1930 - Births

Demeter (Greek) (possibly from Doric da earth + meter mother)

The Earth-Mother; one of the great Olympian deities, in popular mythology specially associated with the earth and its products, patron of agriculture, goddess of law and order, and protector of marriage and the birth of offspring. As the grain goddess, counterpart of the Egyptian Isis, Roman Ceres, and corn mothers, corn maidens, and harvest goddesses of the various native cultures of the Americas today, and of the early Teutonic and Scandinavian races of central and northern Europe.

Popular legend describes Demeter as mother of Persephone, who while gathering flowers on the Nysian plain was seized by Hades and carried to the Underworld. Searching disconsolate for her lost child, Demeter came to the dwelling of Celeus at Eleusis, where she was hospitably received although her identity was unknown. On condition of being given the sole care of the king's son who was ill with fever, she remained and became the child's nurse. Each night she placed the child on a bed of living coals, but the mother, discovering this, snatched the child away in alarm.

Demeter then revealed herself as a goddess and, declaring that had she been left alone she would have made the child immortal, she relinquished her post in wrath. Before leaving Eleusis, however, she founded a mystical school or cult to keep alive certain otherwise secret teachings about human divinity and the life after death. The Eleusinian Mysteries, reputed to have sprung from this earlier effort, dealt particularly with the afterdeath states and the progress and experiences of the soul between earth lives.

The great Eleusinian divinities, as far as is known, were three: Demeter-Thesmophoros as goddess of law and order; Persephone-Kore the divine maid; and Iacchos the divine son (the divine man whom it was the object of the Mysteries to bring forth from the "tomb" of the human man). Probably because of her association with Persephone, Demeter was in one of her aspects a divinity of the underworld and was worshiped as such in Sparta and at Hermione at Argolis.

In the Orphic teachings Demeter is not only the earth goddess, but is also Demeter-Kore the divine maid. This aspect is twofold: as Persephone the Virgin-Queen of the Dead; and as the mortal maid Semele, mother of the mystic savior Dionysos, and later enthroned as Semele-Thyone (Semele the Inspiried). As both maid and mother she is the immortal wife of Zeus, and is also called the mother of Zeus, as an Orphic verse declares: "The goddess who was Rhea, when she bore Zeus became Demeter." In one of her aspects, Demeter is the one to whom, in the Orphic legend, is given the still beating heart of the murdered Zagreus-Dionysus.

Demeter belongs to the class of the kabiria (kabir, kabiri): "beneficent Entities who, symbolized in Prometheus, brought light to the world, and endowed humanity with intellect and reason" (SD 2:363), great beings to whom are credited the invention of the arts of peace -- letters and the alphabet, law, philosophy, science, art, architecture, music, spinning, weaving, and agriculture.

(See also: Demeter , Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary, Occultism, Occultism Dictionary)

Six-pointed Star The double triangle or Solomon's Seal; in India called the sign of Vishnu, where it "is the emblem of the Trimurti three in one. The triangle with its apex upward indicates the male principle, downward the female; the two typifying, at the same time, spirit and matter."

(IU 2:270; cf also diagrams in IU 2:264-5, 452-3) The six-pointed star is found in symbolical representations of the earliest cosmogonies. When the six-pointed star is formed of two interlaced equilateral triangles -- one light with the apex pointing upward, the other dark with the apex pointing downward, both triangles being symmetrically placed with regard to one central point -- and the double figure is surrounded by a circle, the sign represents the universe, spirit and matter, the alpha and omega in the cosmos, and involution and evolution. In the Qabbalistic presentation of the figure, instead of a circle surrounding the star a serpent is portrayed as swallowing its tail, as in the seal of the Theosophical Society:

This is the Egyptian symbol of time and eternity, and of ever-recurring cycles: of birth and death, manvantara and pralaya, to which the universe and every entity within it are subject. In theosophy it symbolizes further the six forces or powers of nature, the six cosmic planes, principles, etc., all synthesized by the seventh, or central point within the star.

The apex of the light triangle symbolizes the spiritual-divine monad, having its habitat in the spiritual-divine realms; the apex of the dark triangle, the human monad, having its habitat in the middle realm of conflict between spirit and matter, the apex itself being in the worlds of manifestation, the two sides extending from it reaching upwards towards the spiritual realm and representing evolution through aspiration and efforts towards a spiritual life. On the other hand, the two sides extending downwards from the apex of the light triangle represent the rays streaming from the spiritual-divine monad to enlighten, inspire, and uplift all beings in the manifested worlds. In the case of man, the human monad represented by the apex of the dark triangle is the reflection or child of the spiritual-divine monad or inner god.

The central geometrical point, having neither length, breadth, nor thickness, represents the invisible spiritual sun, the light of the unmanifested deity. Sometimes instead of a geometrical point, a crux ansata with a circle as its zenith appears -- symbol of limitless, uncreated space, as is a cross within a circle.

Again, the pentagram or five-pointed star may take the place of the central point, in which case the pentagram symbolizes the microcosm or man, within the macrocosm or universe. "The double triangle representing symbolically, the Macrocosm, or great universe, contains in itself besides the idea of the duality (as shown in the two colours, and two triangles -- the universe of Spirit and that of Matter) -- those of the Unity, of the Trinity, of the Pythagorean Tetractys -- the perfect Square -- and up to the Dodecagon and the Dodecahedron" (BCW 3:313).

See also SENARY; SEAL OF THE THEOSOPHICAL SOCIETY

(See also: Six-pointed Star , Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary)

Dynasties Among ancient peoples almost worldwide there have always been two types of dynastic government, the divine and the human. Ancient religious philosophy taught that government should try to follow the pattern set in the heavens or in the hierarchies of nature; and it was upon this fact that arose the early teaching of what became later known as the divine right of kings. In fact, early human history taught of the former existence of dynasties which ruled the various peoples of earth by the right of spiritual wisdom and knowledge, first through demigods, then heroes, and finally before the system passed into the merely human dynasties as we now know them, the dynasties of initiate-kings.

In ancient Hindustan there were two principal dynasties of kings, as given in the epics and the Puranas, named the Suryavansa (the Solar Dynasty) and the Chandravansa (the Lunar Dynasty). The former was said to have been descended from the sun through Ikshvaku, who according to mythology was the son or grandson of the sun, Vaivasvata-Manu, the progenitor of our present humanity. The Chandravansa was said to have sprung from Atri, the maharshi (great rishi), whose son again was Soma or the moon, whence the name lunar given to the dynasty.

In ancient Egypt there were thirty Dynasties of kings, as enumerated by the historian Manetho. But the Egyptian priests told Herodotus that there were three divine dynasties which preceded the reign of the human kings: that of the gods, of the demigods, and of the heroes. China too had its divine dynasties which preceded the human dynasties: thus the Chow rulers are placed at 1100 BC, but they were again preceded by the Sheng and the still earlier Hea (or Hia) dynasties. The Greeks taught the existence of divine dynasties followed by human, and Plato tells of divine and semi-divine instructors who first taught mankind the arts, sciences, and agriculture. The same general tradition is found in ancient America. The ancient Chaldeans used the figures 4 3 2 in their calculations concerning the time periods of their dynasties, which they said extended backwards from themselves for a length of 432,000 years.

The Secret Doctrine states that the earliest human races were instructed and guided by divine and semi-divine beings. Thus, the fourth or Atlantean race originally received its knowledge of cycles and astronomy, as well as of the arts and sciences, from divine and semi-divine dynasts. Before the Atlanteans, the Lemuro-Atlanteans were the first who had a dynasty of spirit-kings -- actual living dhyanis or demigods who had assumed bodies to teach and guide humankind; and they also instructed mankind in arts and sciences (SD 2:222).

An ancient Egyptian zodiac has been found which represented three Virgins: "The three 'Virgins,' or Virgo in three different positions, meant . . . the record of the first three 'divine or astronomical Dynasties,' who taught the Third Root-Race; and after having abandoned the Atlanteans to their doom, returned (or redescended, rather) during the third Sub-Race of the Fifth, in order to reveal to saved humanity the mysteries of their birth-place -- the sidereal Heavens. The same symbolical record of the human races and the three Dynasties (Gods, Manes -- semi-divine astrals of the Third and Fourth, and the 'Heroes' of the Fifth Race), which preceded the purely human kings, was found in the distribution of the tiers and passages of the Egyptian Labyrinth" (SD 2:435-6).

(See also: Dynasties , Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary, Occultism, Occultism Dictionary)

Nikolai Vavilov - Works in English. Origin and Geography of Cultivated Plants (translated by Doris Love). 1992. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0521404274 Five Continents (translated by Doris Love). 1997. IPGRI, Rome; VIR, St. Petersburg ISBN 9290433027 ...

See also:

Nikolai Vavilov, Nikolai Vavilov - Timeline, Nikolai Vavilov - Works, Nikolai Vavilov - Works in English, Nikolai Vavilov - External link

Read more here: » Nikolai Vavilov: Encyclopedia II - Nikolai Vavilov - Works

Reincarnation, as a doctrine or mystical belief, holds the notion that one's 'Spirit' ('Soul' depending on interpretation), 'Higher or True Self', 'Divine Spark', 'I' or 'Ego' (not to be confused with the ego as defined by psychology) or critical parts of these returns to the material world after physical death to be reborn in a new body. The natural process is considered integrative of all experiences from each lifetime. A new personality feature, with the associated character, is developed during each life in the physical world, bas ...

Including:

• Reincarnation - Overview
• Reincarnation - Reincarnation in various religions traditions and philosophies
• Reincarnation - Eastern religions and traditions
• Reincarnation - Western religions and traditions
• Reincarnation - Contemporary movements and thinkers
• Reincarnation - Common variations in the belief
• Reincarnation - Reincarnation Research
• Reincarnation - Objections to reincarnation
• Reincarnation - Theories put forward to explain the phenomenon
• Reincarnation - A theory of reincarnation

Read more here: » Reincarnation: Encyclopedia - Reincarnation

1909: On February 12, the National Negro Committee was formed. Founders included Ida Wells-Barnett, W.E.B. DuBois, Henry Moskowitz, Mary White Ovington, Oswald Garrison Villiard, William English Walling. 1910: The NAACP began court fights with the Pink Franklin case. It involved a black farmhand, who killed a policeman in self-defense when the officer broke into his home at 3 a.m. to arrest him on a civil charge. 1913: The NAACP protested President Woodrow Wilson's official introduction of segr ...

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NAACP, NAACP - Organization, NAACP - History, NAACP - Fighting Jim Crow, NAACP - Desegregation, NAACP - The 1990s: Crisis and restored strength, NAACP - Critics and supporters, NAACP - Bush declines to speak to the NAACP, NAACP - Timeline, NAACP - Influential court cases, NAACP - Sources and further reading

Read more here: » NAACP: Encyclopedia II - NAACP - Timeline

March 6 - 1252 to 1899. 1252 - Saint Rose of Viterbo, Italian saint (b. 1235) 1490 - Ivan the Young, Ruler of Tver (b. 1458) 1531 - Pedrarias Dávila, Spanish conquistador 1627 - Krzysztof Zbaraski, Polish statesman (b. 1580) 1754 - Henry Pelham, Prime Minister of Great Britain (b. 1694) 1758 - Henry Vane, 1st Earl of Darlington, English politician 1764 - Philip Yorke, 1st Earl of Hardwicke, Lord Chancellor of England (b. 1690) 1796 - Guillaume ...

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March 6, March 6 - Events, March 6 - Births, March 6 - Deaths, March 6 - 1252 to 1899, March 6 - 1900 to 1999, March 6 - 2000 onwards, March 6 - Holidays and observances

Read more here: » March 6: Encyclopedia II - March 6 - Deaths

Vannevar Bush (March 11, 1890 – June 30, 1974) was an American engineer and science administrator, known for his political role in the development of the atomic bomb, and idea of the memex—seen as a pioneering concept for the World Wide Web. His name was pronounced Van-NEE-var as in "receiver". He was unrelated to the Bush political family. Vannevar Bush - Career. Born in Everett, Massachusetts, Bush was educated at Tufts College, graduating in 1913. He earned a doctorate in engineering from Harv ...

Including:

• Vannevar Bush - Career
• Vannevar Bush - The Memex
• Vannevar Bush - Eponym
• Vannevar Bush - Personal life
• Vannevar Bush - Publications

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When the Spanish Civil War broke out, Ramsay was a strong supporter of the Nationalists under Franco, largely arising out of his opposition to the anti-clericism of the Spanish Republicans and their alleged attacks on the Roman Catholic Church. In the early months of the war he objected in Parliament to what he saw as bias in BBC news reports on Spain, and pointed to links between Spanish Republicans and the Soviet Union. Late in 1937, Ramsay formed the 'United Christian Front' to combat attacks on Christianity 'which emanate from Moscow'. M ...

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Archibald Maule Ramsay, Archibald Maule Ramsay - Family and early life, Archibald Maule Ramsay - Spanish Civil War, Archibald Maule Ramsay - Anti-Semitism, Archibald Maule Ramsay - Controversy, Archibald Maule Ramsay - The Right Club, Archibald Maule Ramsay - Outbreak of war, Archibald Maule Ramsay - House of Commons, Archibald Maule Ramsay - Internment, Archibald Maule Ramsay - Libel trial, Archibald Maule Ramsay - Subsequent political activity, Archibald Maule Ramsay - Sources

Read more here: » Archibald Maule Ramsay: Encyclopedia II - Archibald Maule Ramsay - Spanish Civil War

Main article: Supporterklubben Änglarna Before the foundation of IFK Göteborg, the dominant club in the Gothenburg area was Örgryte IS, which was considered a middle class club, and in later years an upper class club, like most clubs of that time. IFK became popular amongst the working class which created a fierce rivalry as the supporters not only supported different teams, they were also belonging to different social classes. During this time, in the early 20th century, supporters were supposed to act as gentlemen, applaud ...

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IFK Göteborg, IFK Göteborg - History, IFK Göteborg - Colours and badge, IFK Göteborg - Stadium, IFK Göteborg - Supporters, IFK Göteborg - Current squad, IFK Göteborg - Noted players, IFK Göteborg - Noted managers, IFK Göteborg - Achievements, IFK Göteborg - Records

Read more here: » IFK Göteborg: Encyclopedia II - IFK Göteborg - Supporters

Garvey was born in Saint Ann's Bay August 17, 1887, the capital of the parish of Saint Ann, Jamaica, where he attended grammar school. He also received private instruction from his godfather Alfred Burrowes, who ran a printery. At 14, Garvey was apprenticed to Burrowes to learn the printing trade. Garvey inherited a love of books from his father, a skilled mason who had a private library. This was further encouraged during his apprenticeship with Burrowes, where he came into contact with people who stopped at the prin ...

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Marcus Garvey, Marcus Garvey - Early life, Marcus Garvey - Travels abroad, Marcus Garvey - Publishing activities, Marcus Garvey - Founding of the UNIA-ACL, Marcus Garvey - Charged with mail fraud, Marcus Garvey - Other controversies, Marcus Garvey - Later years, Marcus Garvey - Influence, Marcus Garvey - Garvey and Rastafari, Marcus Garvey - Memorials to Garvey in Jamaica and Beyond, Marcus Garvey - Quotes, Marcus Garvey - See Also:, Marcus Garvey - Marcus Garvey bibliography

Read more here: » Marcus Garvey: Encyclopedia II - Marcus Garvey - Early life

Film theory seeks to develop concise, systematic concepts that apply to the study of film/cinema as art. Classical film theory provides a structural framework to address classical issues of techniques, narrativity, diegesis, cinematic codes, "the image", genre, subjectivity, and authorship. More recent analysis has given rise to psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film theory and others. Film industry - History. The Italian futurist Ricciotto Canudo (1879-1923) is considered t ...

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Film industry, Film industry - History of film, Film industry - Origins of motion picture arts and sciences, Film industry - Protean developments, Film industry - The silent era, Film industry - The Sound Era & The Golden Age of Hollywood, Film industry - The 1940s: the war and post-war years, Film industry - The 1950s: Widescreen 70mm Stereo and even 3D, Film industry - The 1960s, Film industry - The 1970s, Film industry - The '80s: sequels blockbusters and videotape, Film industry - The Digital Age, Film industry - The '90s and new Millenium: technical advances, Film industry - Film theory, Film industry - History, Film industry - Specific theories styles and movements in film, Film industry - Film criticism, Film industry - The motion picture industry, Film industry - Stages of filmmaking, Film industry - Development, Film industry - Preproduction, Film industry - Production, Film industry - Post-production, Film industry - Distribution, Film industry - Film crew, Film industry - Production Team, Film industry - Primary Production Artists, Film industry - Camera and lighting, Film industry - Production sound, Film industry - Postproduction picture, Film industry - Postproduction sound, Film industry - Independent filmmaking, Film industry - Animation, Film industry - Film venues, Film industry - Development of film technology, Film industry - Endurance of films, Film industry - Wikibooks, Film industry - Basic types of film, Film industry - Lists, Film industry - Other

Read more here: » Film industry: Encyclopedia II - Film industry - Film theory

Different manifestations occur at each stage of the disease. Syphilis - Primary syphilis. Primary syphilis is manifested after an incubation period of 10-90 days (the average is 21 days) with a primary sore. During the initial incubation period, individuals are asymptomatic. The sore, called a chancre, is a firm, painless skin ulceration localized at the point of initial exposure to the bacterium, often on the penis, vagina or rectum. Local lymph node swelling can occur. The primary lesion may persist for 4 to 6 weeks and then heal spontaneously. ...

See also:

Syphilis, Syphilis - History, Syphilis - Stages of syphilis, Syphilis - Primary syphilis, Syphilis - Secondary syphilis, Syphilis - Tertiary syphilis, Syphilis - Latent syphilis, Syphilis - Congenital syphilis, Syphilis - Testing, Syphilis - Treatment, Syphilis - Syphilis in art and literature

Read more here: » Syphilis: Encyclopedia II - Syphilis - Stages of syphilis

Definitions of the term vary. The term eugenics is often used to refer to a movement and social policy that was influential during the first half of the 20th century. In an historical and broader sense, eugenics can also be a study of "improving human genetic qualities". It is sometimes more broadly applied to describe any human action whose goal is to improve the gene pool. Some forms of infanticide in ancient societies, present-day reprogenetics, pre-emptive abortions and designer babies have been (somet ...

See also:

Eugenics, Eugenics - What is eugenics?, Eugenics - History, Eugenics - Galton's theory, Eugenics - Eugenics and the state 1890s-1945, Eugenics - Stigmatization of eugenics in the post-Nazi years, Eugenics - Modern eugenics and genetic engineering, Eugenics - Criticism, Eugenics - Pseudoscience, Eugenics - Objectification of hereditary traits, Eugenics - Slippery slope, Eugenics - Genetic diversity, Eugenics - Counterarguments, Eugenics - Eugenics in popular culture

Read more here: » Eugenics: Encyclopedia II - Eugenics - What is eugenics?

Pachelbel was born in Nuremberg and baptized September 1, 1653, which strongly indicates birth in August. He received early musical training from Heinrich Schwemmer, Cantor of the Church of Saint Sebald, and Georg Caspar Wecker, organist of the same church. At the age of fifteen, Pachelbel entered the university of Altdorf. During his stay in Altdorf, Pachelbel was both studying and serving as organist of one of the churches. Unfortunately, he was forced to leave the university after less than ...

See also:

Johann Pachelbel, Johann Pachelbel - Life, Johann Pachelbel - Works, Johann Pachelbel - Introduction, Johann Pachelbel - Organ works, Johann Pachelbel - Other keyboard works, Johann Pachelbel - Chamber works, Johann Pachelbel - Vocal music, Johann Pachelbel - Rise in popularity of the Canon in D, Johann Pachelbel - Media, Johann Pachelbel - Literature

Read more here: » Johann Pachelbel: Encyclopedia II - Johann Pachelbel - Life

1980 - January. January 1–April 1 - National steel strike in the United Kingdom. January 1 - Changes to the Swedish Act of Succession creates Victoria of Sweden, Crown Princess over her younger brother. January 4 - American president Jimmy Carter proclaims a grain embargo against the USSR with the support of the European Commission. January 5 - Hewlett-Packard announces release of its first personal computer. January 7 - President Jimmy Carter authorizes legislation giv ...

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1980, 1980 - Events, 1980 - January, 1980 - February, 1980 - March, 1980 - April, 1980 - May, 1980 - June, 1980 - July, 1980 - August, 1980 - September, 1980 - October, 1980 - November, 1980 - December, 1980 - Unknown dates, 1980 - Births, 1980 - January, 1980 - February, 1980 - March, 1980 - April, 1980 - May, 1980 - June, 1980 - July, 1980 - August, 1980 - September, 1980 - October, 1980 - November, 1980 - December, 1980 - Deaths, 1980 - January, 1980 - February, 1980 - March, 1980 - April, 1980 - May, 1980 - June, 1980 - July, 1980 - August, 1980 - September, 1980 - October, 1980 - November, 1980 - December, 1980 - Unknown dates, 1980 - Nobel Prizes, 1980 - Templeton Prize

Read more here: » 1980: Encyclopedia II - 1980 - Events

Immanuel Kant (April 22, 1724 – February 12, 1804), was a German philosopher and scientist (astrophysics, mathematics, geography, anthropology) from East Prussia. Kant is generally considered one of the greatest and most influential thinkers of modern Europe and the last major philosopher of the Enlightenment. Immanuel Kant - Kant and his philosophy. Kant defined the Enlightenment, in the essay "Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment?", as an age shaped by the motto, "Dare to know". T ...

Including:

• Immanuel Kant - Kant and his philosophy
• Immanuel Kant - Biography
• Immanuel Kant - Kant's moral philosophy
• Immanuel Kant - Example of the first formulation:
• Immanuel Kant - Example of the second formulation:
• Immanuel Kant - Influence
• Immanuel Kant - Tomb
• Immanuel Kant - Works and links to texts in English and German
• Immanuel Kant - Quotes
• Immanuel Kant - References and further reading
• Immanuel Kant - General introductions to Kant's thought
• Immanuel Kant - Biography and historical context
• Immanuel Kant - Collections of essays
• Immanuel Kant - On Kant's theoretical philosophy
• Immanuel Kant - On Kant's practical philosophy
• Immanuel Kant - On Kant's aesthetics
• Immanuel Kant - Other work on Kant
• Immanuel Kant - Contemporary philosophy with a Kantian influence

Read more here: » Immanuel Kant: Encyclopedia - Immanuel Kant

The encyclical opens with the observation that circumstances often dictate that married couples should limit the number of children, and that the sexual act between husband and wife is still worthy even if it can be foreseen not to result in procreation. Nevertheless, it is held that the sexual act must "retain its intrinsic relationship to the procreation of human life", and the "direct interruption of the gener ...

See also:

Humanae Vitae, Humanae Vitae - Summary, Humanae Vitae - History, Humanae Vitae - Reception

Read more here: » Humanae Vitae: Encyclopedia II - Humanae Vitae - Summary

A superhero is a fictional character who is noted for feats of courage and nobility, who usually has a colorful name and costume and abilities beyond those of normal human beings. A female superhero is called a superheroine. Since the definitive superhero, Superman, debuted in 1938, the stories of superheroes - ranging from episodic adventures to decades-long sagas - have become an entire genre of fiction that has dominated American comic books and crossed over into several other media. Superhero - Common t ...

Including:

• Superhero - Common traits
• Superhero - Common costume features
• Superhero - Character subtypes
• Superhero - Divergent character examples
• Superhero - History of superheroes in comic books
• Superhero - Antecedents
• Superhero - Golden Age
• Superhero - Silver Age
• Superhero - Deconstruction of the superhero
• Superhero - Struggles of the 1990s
• Superhero - Growth in diversity
• Superhero - Female characters
• Superhero - Non-Caucasian characters
• Superhero - Gay characters
• Superhero - Diversified teams
• Superhero - Treatment in other media
• Superhero - Film
• Superhero - Live-action television series
• Superhero - Animation
• Superhero - Radio
• Superhero - Prose
• Superhero - Computer games
• Superhero - Notes

Read more here: » Superhero: Encyclopedia - Superhero

At first Mussolini was supported by the Liberals in parliament. With their help, he introduced strict censorship and altered the methods of election so that in 1925–1926 he was able to assume dictatorial powers and dissolve all other political parties. Skillfully using his absolute control over the press, he gradually built up the legend of Il Duce, the title he bestowed upon himself: a man who never slept, was always right, and could solve all the problems of politics and economics. He introduced the Press Laws in 1925 which stated ...

See also:

Benito Mussolini, Benito Mussolini - Early years, Benito Mussolini - Birth of Fascism, Benito Mussolini - Fascist dictatorship, Benito Mussolini - The Axis of Blood and Steel, Benito Mussolini - World War II, Benito Mussolini - Death, Benito Mussolini - Writings of Mussolini

Read more here: » Benito Mussolini: Encyclopedia II - Benito Mussolini - Fascist dictatorship

Chen Duxiu (October 8, 1879 – May 27, 1942) played many different roles in Chinese history. Along with Li Dazhao, Chen was a co-founder of the Communist Party of China in 1921. He was its first Chairman, first General Secretary and an educator, philosopher, and politician. His ancestral home was in Anqing (安慶), Anhui, where he established the vernacular Chinese newspaper New Youth. Chen Duxiu - Biography. Chen Duxiu - Chronological life. Oct 1879 to Oct 1901: ...

Including:

• Chen Duxiu - Biography
• Chen Duxiu - Chronological life
• Chen Duxiu - Early Life.
• Chen Duxiu - The Founding of the Chinese Communist Party.
• Chen Duxiu - A Party in Turmoil.
• Chen Duxiu - Literary Work
• Chen Duxiu - Media Experience
• Chen Duxiu - Crisis with Cai Yuanpei
• Chen Duxiu - Crisis with Hu Shih
• Chen Duxiu - Anti-Confucianism
• Chen Duxiu - Chen's contribution to Chinese journalism
• Chen Duxiu - Reference

Read more here: » Chen Duxiu: Encyclopedia - Chen Duxiu

Chiang Kai-shek (October 31, 1887 – April 5, 1975) was a Chinese military and political leader who assumed the leadership of the Kuomintang (KMT) after the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925. He commanded the Northern Expedition to unify China against the warlords and emerged victorious in 1928 as the overall leader of the Republic of China (ROC). Chiang led China in the Second Sino-Japanese War, during which Chiang's stature within China weakened but his international prominence grew. During the Chinese Civil War (1926–1949), Chiang at ...

Including:

• Chiang Kai-shek - Early life
• Chiang Kai-shek - Rise to power
• Chiang Kai-shek - Tutelage over China
• Chiang Kai-shek - Wartime leader of China
• Chiang Kai-shek - Losing China
• Chiang Kai-shek - Presidency in Taiwan
• Chiang Kai-shek - Death and legacy
• Chiang Kai-shek - Names
• Chiang Kai-shek - Notes

Read more here: » Chiang Kai-shek: Encyclopedia - Chiang Kai-shek