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1911 Britannica
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1911 Britannica: Encyclopedia - Alabaster

Alabaster (sometimes called satin spar) is a name applied to varieties of two distinct minerals: gypsum (a hydrous sulfate of calcium) and the calcite (a carbonate of calcium). The former is the alabaster of the present day; the latter is generally the alabaster of the ancients. The two kinds are readily distinguished from each other by their relative hardnesses. The gypsum kind is so soft as to be readily scratched by a finger-nail (hardness 1.5 to 2), while the calcite kind is too hard to be scratched in this wa ...

Including:

Alabaster - Calcite Alabaster

Alabaster - Gypsum Alabaster

1911 Britannica: Encyclopedia - Amethyst

Amethyst is a violet or purple variety of quartz often used as an ornament. The name is generally said to be derived from the Greek a, "not," and methuskein, "to intoxicate," expressing the old belief that the stone protected its owner from drunkenness. It was held that wine drunk out of a cup of amethyst would not intoxicate. However, the word may probably be a corruption of an Oriental name for the stone. In the 20th century, the color of amethyst was attributed to the presence of manganese. However, since it is ...

Including:

Amethyst - Value

Amethyst - Amethyst in folklore and astrology

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1911 Britannica: Encyclopedia - Lamb of God

The title is first found twice in the Gospel of John: The next day he [John the Baptist] saw Jesus coming toward him and said, "Behold, the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world." (John 1:29) The next day John was there again with two of his disciples, and as he watched Jesus walk by, he said, "Behold, the Lamb of God." (John 1:35f) The image of Jesus as lamb is also very prominent in the Book of Revelation, where Jesus is referred to as Lamb twenty-eight times. However, Book of Revel ...

Including:

Lamb of God - Biblical references

Lamb of God - Background

Lamb of God - Mass

Lamb of God - Other uses

1911 Britannica: Encyclopedia - Carl Darling Buck

Carl Darling Buck (October 2, 1866 - 1955), American philologist, was born at Bucksport, Maine. He graduated from Yale in 1886, was a graduate student there for three years, and studied at the American School of Classical Studies in Athens (1887-1889) and in Leipzig (1889-1892). In 1892 he became professor of Sanskrit and Indo-European comparative philology at the University of Chicago, and was later named Martin A. Ryerson D ...

1911 Britannica: Encyclopedia - Anaximenes of Miletus

Anaximenes (in Greek: Άναξιμένης) of Miletus (585 BC - 525 BC) was a Greek philosopher from the latter half of the 6th century, probably a younger contemporary of Anaximander, whose pupil or friend he is said to have been. He held that the air, with its variety of contents, its universal presence, its vague associations in popular fancy with the phenomena of life and growth, is the source of all that exists. Everything is air at different degrees of density, and under the influence of heat, which expands, and of cold, ...

Including:

Anaximenes of Miletus - Reference

1911 Britannica: Encyclopedia - Abbot

The word abbot, meaning father, has been used as a Christian clerical title in various, mainly monastic, meanings. Abbot - Origins. The title had its origin in the monasteries of Syria, spread through the eastern Mediterranean, and soon became accepted generally in all languages as the designation of the head of a monastery. Originally, the word, meaning father, was applied to various priests, e.g. at the court of the Frankish monarchy the Abbas palatinus ('of the palace') and Abbas castrensis ('of t ...

Including:

Abbot - Origins

Abbot - Monastic History

Abbot - General Information

Abbot - Abbatial hierarchy

Abbot - Modern Abbots not as Superior

Abbot - Protestantism

Abbot - Sources and References

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1911 Britannica: Encyclopedia - Caesar Baronius

Caesar Baronius (October 31, 1538 – June 30, 1607), Italian cardinal and ecclesiastical historian, was born at Sora, and was educated at Veroli and Naples. At Rome he joined the Congregation of the Oratory in 1557 under St. Philip Neri and succeeded him as superior in 1593. Pope Clement VIII, whose confessor he was, made him cardinal in 1596 and librarian of the Vatican. At subsequent conclaves he was twice nearly elected pope, but on each occasion was opposed by Spain on account of his work on the Monarchy of Sicily, ...

1911 Britannica: Encyclopedia - Abbess

An Abbess (Latin abbatissa, fem. form of abbas, abbot) is the female superior, or Mother Superior, of an abbey or convent of nuns. The mode of election, position, rights and authority of an abbess correspond generally with those of an abbot. The office is elective, the choice being by the secret votes of the sisters from their own body. The abbess is solemnly admitted to her office by episcopal benediction, together with the conferring of a staff and pectoral cross, and holds for life, though liable to be deprived ...

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1911 Britannica: Encyclopedia II - County Antrim - Geology

A large portion of the county is hilly, especially in the east, where the highest elevations are attained, though these are nowhere great. The range runs north and south, and, following this direction the highest points are Knocklayd (1,695 feet), Slieveanorra (1,676 feet), Trostan (1,817 feet), Slemish (1,457 feet) and Divis (1,567 feet). The inland slope is gradual, but on the northern shore the range terminates in abrupt and almost perpendicular declivities, and here, consequently, some of the finest coast scenery in the world is found, w ...

Including:

Appomattox Court House - History

Appomattox Court House - External link

1911 Britannica: Encyclopedia - Antiochus II Theos

Antiochus II Theos (286–246 BC), was an emperor of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire who reigned 261–246 BC). He succeeded his father Antiochus I Soter in 261 BC. He was the son of Antiochus I and princess Stratonice, the daughter of Demetrius Poliorcetes He inherited a state of war with Egypt, which was fought along the coasts of Asia Minor (the "Second Syrian War"). Antiochus also made some attempt to get a footing in Thrace. During the war he was given the title "Theos" which means "God" in Greek, bei ...

1911 Britannica: Encyclopedia - Appearance

Appearance (from Lat. apparere, to appear), in law, the coming into court of either of the parties to a suit; the formal act by which a defendant submits himself to the jurisdiction of the court. The defendant in an action in the High Court of England enters his appearance to the writ of summons by delivering, either at the central office of the Supreme Court, or a district registry, a written memorandum either giving his solicitor's name or stating that he defends in person. He must also give notice to the plaintiff of his app ...

1911 Britannica: Encyclopedia - Archduke Charles

Archduke Charles of Austria, Duke of Teschen (de: Erzherzog Karl von Österreich, Herzog von Teschen, also known as Karl von Österreich-Teschen) (September 5, 1771 – April 30, 1847) was a son of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor (1747 – 1792) and his wife Maria Luisa of Spain (1745 – 1792). He was also a younger brother of Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor. Despite being epileptic, Charles achieved respect both as a commander and as a reformer of Austria's army. Archduke Charles - Youth and early careerIncluding:

Archduke Charles - Youth and early career

Archduke Charles - Napoleonic Wars

Archduke Charles - Later life

Archduke Charles - Assessment of his achievements

Archduke Charles - Writings and References

1911 Britannica: Encyclopedia - Archibald Armstrong

Archibald Armstrong (d. March, 1672), court jester, called "Archy," was a native of Scotland or of Cumberland, and according to tradition first distinguished himself as a sheep-stealer; afterwards he entered the service of James VI, with whom he became a favourite. When the king succeeded to the English throne, Archy was appointed court jester. In 1611 he was granted a pension of two shillings a day, and in 1617 he accompanied James on his visit to Scotland. His influence was considerable and he was greatly courted and flattere ...

1911 Britannica: Encyclopedia - Architectural terms

Bahut a dwarf-wall of plain masonry, carrying the roof of a cathedral or church and masked or hidden behind the balustrade. Cable molding, in architecture, is the term given to a convex molding carved in imitation of a rope or cord, and used to decorate the moldings of the Romanesque style in England, France and Spain. The word cabling by itself indicates a convex circular molding sunk in the concave fluting of a classic colu ...

1911 Britannica: Encyclopedia - Archibald Campbell Tait

Archibald Campbell Tait (21 December 1811 - 3 December 1882) was an archbishop of Canterbury. Born at Edinburgh, Scotland, his parents were Presbyterians, but he early turned towards the Scottish Episcopal Church, and was confirmed in his first year at Oxford, having entered Balliol College in October 1830 as a Snell exhibitioner from the University of Glasgow. He won an open scholarship, took his degree with a first-class in literis humanioribus 1833, and became fellow and tutor of Balliol; he was also ordained dea ...

1911 Britannica: Encyclopedia - Antiochus I Soter

Antiochus I Soter (i.e. "Saviour") (324/323-262/261 BC), was an emperor of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire. He reigned from 281 BC - 261 BC. He was half Persian, his mother Apame being one of those eastern princesses whom Alexander the Great had given as wives to his generals in 324 BC. On the assassination of his father Seleucus I in 281 BC, the task of holding together the empire was a formidable one, and a revolt in Syria broke out almost immediately. With his father's murderer, Ptolemy, Antiochus was soon compelled ...

1911 Britannica: Encyclopedia - Aponeurosis

Aponeuroses (απο, away, and νευρον, a sinew) are membranes separating muscles from each other. They have a shiny, whitish-silvery color, and are histologically similar to tendons, but are very sparingly supplied with blood vessels and nerves. When dissected, aponeuroses are papery, and peel off by sections. The primary regions with thick aponeurosis is in the ventral abdominal region, the dorsal lumbar region, and in the palmar region. Aponeurosis - Ventral Abdominal Aponeuroses. The Ventral Abdomi ...

Including:

Aponeurosis - Ventral Abdominal Aponeuroses

Aponeurosis - Dorsal Lumbar Aponeuroses

Aponeurosis - Palmar Aponeuroses

Aponeurosis - External link

1911 Britannica: Encyclopedia - Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas

Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas (1549 - March 29, 1625), Spanish historian, was born at Cuéllar, in the province of Segovia. Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas - Biography. His father, Roderigo de Tordesillas, and his mother, Agnes de Herrera, were both of good family. After studying for some time in his native country, Herrera proceeded to Italy, and there became secretary to Vespasian Gonzago, with whom, on his appointment as viceroy of Navarre, he returned to Spain. Gonzago, sensible of his secre ...