: Encyclopedia II - History of Armenia - Prehistory |
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| | | | | 19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - Habeas corpus - Habeas corpus ad subjiciendum Known as the "Great Writ", the writ of habeas corpus ad subjiciendum is a legal proceeding in which an individual held in custody can challenge the propriety of that custody under the law. A petitioner (the individual in custody) files a petition for a writ of habeas corpus, asserting that his custody violates the law. The writ, if granted, is addressed to the custodian (warden, jailer) of the petitioner, directing that the custodian release the petitioner. The writ applies to almost all forms of official detention, civil or criminal, ...
See also:Habeas corpus, Habeas corpus - Habeas corpus ad subjiciendum, Habeas corpus - Habeas corpus in England, Habeas corpus - Habeas corpus in the United States, Habeas corpus - Habeas corpus in Australia, Habeas corpus - Habeas Corpus Writs, Habeas corpus - Historical Background, Habeas corpus - External link, Habeas corpus - Other Uses Read more here: » Habeas corpus: Encyclopedia II - Habeas corpus - Habeas corpus ad subjiciendum |
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| | | | | 19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Early history See also: Archeology of the Americas, Models of migration to the New World
Indigenous peoples of the Americas - The Bering Strait Land Bridge Theory.
Based on anthropological and genetic evidence, scientists generally agree that most indigenous peoples of the Americas descend from people who migrated from Siberia across the Bering Strait, between 17,000–11,000 years ago.
The exact epoch and route is still a matter of controversy, as is whether it happened at all. Until recently there was a ...
See also:Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Early history, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - The Bering Strait Land Bridge Theory, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - The Pre-Siberian Aborigines Theory, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Migration waves, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - European colonization of the Americas, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - United States, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Canada, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Mexico, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Belize, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Guatemala, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Brazil, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Argentina, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Other parts of the Americas, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Statistics on indigenous populations, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Cultural aspects, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Gender, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Music and art Read more here: » Indigenous peoples of the Americas: Encyclopedia II - Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Early history |
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| | | | | 19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - Isle of Mull - Features Mull has a coastline of 300 miles (≈480 km). Its landscape is primarily moorland, with a few peaks, and its climate is moderated by the Gulf Stream. The highest peak on the island is Ben More (3169 ft / 966 metres).
The island is home to over 250 different bird species including the sea eagle, which was introduced in the nearby Island of Rùm and migrated to Mull. Minke whales, porpoises and dolphins are among the sea life ...
See also:Isle of Mull, Isle of Mull - Features, Isle of Mull - History, Isle of Mull - Tour of Mull, Isle of Mull - Movies and TV, Isle of Mull - Geography, Isle of Mull - Settlements, Isle of Mull - Islands Read more here: » Isle of Mull: Encyclopedia II - Isle of Mull - Features |
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| | | | | 19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Early history See also: Archeology of the Americas, Models of migration to the New World
Indigenous peoples of the Americas - The Bering Strait Land Bridge Theory.
Based on anthropological and genetic evidence, scientists generally agree that most indigenous peoples of the Americas descend from people who migrated from Siberia across the Bering Strait, between 17,000–11,000 years ago.
The exact epoch and route is still a matter of controversy, as is whether it happened at all. Until recently there was a ...
See also:Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Early history, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - The Bering Strait Land Bridge Theory, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - The Pre-Siberian Aborigines Theory, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - European colonization of the Americas, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - United States, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Canada, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Mexico, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Belize, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Guatemala, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Brazil, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Argentina, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Other parts of the Americas, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Statistics on indigenous populations, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Cultural aspects, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Gender, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Music and art, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Controversial terminology, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Canada and the North, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Latin America Read more here: » Indigenous peoples of the Americas: Encyclopedia II - Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Early history |
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| | | | | | 19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - History of East Timor - Decolonisation coup and independence After the fall of the Portuguese fascist regime in 1974, independence was encouraged by the new, democratic Portuguese government.
One of the first acts of the new government in Lisbon was to appoint a new Governor for the colony on November 18, 1974, in the form of Mário Lemos Pires, who would ultimately be, as events were to prove, the last Governor of Portuguese Timor.
One of his first decrees made upon his arrival in Dili was to legalise political parties in preparation for election ...
See also:History of East Timor, History of East Timor - Pre-colonial history, History of East Timor - Portuguese rule, History of East Timor - Decolonisation coup and independence, History of East Timor - Indonesian invasion and occupation with US support, History of East Timor - Towards independence, History of East Timor - The independent republic Read more here: » History of East Timor: Encyclopedia II - History of East Timor - Decolonisation coup and independence |
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| | | | | 19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - Habeas corpus - Habeas corpus ad subjiciendum Known as the "Great Writ", the writ of habeas corpus ad subjiciendum is a legal proceeding in which an individual held in custody can challenge the propriety of that custody under the law. A petitioner (the individual in custody) files a petition for a writ of habeas corpus, asserting that his custody violates the law. The writ, if granted, is addressed to the custodian (warden, jailer) of the petitioner, directing that the custodian release the petitioner. The writ applies to almost all forms of official detention, civil or criminal, ...
See also:Habeas corpus, Habeas corpus - Habeas corpus ad subjiciendum, Habeas corpus - Habeas corpus in England, Habeas corpus - Habeas corpus in the United States, Habeas corpus - Habeas corpus in Australia, Habeas corpus - Habeas Corpus Writs, Habeas corpus - Historical Background, Habeas corpus - External link Read more here: » Habeas corpus: Encyclopedia II - Habeas corpus - Habeas corpus ad subjiciendum |
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