1957 - Births

samskara: (Sanskrit) "Impression, activator; sanctification, preparation."

1)    The imprints left on the subconscious mind by experience (from this or previous lives), which then color all of life, one's nature, responses, states of mind, etc.

2)    A sacrament or rite done to mark a significant transition of life.

These make deep and positive impressions on the mind of the recipient, inform the family and community of changes in the lives of its members and secure inner-world blessings. The numerous samskaras are outlined in the Grihya Shastras. Most are accompanied by specific mantras from the Vedas.

-       samskaras of birth

-       samskaras of childhood

-       samskaras of adulthood

-       samskaras of later life

See: mind (five states of mind), sacrament, samskaras.

(See also: Samskara , Hinduism, Body Mind and Soul)

samsara: (Sanskrit) "Flow." The phenomenal world. Transmigratory existence, fraught with impermanence and change.

The cycle of birth, death and rebirth; the total pattern of successive earthly lives experienced by a soul. A term similar to punarjanma (reincarnation), but with broader connotations.

See: evolution of the soul, karma, punarjanma, reincarnation.

(See also: Samsara , Hinduism, Body Mind and Soul)

punarjanma: (Sanskrit) "Reincarnation." From punah, "again and again," and janma, "taking birth."

See: reincarnation.

(See also: Punarjanma , Hinduism, Body Mind and Soul)

Surya: (Sanskrit) "Sun." One of the principal Divinities of the Vedas, also prominent in the epics and Puranas. Saivites revere Surya, the Sun God each morning as Siva Surya. Smartas and Vaishnavas revere the golden orb as Surya Narayana. As the source of light, the sun is the most readily apparent image of Divinity available to man. As the giver of life, Surya is worshiped during harvest festivals everywhere. Esoterically, the sun represents the point where the manifest and unmanifest worlds meet or unite. In yoga, the sun represents the masculine force, pingala. Surya also signifies the Self within. In the Vedic description of the course of souls after death, the "path of the sun" leads liberated souls to the realm of Brahman; while the path of the moon leads back to physical birth.

(See also: Surya , Hinduism, Body Mind and Soul)

upanayana: (Sanskrit) "Bringing near."

A youth's formal initiation into Vedic study under a guru, traditionally as a resident of his ashrama, and the investiture of the sacred thread (yajnopavita or upavita), signifying entrance into one of the three upper castes.

The upanayana is among twelve samskaras prescribed in the Dharma Shastras and explained in the Grihya Sutras. It is prescribed between ages 8-16 for brahmins (who received a white thread), 11- 22 for kshatriyas (red thread), and 12-24 for vaishyas (yellow thread). At present the color white for the sacred thread has been adopted universally.

The upanayana is regarded as a second or spiritual birth, and one so initiated is known as dvija, "twice-born." Until about the beginning of the common era, the upanayana was also afforded to girls. Great value was placed on their learning the Vedas in preparation for the duties of married life.

See: samskaras of childhood.

(See also: Upanayana , Hinduism, Body Mind and Soul)

simantonnayana: (Sanskrit) "Hair-parting rite."

See: samskaras of birth.

(See also: Simantonnayana , Hinduism, Body Mind and Soul)

punsavana: (Sanskrit) "Male rite; bringing forth a male." Traditional sacrament performed during early pregnancy in prayer of a son.

See: samskaras of birth.

(See also: Punsavana , Hinduism, Body Mind and Soul)

List of Argentines - A-G. Miguel Abuelo, musician (Los Abuelos de la Nada) Ernesto Acher, musician and jazz composer Alfredo Alcón, actor Norma Aleandro, (1936-) actress Héctor Alterio (1929-), actor Pampita (Carolina Ardohain) (1981-), model and actress Pablo Alarcón (1946-), actor Gato Barbieri, saxophonist Lorena Bernal, Gilda (Miriam Alejandra Bianchi), pop singer Lola Berthet, actress ...

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List of Argentines, List of Argentines - Writers, List of Argentines - A-F, List of Argentines - G-P, List of Argentines - S-W, List of Argentines - Composers classical, List of Argentines - Arts, List of Argentines - Entertainment, List of Argentines - A-G, List of Argentines - L-Z, List of Argentines - Journalism, List of Argentines - Other categories, List of Argentines - Sports, List of Argentines - Religion, List of Argentines - Royalty, List of Argentines - Politics, List of Argentines - Sciences

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Darwin's theory: Theory of evolution developed by Charles Darwin (18091882) stating that plant and animal species develop or evolve from earlier forms due to hereditary transmission of variations that enhance the organism's adaptability and chances of survival.

See: evolution of the soul, nonhuman birth.

(See also: Darwin's theory , Hinduism, Body Mind and Soul)

incarnation: From incarnate, "to be made flesh." The soul's taking on a human body.

• divine incarnation: The concept of avatara. The Supreme Being's (or other Mahadeva's) taking of human birth, generally to reestablish dharma. This doctrine is important to several Hindu sects, notably Vaishnavism, but not held by most Saivites.

See: avatara, avatar, Vaishnavism.

(See also: Incarnation , Hinduism, Body Mind and Soul)

Manu Dharma Shastra: (Sanskrit) "Sage Manu's law book."

An encyclopedic treatise of 2,685 verses on Hindu law assembled as early as 600 bce. Among its major features are the support of varna dharma, ashrama dharma, stri dharma and seeing the Self in all beings. Despite its caste-based restrictions, which determine one's life unrelentlingly from birth to death, it remains the source of much of modern Hindu culture and law.

These "Laws of Manu" are the oldest and considered the most authoritative of the greater body of Dharma Shastras. Even during the time of the British Raj in India, law was largely based on these texts. The text is widely available today in several languages. (Buhler's English translation is over 500 pages.)

See: caste, dharma, Dharma Shastras, Kalpa Vedanga.

(See also: Manu Dharma Shastra , Hinduism, Body Mind and Soul)

Ishtalinga: (Sanskrit) "Cherished, chosen or personal mark of God." (Ishta: "sought, desired.") For Vira Saivites it is the personal Sivalinga, ceremonially given by a priest shortly after birth, and worn on a chain or cord around the neck thereafter.

See: Sivalinga, Vira Saivism.

(See also: Ishtalinga , Hinduism, Body Mind and Soul)

How children acquire native language (L1) and the relevance of this to foreign language (L2) learning has long been debated. Although evidence for L2 learning ability declining with age is controversial, a common notion is that children learn L2s easily, whilst older learners rarely achieve fluency. This assumption stems from ‘critical period’ (CP) ideas. A CP was originally postulated by Lenneberg in 1967 for L1 acquisition, but considerable interest now surrounds age effects on second language acquisition (SLA). SLA theories explain le ...

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Second language acquisition, Second language acquisition - Describing learner language, Second language acquisition - Error analysis, Second language acquisition - Interlanguage, Second language acquisition - Developmental patterns, Second language acquisition - Variability, Second language acquisition - Learner-external factors, Second language acquisition - Social effects, Second language acquisition - Input and intake, Second language acquisition - Interaction, Second language acquisition - Pedagogical effects, Second language acquisition - Learner-internal factors, Second language acquisition - Summary of Critical Period Research to date, Second language acquisition - Other Directions of Research, Second language acquisition - Cognitive approaches, Second language acquisition - Language transfer, Second language acquisition - Linguistic universals, Second language acquisition - Individual variation, Second language acquisition - Language aptitude, Second language acquisition - Age, Second language acquisition - Strategy use, Second language acquisition - Affective factors, Second language acquisition - Understanding SLA, Second language acquisition - Concepts of ability, Second language acquisition - References and further reading

Read more here: » Second language acquisition: Encyclopedia II - Second language acquisition - Summary of Critical Period Research to date

By 1932, Pasternak strikingly reshaped his style to make it acceptable to Soviet public and printed the new collection of poems aptly entitled The Second Birth. Although its Caucasian pieces were as brilliant as the earlier efforts, the book alienated the core of Pasternak's refined audience abroad. He simplified his style even further for the next collection of patriotic verse, Early Trains (1943), which prompted Nabokov to describe Pasternak as a "weepi ...

See also:

Boris Pasternak, Boris Pasternak - Early life, Boris Pasternak - My Sister Life, Boris Pasternak - Second Birth, Boris Pasternak - Doctor Zhivago

Read more here: » Boris Pasternak: Encyclopedia II - Boris Pasternak - Second Birth

Foremost among Attenborough's TV documentary series are the trilogy: Life on Earth, The Living Planet and Trials of Life. These examine the world's organisms from the viewpoints of taxonomy, ecology and stages of life respectively. In addition to these series, he presented more specialised surveys including The Private Life of Plants, Life in the Freezer (about life in and around Antarctica), The Life of Birds, The Blue Planet (about life in the oceans) and The Life of Mammals. Life In The Undergrowth, which began on 23 November ...

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David Attenborough, David Attenborough - Education and early career, David Attenborough - Major series, David Attenborough - Achievements awards and recognition, David Attenborough - Views on creationism, David Attenborough - Work, David Attenborough - Bibliography, David Attenborough - Introductions, David Attenborough - DVDs, David Attenborough - Other programmes, David Attenborough - Notes and references

Read more here: » David Attenborough: Encyclopedia II - David Attenborough - Major series

Although Chaplin had his major successes in the United States and was a resident from 1914 to 1952, he retained his British nationality. During the era of McCarthyism, Chaplin was accused of "un-American activities" as a suspected communist; and J. Edgar Hoover, who had instructed the FBI to keep extensive files on him, tried to end his United States residency. FBI pressure on Chaplin grew after his 1942 campaign for a second front in the war, and reached a critical level in the late 1940's, when Congressional figures threatened to call him as a witness in hearings. This was never done, probably because of fear of Chaplin's abi ...

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Charlie Chaplin, Charlie Chaplin - Birth, Charlie Chaplin - Childhood, Charlie Chaplin - Stage, Charlie Chaplin - America, Charlie Chaplin - Auteur, Charlie Chaplin - United Artists, Charlie Chaplin - The Great Dictator, Charlie Chaplin - Politics, Charlie Chaplin - McCarthyism, Charlie Chaplin - Academy Award, Charlie Chaplin - Marriages, Charlie Chaplin - Mildred Harris, Charlie Chaplin - Lita Grey, Charlie Chaplin - Oona O'Neill, Charlie Chaplin - Knighted, Charlie Chaplin - Death, Charlie Chaplin - Misinformation, Charlie Chaplin - Legacy, Charlie Chaplin - Media, Charlie Chaplin - Trivia, Charlie Chaplin - Filmography, Charlie Chaplin - Short films as actor, Charlie Chaplin - Feature films, Charlie Chaplin - Notes

Read more here: » Charlie Chaplin: Encyclopedia II - Charlie Chaplin - McCarthyism

By 1957 Elvis Presley was the most famous entertainer in the world. After pioneer band leader Bill Haley spawned interest in rock and roll in western Europe, Presley triggered a wide shift in tastes with effects lasting many decades. Singers in dozens of countries made Presley-influenced records in many languages and his own records were sold around the globe, even behind the former Iron Curtain. By 1958 Cliff Richard was rising to prominence in the UK and in France Johnny Hallyday became a rock and roll idol singing in French, soon to be fo ...

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Elvis Presley, Elvis Presley - An American phenomenon, Elvis Presley - Birth & Childhood, Elvis Presley - The Sun recordings, Elvis Presley - The management of Colonel Tom Parker, Elvis Presley - Military service, Elvis Presley - Comeback, Elvis Presley - 1969 onward, Elvis Presley - Movies, Elvis Presley - Gospel roots, Elvis Presley - Relationships, Elvis Presley - High school and early stardom, Elvis Presley - Priscilla Beaulieu Presley and some other relationships, Elvis Presley - Later years, Elvis Presley - Abuse of drugs, Elvis Presley - Death and burial, Elvis Presley - Lasting legacy, Elvis Presley - Elvis in the 21st century, Elvis Presley - Musical milestones, Elvis Presley - Trivia, Elvis Presley - Quotes from Elvis, Elvis Presley - Quotes about Elvis

Read more here: » Elvis Presley: Encyclopedia II - Elvis Presley - Lasting legacy

The discovery that DNA was the carrier of genetic information was a process that required many earlier discoveries. The existence of DNA was discovered in the mid 19th century. However, it was only in the early 20th century that researchers began suggesting that it might store genetic information. This was only accepted after the structure of DNA was elucidated by Watson and Crick in their 1953 Nature publication. Watson and Crick proposed the central dogma of molecular biology in 1957, describing the process whereby proteins are produced from nucleic DNA. ...

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DNA, DNA - Overview, DNA - DNA in practice, DNA - DNA in crime, DNA - DNA in computation, DNA - Overview of molecular structure, DNA - The role of the sequence, DNA - DNA replication, DNA - Mechanical properties relevant to biology, DNA - Strands association and dissociation, DNA - Circular DNA, DNA - Great length versus tiny breadth, DNA - Entropic stretching behavior, DNA - Different helix geometries, DNA - Non-helical forms, DNA - Direction of DNA strands, DNA - Chemical nomenclature 5' and 3', DNA - Sense and antisense, DNA - Distinction between sense and antisense strands, DNA - As viewed by topologists, DNA - Single-stranded DNA ssDNA and repair of mutations, DNA - The history of DNA research, DNA - First isolation of DNA, DNA - Establishing a link between heritable traits and chromosomes, DNA - Discovery of the structure of DNA, DNA - Bibliography

Read more here: » DNA: Encyclopedia II - DNA - The history of DNA research

She was born Lucille Fay LeSueur in San Antonio, Texas, the third child of Thomas E. LeSueur (1868-1938) and Anna Bell Johnson (1884-1958), who was of Irish and Scandinavian descent. Her older siblings were Daisy LeSueur, who died as a very young child, and Hal LeSueur. Her father, who was born in Tennessee, was of distant French Huguenot extraction. His ancestors immigrated from London, England, in the early 1700s to Virginia, where they lived for several generations. LeSueur was said to have abandoned the family in Texas; Crawford later said she had been ...

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Joan Crawford, Joan Crawford - Early life, Joan Crawford - Career, Joan Crawford - Marriages, Joan Crawford - Adopted children, Joan Crawford - Religion, Joan Crawford - Work at Pepsi, Joan Crawford - Final Years, Joan Crawford - Legacy, Joan Crawford - In pop culture, Joan Crawford - Filmography

Read more here: » Joan Crawford: Encyclopedia II - Joan Crawford - Early life

King Bhumibol Adulyadej the Great (Thai: ภูมิพลอดุลยเดช; IPA: pʰu:mipʰon adunjadeːd) (born December 5, 1927), also known as King Rama IX and the Ninth Rama, has been King of Thailand since 1946. He is currently the world's longest-serving head of state. Bhumibol Adulyadej - Early life. Bhumibol Adulyadej - Time in the USA. King Bhumibol was born at Mount Auburn Hospital in Cambridg ...

Including:

• Bhumibol Adulyadej - Early life
• Bhumibol Adulyadej - Time in the USA
• Bhumibol Adulyadej - Education
• Bhumibol Adulyadej - Succession
• Bhumibol Adulyadej - Marriage and family
• Bhumibol Adulyadej - Coronation
• Bhumibol Adulyadej - The second regency
• Bhumibol Adulyadej - Styles
• Bhumibol Adulyadej - Life as King
• Bhumibol Adulyadej - The King and politics
• Bhumibol Adulyadej - The royal projects
• Bhumibol Adulyadej - The King and the people
• Bhumibol Adulyadej - Private life

Read more here: » Bhumibol Adulyadej: Encyclopedia - Bhumibol Adulyadej

Alban Maria Johannes Berg (February 9, 1885 – December 24, 1935) was an Austrian composer. He was a member of the Second Viennese School along with Arnold Schoenberg and Anton Webern, producing works that combined Mahlerian romanticism with a highly personal adaptation of Schoenberg's twelve-tone technique. Alban Berg - Life and work. Berg was born in Vienna, the third of four children of Johanna and Conrad Berg. His family lived quite comfortably until the death of his father in 1900. He was more ...

Including:

• Alban Berg - Life and work
• Alban Berg - Compositions
• Alban Berg - Bibliography
• Alban Berg - Analytical writings
• Alban Berg - Biographical writings

Read more here: » Alban Berg: Encyclopedia - Alban Berg