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19th centuries
A Wisdom Archive on 19th centuries

19th centuries A selection of articles related to 19th centuries

19th centuries

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ARTICLES RELATED TO 19th centuries

19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - Literary theory - Literary theory and literature

One of the fundamental questions of literary theory is "What is literature?", though many contemporary theorists and literary scholars believe either that the term "literature" is undefinable or that it can potentially refer to any use of language. Specific theories are distinguished not only by their methods and conclusions, but even by how they define a "text." For some scholars of literature, "texts" means "books belonging to the literary canon". But the principles and methods of literary theory have been applied to non-fiction, popular f ...

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Literary theory, Literary theory - Literary theory and literature, Literary theory - History, Literary theory - Differences among schools, Literary theory - Schools of literary theory

Read more here: » Literary theory: Encyclopedia II - Literary theory - Literary theory and literature

19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - Jharkhand - History

The demand for a separate Jharkhand state in recent times is traced back to the early 1900s, when Jaipal Singh, [1] the Oxford Captain of the Gold Medal winning Indian Hockey team for the 1928 Olympics and suggested the idea of a separate state consisting of southern districts of Bihar. The idea remained on until 2nd August, 2000, when the Parliament of India passed the Bihar Reorganization Bill to create the state of Jharkhand, and 18 districts of Bihar were carved out to form Jharkhand state on 15th Novemebr, 20 ...

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Jharkhand, Jharkhand - History, Jharkhand - Geography and climate, Jharkhand - Flora and fauna, Jharkhand - Demographics, Jharkhand - Economy, Jharkhand - Government and politics, Jharkhand - Administrative districts, Jharkhand - Language literature & culture, Jharkhand - Social infrastructure, Jharkhand - Health, Jharkhand - Education, Jharkhand - Media

Read more here: » Jharkhand: Encyclopedia II - Jharkhand - History

19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - Inland Revenue - History of the Inland Revenue

The beginnings of the Inland Revenue date from 1665 when a Board of Taxes was set up following the introduction of special taxes to pay for the Second Anglo-Dutch War. A central organisation to supervise the collection of the special taxes was required. Taxes administered by the Board of Taxes included the land tax, first levied in 1692, together with an assortment of other assessed taxes, including taxes on houses, windows and dogs. Income tax was introduced in various forms in 1797, 1799, 1803 to 1816, and then reintroduced as an annual t ...

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Inland Revenue, Inland Revenue - History of the Inland Revenue

Read more here: » Inland Revenue: Encyclopedia II - Inland Revenue - History of the Inland Revenue

19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - History of England - England before the English

Archaeological evidence indicates that what is now southern England was colonised by humans long before the rest of the British Isles due to its more hospitable climate between and during the various ice ages of the distant past. The first historical mention of the region is from the Massaliote Periplus, a sailing manual for merchants thought to date to the 6th century BC, although cultural and trade links with the continent had existed for millennia prior to this. Pytheas of Massilia wrote of his trading journey to the island around 325 BC. ...

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History of England, History of England - England before the English, History of England - The Anglo-Saxon Conquest of Celtic Britain, History of England - England during the Middle Ages, History of England - Tudor England, History of England - Religious Conflict and the Civil War, History of England - The Industrial Revolution, History of England - Recent history

Read more here: » History of England: Encyclopedia II - History of England - England before the English

19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - History of Singapore - Republic of Singapore 1965 – present

Immediately after independence, the tiny island nation of Singapore seemed extremely inadequate to survive by itself; much of the international media were sceptical of prospects for her survival. The pressing issues were unemployment, housing, education, lack of natural resources and lack of land. The unemployment rate, ranging between 10-12%, became an extremely thorny issue. The loss of access to the Malaysian hinterland and the lack of natural resources meant that Singapore had no solid traditional sources of income. A large portion of th ...

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History of Singapore, History of Singapore - Ancient times, History of Singapore - Founding of modern Singapore 1819, History of Singapore - Early growth 1819 – 1826, History of Singapore - The Straits Settlements 1826 – 1867, History of Singapore - Singapore as a Crown colony 1867 – 1941, History of Singapore - The Battle of Singapore and the Japanese Occupation 1942 – 1945, History of Singapore - Post-war period 1945 – 1955, History of Singapore - Self-government 1955 – 1963, History of Singapore - Merger with Malaysia 1963 – 1965, History of Singapore - Republic of Singapore 1965 – present, History of Singapore - Problems after independence, History of Singapore - Resolution, History of Singapore - Success and criticism

Read more here: » History of Singapore: Encyclopedia II - History of Singapore - Republic of Singapore 1965 – present

19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - Llanelli - History

Historically a minor town, Llanelli grew significantly in the 18th and 19th centuries with the mining of coal and later the tinplate industry and steelworks. It became such a significant regional producer of tin that it was referred to as "Tinopolis" by the latter half of the 19th century. The closure of coal mines and competition from overseas steel plants meant that Llanelli, like many other towns in South Wales, saw significant and sustained economic decline from the late 1970s. Llanelli has hosted the National Eisteddfod five times: ...

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Llanelli, Llanelli - History, Llanelli - Local attractions, Llanelli - Location, Llanelli - Pronunciation and spelling

Read more here: » Llanelli: Encyclopedia II - Llanelli - History

19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - Marwaris - History

Since the time of the Mughal period (16th century-19th centuries), particularly from the time of Akbar (1542-1605), Marwari entrepreneurs have been moving out of their homeland of Marwar and Rajasthan, and adjoining regions, to different parts of Undivided India. The first waves migration took place during the Mughal period, and a number of Marwaris moved to the eastern parts of India, currently comprising the Indian states of West Bengal, Bihar, Or ...

See also:

Marwaris, Marwaris - The community, Marwaris - Rajasthani v/s Marwari, Marwaris - Demographics, Marwaris - History, Marwaris - Marwari houses

Read more here: » Marwaris: Encyclopedia II - Marwaris - History

19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - Pornography - Legal status

The legal status of pornography varies widely. Most countries allow at least some form of pornography. In some countries, softcore pornography is considered tame enough to be sold in general stores or to be shown on TV. Hardcore pornography, on the other hand, is usually regulated. Child pornography is illegal in almost all countries, and most countries have restrictions on pornography involving violence or animals. Some people, including pornography producer Larry Flynt and the writer Salman Rushdie, have argued that pornography is vital to freedom and that a free and civilized society should be judg ...

See also:

Pornography, Pornography - Terminology, Pornography - History, Pornography - Technology and pornography, Pornography - Video: Betamax VHS DVD and future formats, Pornography - Video and computer games, Pornography - Photo manipulation and computer-generated pornography, Pornography - The Internet, Pornography - Legal status, Pornography - Anti-pornography movement, Pornography - Pornography and sex crimes, Pornography - Japanese study, Pornography - Pornographic stereotypes, Pornography - Pornography by region, Pornography - Sub-genres of pornography, Pornography - Media

Read more here: » Pornography: Encyclopedia II - Pornography - Legal status

19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - Porto - History

Historic references to the city go back to the 5th century and to Roman times. In the period before the foundation of Portugal, it was named Portus Cale - Harbour of Cale in English. The surrounding county was thus named Condado Portucalense (English: Portuguese county). This county later became the independent kingdom called Portugal, which eventually expanded to its current frontiers south as it reconquered territory back from the invading Moors under the reign of King Dom Afonso Henriques, o Conquistador in the b ...

See also:

Porto, Porto - History, Porto - Culture, Porto - Transportation, Porto - Highlights, Porto - Economy, Porto - Education, Porto - Sports, Porto - Parishes, Porto - Notable citizens, Porto - Gallery, Porto - Famous Portuenses, Porto - Trivia

Read more here: » Porto: Encyclopedia II - Porto - History

19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - Overseas Chinese - Relationship with China

Both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China on Taiwan maintain highly complex relationships with overseas Chinese populations. Both maintain cabinet level ministries to deal with overseas Chinese affairs, and many local governments within the PRC have overseas Chinese bureaus. Both the PRC and ROC have some legislative representation for overseas Chinese. In the case of the PRC, some seats in the National People's Congress are allocated for returned overseas Chinese. In the ROC's Legislative Yuan, there are eight seats allo ...

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Overseas Chinese, Overseas Chinese - Terminology, Overseas Chinese - History, Overseas Chinese - Current numbers, Overseas Chinese - Recent emigration, Overseas Chinese - Assimilation, Overseas Chinese - Waves of immigration, Overseas Chinese - Relationship with China, Overseas Chinese - Statistics

Read more here: » Overseas Chinese: Encyclopedia II - Overseas Chinese - Relationship with China

19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - Mughal painting - Development

The Mughal painting developed and flourished during the reigns of Akbar, Jahangir and Shah Jahan. During the reign of Akbar (1556-1605), the imperial court, apart from being the apex nerve centre and administrative authority to manage and rule the vast Mughal empire, also emerged as a centre of cultural excellence. In this background, Mughal painting also thrived and hundreds of painters created innumerable paintings depicting scenes from various Hindu epics including the Ramayana and the Mahabharata; themes with animal fables; indivi ...

See also:

Mughal painting, Mughal painting - Genesis, Mughal painting - Themes, Mughal painting - Development, Mughal painting - Decline

Read more here: » Mughal painting: Encyclopedia II - Mughal painting - Development

19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - Mudéjar - Mudéjar style

In erecting Romanesque, Gothic, and Renaissance buildings, elements of Islamic art were used, achieving sometimes striking results. Its influence survived into the 17th century. The Mudéjar style, a symbiosis of techniques and ways of understanding architecture resulting from Jewish, Muslim and Christian cultures living side by side, emerged as an architectural style in the 12th century on the Iberian peninsula. It is characterised by the use of brick as the main material. Mudéjar did not involve the creation of new shapes or ...

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Mudéjar, Mudéjar - Mudéjar style

Read more here: » Mudéjar: Encyclopedia II - Mudéjar - Mudéjar style

19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - Cieszyn - History

Cieszyn was the capital of the Duchy of Cieszyn and shared its history throughout the ages. It was at Cieszyn that Maria Theresa and Frederick II signed on May 13, 1779 the Teschen Peace Treaty, which put an end to the War of the Bavarian Succession. Following the Czechoslovak invasion of Poland in January 1919, the city was divided in 1920 by the Conference of Ambassadors, a body formed by the Versailles Treaty, leaving a sizeable Polish minority on the Czecho ...

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Cieszyn, Cieszyn - History, Cieszyn - Culture, Cieszyn - Industry, Cieszyn - Sites of interest, Cieszyn - External links

Read more here: » Cieszyn: Encyclopedia II - Cieszyn - History

19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - Epidemic typhus - Development of the Vaccine

The first major step in the development of the vaccine was Charles Nicolle's 1909 discovery that lice were the vectors for epidemic typhus. This made it possible to isolate the bacteria causing the disease and develop a vaccine. Nicolle attempted a vaccine but was not successful in making one that worked on a large enough scale. He won the 1928 Nobel Prize for this work. Henrique da Rocha Lima in 1916 then proved that the bacteria Rickettsia prowazekii was the agent responsible for typhus; he named bacteria after H. T. Ricketts and Stanislaus von Prowazek, two zoologists who ...

See also:

Epidemic typhus, Epidemic typhus - Development of the Vaccine, Epidemic typhus - Epidemics

Read more here: » Epidemic typhus: Encyclopedia II - Epidemic typhus - Development of the Vaccine

19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - Mission San José - Mission history

Mission San José - The Spanish Mission Era 1776 – 1820. The Mission was founded on a site which was part of a natural "highway" by way of the Livermore Valley to the San Joaquin Valley. The site chosen for the only outpost on the east side of San Francisco Bay had been inhabited for countless generations by the Ohlone Indians. The Ohlones lived close to the land in harmony with nature, taking only what they needed for their sustenance. Their food included seeds, roots, berries, acorn meal, small game, and seaf ...

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Mission San José, Mission San José - Mission history, Mission San José - The Spanish Mission Era 1776 – 1820, Mission San José - The Mexican Rancho Era 1821 – 1847, Mission San José - California Statehood 1850 - 1900, Mission San José - The 20th Century and beyond 1901 - present, Mission San José - Mission life, Mission San José - Historic designations

Read more here: » Mission San José: Encyclopedia II - Mission San José - Mission history

19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - Porto - History

Historic references to the city go back to the 5th century and to Roman times. In the period before the foundation of Portugal, it was named Portus Cale - Harbour of Cale in English. The surrounding county was thus named Condado Portucalense (English: Portuguese county). This county later became the independent kingdom called Portugal, which eventually expanded to its current frontiers south as it reconquered territory back from the invading Moors under the reign of King Dom Afonso Henriques, o Conquistador in the b ...

See also:

Porto, Porto - History, Porto - Culture, Porto - Transportation, Porto - Highlights, Porto - Economy, Porto - Education, Porto - Sports, Porto - Parishes, Porto - Gallery, Porto - Famous Portuenses, Porto - Trivia

Read more here: » Porto: Encyclopedia II - Porto - History

19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - Military history of Mexico - 19th century

Main article: Mexican War of Independence Military history of Mexico - Background to the War of Independence. The backgrounds to Mexico's struggle against Spain for its independence have been argued to have taken root as early as 1650, when an Irishman, William Lamport, attempted to revolt against Spanish rule in Mexico, cause an uprising among the Mexican people, and overwhelm any resistance of the Spanish. However, events in the late 18th and early 19th centuries may be best summed as to ha ...

See also:

Military history of Mexico, Military history of Mexico - Pre–Colonial Era, Military history of Mexico - Spanish Conquest, Military history of Mexico - 19th century, Military history of Mexico - Background to the War of Independence, Military history of Mexico - The War of Independence, Military history of Mexico - Conflicts after independence, Military history of Mexico - Early 20th Century, Military history of Mexico - Mexican Revolution, Military history of Mexico - The Revolution, Military history of Mexico - World War I Era, Military history of Mexico - Mid 20th Century, Military history of Mexico - Cristero War, Military history of Mexico - World War II, Military history of Mexico - Recent developments, Military history of Mexico - 1994 Zapatista Rebellion in Chiapas, Military history of Mexico - Hurricane Katrina, Military history of Mexico - Timeline

Read more here: » Military history of Mexico: Encyclopedia II - Military history of Mexico - 19th century

19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - Chinese Malaysian - Education and Language

Traditionally, the Chinese Malaysians have placed great importance and value on education because of their view of education as being a means to improve their standard of living. This is also due in part to the traditional Confucian esteem of education and the educated. Today, Chinese Malaysians are one of the most academically competitive groups in the country and in the region (including Australia, a popular destination for many Ch ...

See also:

Chinese Malaysian, Chinese Malaysian - Dialect groups, Chinese Malaysian - Education and Language, Chinese Malaysian - Regional community, Chinese Malaysian - Religion, Chinese Malaysian - Famous Chinese Malaysians

Read more here: » Chinese Malaysian: Encyclopedia II - Chinese Malaysian - Education and Language

19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - Kecskemét - Geography

Kecskemét was formed at the meeting point of a large sandy region and a sandy yellow soil, its height is 120 meters above sea level. The territory west of the city is covered by wind-blown sand that is characterized by the almost parallel northern-southern sand-hills and the plain lands among them. At the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th centuries the pastures were impoverished, at many places destroying the natural vegetation cover and at many places causing movement of the sand that seriously endangered the town, too. The sand that was blown by the wind was later tied up by aff ...

See also:

Kecskemét, Kecskemét - Location, Kecskemét - Geography, Kecskemét - Demography, Kecskemét - History, Kecskemét - Tourist sights, Kecskemét - Local regular military unit

Read more here: » Kecskemét: Encyclopedia II - Kecskemét - Geography

19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - Werewolf - History of the werewolf

Many European countries and cultures have stories of werewolves, including Greece (lycanthropos), Spain (hombre lobo), Bulgaria (varkolak, vulkodlak), Czech Republic (vlkodlak), Serbia (vukodlak), Russia (oboroten' , vurdalak), Ukraine (vovkulak(a),vovkun,pereverten' ), Poland (wilkołak), Romania (vârcolac), England (werwolf), Ireland (faoladh or conriocht), Germany (Werwolf), Denmark/Sweden (Varulv), France (loup-garou ...

See also:

Werewolf, Werewolf - Origins and variations of the word, Werewolf - History of the werewolf, Werewolf - Becoming a werewolf, Werewolf - Theories of origin, Werewolf - Werewolves in modern fiction

Read more here: » Werewolf: Encyclopedia II - Werewolf - History of the werewolf

19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - Pornography - Legal status

The legal status of pornography varies widely. Most countries allow at least some form of pornography. In some countries, softcore pornography is considered tame enough to be sold in general stores or to be shown on TV. Hardcore pornography, on the other hand, is usually regulated. Child pornography is illegal in almost all countries, and most countries have restrictions on pornography involving violence or animals. Some people, including pornography producer Larry Flynt and the writer Salman Rushdie, have argued that pornography is vital to freedom and that a free and civilized society should be judg ...

See also:

Pornography, Pornography - Terminology, Pornography - History, Pornography - Legal status, Pornography - Anti-pornography movement, Pornography - Pornography and sex crimes, Pornography - Japanese study, Pornography - Pornographic stereotypes, Pornography - Pornography by region, Pornography - Sub-genres of pornography, Pornography - Media

Read more here: » Pornography: Encyclopedia II - Pornography - Legal status

19th centuries: Encyclopedia II - Puerta del Sol - Contents of the Puerta

The Puerta del Sol contains a number well known sights associated both domestically and internationally with Spain. On the south side, the old Post Office is used as the center of government for the Madrid Community (not to be confused with the municipal government, which is housed elsewhere). Also on its south side, the square holds a mounted statue of Charles III of Spain, nicknamed "the mayor of Madrid" for his public works program. The famous Tio Pepe lighted sign is above the square's western building between the Calle Mayor and the Cal ...

See also:

Puerta del Sol, Puerta del Sol - History, Puerta del Sol - Contents of the Puerta, Puerta del Sol - Location in Madrid

Read more here: » Puerta del Sol: Encyclopedia II - Puerta del Sol - Contents of the Puerta

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