19th centuries

Conservation of energy is possibly the most important, and certainly the most practically useful of several conservation laws in physics. The law states that the total inflow of energy into a system must equal the total outflow of energy from the system, plus the change in the energy contained within the system. In other words, energy can be converted from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed. In thermodynamics, the first law of thermodynamics is a statement of the conservation of energy for ...

Including:

• Conservation of energy - Historical development
• Conservation of energy - Modern physics
• Conservation of energy - The first law of thermodynamics
• Conservation of energy - Notes

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A chandelier is a ceiling-mounted fixture with two or more arms bearing lights. Modern chandeliers are often very ornate, containing dozens of lamps and complex arrays of glass shapes to scatter light in complex, attractive patterns. The earliest chandeliers were used in medieval churches and abbeys to efficiently illuminate large halls. They generally took the form of a wooden cross with a number of spikes on which candles could be secured, the whole assembly being hoisted to a suitable ...

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A werewolf in folklore and mythology is a person who changes into a wolf, either by purposefully using magic or by being placed under a curse. The medieval chronicler Gervase of Tilbury associated the transformation with the appearance of the full moon, but this concept was rarely associated with the werewolf until the idea was picked up by modern fiction writers. Most modern references agree that a werewolf can be killed if shot by a silver bullet, although this is more a reflection of fiction's influence than an authentic feature of ...

Including:

• Werewolf - Origins and variations of the word
• Werewolf - History of the werewolf
• Werewolf - Becoming a werewolf
• Werewolf - Theories of origin
• Werewolf - Werewolves in modern fiction

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A pocket is a small bag, particularly a bag-like receptacle either fastened to or inserted in an article of clothing. The word appears in Middle English as poket, and is taken from a Norman diminutive of O. Fr. poke, pouque, mod. poche, cf. pouch. The form "poke" is now only used dialectically, or in such proverbial sayings as "a pig in a poke," and possibly in the poke-bonnet, the coal-scuttle bonnet fashionable during the first part of the 19th century, and now worn by the female members of the Sal ...

Including:

• Pocket - External link

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Land of Israel Districts · Cities · Transportation Dead Sea · Red Sea · Sea of Galilee Mediterranean · Negev · Judea · Samaria Jerusalem · Tel Aviv · Haifa Zionism · Timeline ·Aliyah · Herzl Balfour · Mandate · 1947 UN Plan Independence · Austerity · Ma'abarot Lavon Affair · Eichmann Trial 1948 War · 1949 Armistice · Suez War Six-Day War · Attrition War Yom Kippur War · Lebanon War Peace treaties with: Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan Timeline · Peace process · Peace camp 1s ...

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Zionism, Zionism - Establishment of the Zionist movement, Zionism - Zionist initiatives, Zionism - Jewish reaction to Zionism, Zionism - Zionism and the Arab Muslims, Zionism - The struggle for Palestine, Zionism - Zionism and Israel, Zionism - Anti-Zionism and post-Zionism, Zionism - Non-Jewish Zionism, Zionism - Relevant articles, Zionism - Types of Zionism, Zionism - Zionist institutes and organization, Zionism - History of Zionism and Israel, Zionism - Notes

Read more here: » Zionism: Encyclopedia II - Zionism - Establishment of the Zionist movement

The thuggee religion was allegedly a cult with both Hindu and Muslim members who practiced large-scale robbery and murder of travellers by strangulation. Induction was typically passed from father to son, with the women of the household being kept ignorant of the cult's activities. Both of the factions into which the Thuggee belonged were divided by the Nerbudda river. Also, both Thuggee factions laid claim to antiquity. While members of the northern faction , however, did not trace their origin further back than the period of the ear ...

See also:

Thuggee, Thuggee - Origins, Thuggee - Beliefs and practices, Thuggee - British destruction of the cult, Thuggee - Thuggee in popular culture, Thuggee - Possible misinterpretation of Thuggee by the British, Thuggee - External link

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Vis Viva (from the Latin for living force) is an obsolete scientific theory that served as an elementary and limited early formulation of the principle of conservation of energy. Proposed by Gottfried Leibniz over the period 1676-1689, the theory was hugely controversial as it seemed to oppose the theory of conservation of momentum advocated by Sir Isaac Newton and René Descartes. However, the two theories are now understood to be complementary. The theory was eventually absorbed into the modern theory of energy though it still survives in the limited context of celestial mechanics t ...

See also:

Vis viva, Vis viva - Summary, Vis viva - In detail

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The indigenous hunter-gatherer occupants of Zambia, (called Bushmen) began to be displaced or absorbed by more advanced migrating tribes about 2,000 years ago. The major waves of Bantu-speaking immigrants—the Bantu expansion—began in the 12th century. Among them, the Tonga people were first to settle in Zambia and are believed to have come from the far east near the "big sea" believed to be the Red Sea where human civilisation started. Other groups followed with the greatest influx coming between the late 17th and early 19th centu ...

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Zambia, Zambia - History, Zambia - Politics, Zambia - Government, Zambia - Constitution, Zambia - Judiciary, Zambia - Provinces, Zambia - Military, Zambia - Foreign relations, Zambia - Education, Zambia - Geography, Zambia - Economy, Zambia - Demographics, Zambia - Culture, Zambia - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Zambia: Encyclopedia II - Zambia - History

See also: Archeology of the Americas, Models of migration to the New World Indigenous peoples of the Americas - The Bering Strait Land Bridge Theory. Based on anthropological and genetic evidence, scientists generally agree that most indigenous peoples of the Americas descend from people who migrated from Siberia across the Bering Strait, between 17,000–11,000 years ago. The exact epoch and route is still a matter of controversy, as is whether it happened at all. Until recently there was a ...

See also:

Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Early history, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - The Bering Strait Land Bridge Theory, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - European colonization of the Americas, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - United States, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Canada, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Mexico, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Belize, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Guatemala, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Brazil, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Argentina, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Other parts of the Americas, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Statistics on indigenous populations, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Cultural aspects, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Gender, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Music and art, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Controversial terminology, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Canada and the North, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Latin America

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It is difficult to overstate the importance of Goethe on the 19th century. In many respects, he was the originator of—or at least the first to cogently express—many ideas which would, in time, become familiar. Goethe produced volumes of poetry, essays, criticism, and scientific work, including a theory of optics and early work on evolution and linguistics. He was fascinated by minerals and early mineralogy (the mineral goethite is named for him). His writings, most of which are philosophic and aphoristic in nature, spurred on the develop ...

See also:

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe - Life, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe - Works, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe - Historical importance, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe - List of Works, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe - Novels, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe - Dramas, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe - Poems, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe - Nonfiction, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe - Other Works, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe - Quotations

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Stendal - Theatre of the Altmark. The area has a theatre named Theater der Altmark, Stendal. It was founded in 1946 and has always had a particular involvement in youth and children's theatre. Theatrical performances and dance events are staged, as well as concerts, conferences and meetings. Stendal - Winckelmann Museum. The Winckelmann Museum is named after Johann Joachim Winckelmann, the founder of classical archaeology. Its holdings include biographical documents, works, des ...

See also:

Stendal, Stendal - Twinnings, Stendal - Sites of interest, Stendal - Theatre of the Altmark, Stendal - Winckelmann Museum, Stendal - Fire Brigade Museum, Stendal - Other, Stendal - Persons, Stendal - Honorary citizens, Stendal - Sons and daughters of Stendal, Stendal - Literature

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South African beer has had two main influences on its development. Firstly, European settlers who colonised the country brought expertise and know-how as the country was populated. Dutch immigrants from the 1650s onwards, and British, immigrants during the 18th and 19th centuries both contributed in different ways to the knowledge of alcohol production. Another important but often overlooked influence has been indigenous knowledge. Local breweries, operated by the black population, especially groups such as the Sotho and Zulu, have been brewing forms of sorghum and ...

See also:

South African beer, South African beer - History, South African beer - Modern day

Read more here: » South African beer: Encyclopedia II - South African beer - History

In the antiquity, Budjak was inhabited by Dacians, Scythians, Celts, and, on the shores, by Greeks. From the AD 9th to the 12th centuries, the region was under the control of Kievan Rus' and Galicia-Volhynia. Genoese traders also build several fortresses on the Black Sea coast and on the Danube, while Nogai Tatars also inhabited this region before moving to Dobruja and Turkey. The territory was incorporated into the Principality of Moldavia in 1392 by Roman I, while previously it has been under Wallachian rule during the reign of Mirc ...

See also:

Budjak, Budjak - Name and geography, Budjak - History, Budjak - Ethnic groups and demographics, Budjak - Districts Raions, Budjak - Cities in Budjak

Read more here: » Budjak: Encyclopedia II - Budjak - History

Chinatowns in Asia - Cambodia. Phnom Penh's Chinatown is on Street 136. Cambodia experienced ethnic Chinese settlement beginning in the 1400s. In recent decades, a large number of new and more recent Mainland Chinese immigrants have immigrated to Cambodia. Several Cambodian cities are known or suspected to have started out as Chinese settlements. Chinatowns in Asia - India. There is a Chinatown in Calcutta. Many Hakka live in a community known as Tangra, which is dominat ...

See also:

Chinatowns in Asia, Chinatowns in Asia - Specific Asian Chinatowns, Chinatowns in Asia - Cambodia, Chinatowns in Asia - India, Chinatowns in Asia - Indonesia, Chinatowns in Asia - Japan, Chinatowns in Asia - Koreas, Chinatowns in Asia - Laos, Chinatowns in Asia - Malaysia, Chinatowns in Asia - Myanmar, Chinatowns in Asia - Philippines, Chinatowns in Asia - Russia, Chinatowns in Asia - Singapore, Chinatowns in Asia - Thailand, Chinatowns in Asia - Vietnam, Chinatowns in Asia - Discrimination and anti-Chinese sentiment

Read more here: » Chinatowns in Asia: Encyclopedia II - Chinatowns in Asia - Specific Asian Chinatowns

Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness - Human history. Within the BWCA are hundreds of prehistoric pictographs and petroglyphs on rock ledges and cliffs. The BWCA is part of the historic homeland of the Ojibwe people, who traveled the waterways in canoes made of birch bark. In 1688, the French explorer Jacques de Noyon became the first European to travel through the Boundary Waters. Later during the 1730s, La Verendrye and others opened the region to trade, mainly in beaver pelts. By the end of the 18th century, ...

See also:

Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness - Geography, Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness - History, Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness - Human history, Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness - Natural history, Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness - Recreation, Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness - Canoeing, Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness - Fishing, Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness - Hiking

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Appalachian Trail - Georgia. Georgia has 75 miles (120 k) of the Trail [1], including the southern terminus at Springer Mountain (3280 feet / 992 m). An 8 mile (12 k) approach trail (not part of the AT) begins at the Amicalola Falls State Park visitor center. The approach trail is often littered with items cast aside by overburdened hikers unprepared for the difficulties of the initial hike. At 4,461 feet, Blood Mountain is the highest point on the trail in Georgia. ...

See also:

Appalachian Trail, Appalachian Trail - The Trail, Appalachian Trail - Marking, Appalachian Trail - Hiking, Appalachian Trail - Accommodations, Appalachian Trail - Trail Towns, Appalachian Trail - States Included, Appalachian Trail - Georgia, Appalachian Trail - North Carolina, Appalachian Trail - Tennessee, Appalachian Trail - Virginia, Appalachian Trail - West Virginia, Appalachian Trail - Maryland, Appalachian Trail - Pennsylvania, Appalachian Trail - New Jersey, Appalachian Trail - New York, Appalachian Trail - Connecticut, Appalachian Trail - Massachusetts, Appalachian Trail - Vermont, Appalachian Trail - New Hampshire, Appalachian Trail - Maine, Appalachian Trail - History, Appalachian Trail - Thru-hiking information, Appalachian Trail - Travel literature

Read more here: » Appalachian Trail: Encyclopedia II - Appalachian Trail - States Included

Adamawa Province - Land. The Adamawa is one of Cameroon's more geologically diverse areas. The Gotel and Mambila Mountains at the border with Nigeria are largely composed of granite, which gives way to crystalline and metamorphic rock such as mica, schists, and gneiss. These are often covered in volcanic basalt, a combination that dominates until the Faro River. East of this, granites once again prevail, though sedimentary rock forms the valley of the Mbéré River, and a zone of metamorphic rock surrounds this. ...

See also:

Adamawa Province, Adamawa Province - Geography, Adamawa Province - Land, Adamawa Province - Drainage, Adamawa Province - Relief, Adamawa Province - Climate, Adamawa Province - Plant and animal life, Adamawa Province - Demographics, Adamawa Province - Settlement patterns, Adamawa Province - People, Adamawa Province - Religion, Adamawa Province - Economy, Adamawa Province - Livestock, Adamawa Province - Agriculture, Adamawa Province - Industry, Adamawa Province - Transport, Adamawa Province - Tourism, Adamawa Province - Administration and social conditions, Adamawa Province - Government, Adamawa Province - Education, Adamawa Province - Health, Adamawa Province - Cultural life, Adamawa Province - History, Adamawa Province - Early population movements, Adamawa Province - Fulbe jihads, Adamawa Province - European contacts, Adamawa Province - German administration, Adamawa Province - French administration, Adamawa Province - Post-independence

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Though French history in the broadest sense extends back more than a millennium it has existed as a recognizable nation-state (rather than a dynastic, transnational entity typical of the late Middle Ages) for less than half that period. Francophobia as a consistent, identifiable phenomenon may be dated to the point at which the country became the chief power of continental Europe: after breaking the back of the Hapsburg Empire in the 30 Years War. Francophobia - 1648 and Louis XIV. France was perceiv ...

See also:

Francophobia, Francophobia - Use of the Term, Francophobia - France as Continental Hegemony, Francophobia - 1648 and Louis XIV, Francophobia - Francophobia in Britain, Francophobia - The French Revolution, Francophobia - The Age of Napoleon, Francophobia - France as Imperial Power, Francophobia - France in Africa and Asia, Francophobia - The support of France to African dictatorships, Francophobia - The Case of Algeria, Francophobia - France as vocal Middle Power, Francophobia - World War II, Francophobia - Gaullism, Francophobia - Anti-French sentiment in the United States, Francophobia - France and the E.U., Francophobia - Stereotypes

Read more here: » Francophobia: Encyclopedia II - Francophobia - France as Continental Hegemony

Many European countries and cultures have stories of werewolves, including Greece (lycanthropos), Spain (hombre lobo), Bulgaria (varkolak, vulkodlak), Czech (vlkodlak), Serbia (vukodlak), Russia (oboroten' , vurdalak), Ukraine (vovkulak(a),vovkun,pereverten' ), Poland (wilkołak), Romania (vârcolac), England (werwolf), Ireland (faoladh or conriocht), Germany (Werwolf), Denmark/Sweden (Varulv), France (loup-garou), Ga ...

See also:

Werewolf, Werewolf - Origins and variations of the word, Werewolf - History of the werewolf, Werewolf - Becoming a werewolf, Werewolf - Theories of origin, Werewolf - Werewolves in modern fiction

Read more here: » Werewolf: Encyclopedia II - Werewolf - History of the werewolf

Main article: History of Catalonia Catalonia historic territory - Development of Catalonia as part of the Crown of Aragon into a Mediterranean Power. The territory that is now Catalonia was colonized by Ancient Greeks and Carthaginians. Like the rest of the Iberian Peninsula, it participated in the pre-Roman Iberian culture and was part of the Roman Empire, followed by Visigothic rule. In the eighth century it was part of Moorish (Muslim-ruled) al-Andalus, but the northern part of i ...

See also:

Catalonia historic territory, Catalonia historic territory - History of Catalonia, Catalonia historic territory - Development of Catalonia as part of the Crown of Aragon into a Mediterranean Power, Catalonia historic territory - Catalan constitutions 1283, Catalonia historic territory - Catalonia after the Middle Ages, Catalonia historic territory - The Principality, Catalonia historic territory - Language, Catalonia historic territory - Culture

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Archeological discoveries in the Sialk Hillocks which lie 2.5 Miles (4 km) west of Kashan reveal that this region was one of the primary centers of civilization in pre-historic ages. Hence Kashan dates back to the Elamite period of Iran. The Sialk ziggurat still stands today in the suburbs of Kashan after 7000 years. It was from Kashan where the three wise men of the Bible came from. The artifacts uncovered at Sialk reside in the Louvre in Paris and the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art, ...

See also:

Kashan, Kashan - History, Kashan - Kashan today, Kashan - Colleges and Universities, Kashan - Kashan's architectural heritage, Kashan - Famous Kashanis, Kashan - Sister cities

Read more here: » Kashan: Encyclopedia II - Kashan - History