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18th | A Wisdom Archive on 18th | | 18th A selection of articles related to 18th | |
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18th
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO 18th | | | | |  18th: Encyclopedia II - Shakespeare's reputation - 18th century
Shakespeare's reputation - Britain.
In the 18th century, Shakespeare dominated the London stage, while Shakespeare production turned increasingly into the creation of star turns for star actors. After the Licensing Act of 1737, one fourth of the plays performed were by Shakespeare, and on at least two occasions rival London playhouses staged the very same Shakespeare play at the same time (Romeo and Juliet in 1755 and King Lear the next year) and still commanded audiences. This occasion was a striki ...
See also:Shakespeare's reputation, Shakespeare's reputation - 17th century, Shakespeare's reputation - 18th century, Shakespeare's reputation - Britain, Shakespeare's reputation - Elsewhere in Europe, Shakespeare's reputation - 19th century, Shakespeare's reputation - Shakespeare in performance, Shakespeare's reputation - Shakespeare in criticism, Shakespeare's reputation - 20th century, Shakespeare's reputation - Film, Shakespeare's reputation - Poetry, Shakespeare's reputation - Critical quotations Read more here: » Shakespeare's reputation: Encyclopedia II - Shakespeare's reputation - 18th century |
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| | | | | 18th: Encyclopedia II - Quaker history - 18th Century In 1691 George Fox died. Thus, the Quaker movement went into the 18th Century without one of its most influential early leaders. Thanks to the Toleration Act of 1689, people were no longer criminals simply by being Friends.
During this time, other people began to recognize Quakers for their integrity in social and economic matters. Many Quakers went into manufacturing or commerce, because they were not allowed to earn academic degrees at that time. These Quaker businessmen were successful, in part, because people trusted them. The cus ...
See also:Quaker history, Quaker history - Early Days, Quaker history - Nayler's sign, Quaker history - Persecution in England, Quaker history - Persecution in the New World, Quaker history - 18th Century, Quaker history - Influential Quakers of the 19th Century, Quaker history - 19th century controversies and divisions Read more here: » Quaker history: Encyclopedia II - Quaker history - 18th Century |
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| | | | | 18th: Encyclopedia II - Music of Poland - 17th and 18th centuries In the last years of the 16th century and the first part of the 17th century, a number of Italian musicians were guests at the royal courts of Sigismund III and Władysław IV. These included Luca Marenzio, Giovanni Francesco Anerio, and Marco Scacchi. Polish composers from this period focused on baroque religious music, concertos for voices, instruments, and basso continuo, a tradition that continued into the 18th century. The most well-remembered composer of this period was Adam Jarzębski, known for his instrumental works such as Chrom ...
See also:Music of Poland, Music of Poland - Beginnings, Music of Poland - 17th and 18th centuries, Music of Poland - Traditional music, Music of Poland - Dance music, Music of Poland - Podhale, Music of Poland - Other regions, Music of Poland - Classical music, Music of Poland - Composers, Music of Poland - Contemporary Music Read more here: » Music of Poland: Encyclopedia II - Music of Poland - 17th and 18th centuries |
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| | | | | | 18th: Encyclopedia II - Irish theatre - The 18th century The 18th century saw the emergence of two major Irish dramatists, Oliver Goldsmith and Richard Brinsley Sheridan, who were two of the most successful playwrights on the London stage in the 18th century. Goldsmith (1728–1774) was born in Roscommon and grew up in extremely rural surroundings. He entered Trinity College in 1745 and graduated in 1749. He returned to the family home, and in 1751, began to travel, finally settling in London in 1756, where he published poetry, prose and two plays, The Good-Natur'd Man 1768 and She Stoops to Conquer 1773. This latter ...
See also:Irish theatre, Irish theatre - Small beginnings, Irish theatre - The Court in Kilkenny, Irish theatre - The Restoration, Irish theatre - The 18th century, Irish theatre - The 19th century, Irish theatre - The Abbey and after, Irish theatre - Mid 20th century, Irish theatre - Recent developments Read more here: » Irish theatre: Encyclopedia II - Irish theatre - The 18th century |
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| | | | | 18th: Encyclopedia II - History of Birmingham - 18th century In the 18th century Birmingham grew rapidly into one of the world's first major industrial towns. In 1791, Arthur Young described Birmingham as "the first manufacturing town in the world".
The industrial revolution began in the Midlands area of England, especially in the Ironbridge area, some 30 miles (50 km) to the west of Birmingham.
Birmingham's skilled workforce, and the fact that Birmingham was located near the coalfields of northern Warwickshire and Staffordshire, meant that the town grew rapidly. By the mid-18th century, ...
See also:History of Birmingham, History of Birmingham - Ancient history, History of Birmingham - Saxon Birmingham, History of Birmingham - Medieval Birmingham, History of Birmingham - 16th and 17th centuries, History of Birmingham - 18th century, History of Birmingham - 19th century, History of Birmingham - Improvements, History of Birmingham - Expansion, History of Birmingham - 20th century, History of Birmingham - Diversity, History of Birmingham - Regeneration, History of Birmingham - Historic population Read more here: » History of Birmingham: Encyclopedia II - History of Birmingham - 18th century |
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| | | | | 18th: Encyclopedia II - History of Jersey - 18th century The Chamber of commerce founded 24 February 1768 is the oldest in the Commonwealth.
The Code of 1771 laid down for the first time in one place the extant laws of Jersey, and from this time the functions of the Royal Court and the States of Jersey were delimited, with sole legislative power vested in the States.
Methodism arrived in Jersey in 1774, brought by fishermen returning from Newfoundland. Conflict with the authorities ensued when men refused to attend Militia drill when that coincided with chapel meetings. The Ro ...
See also:History of Jersey, History of Jersey - Prehistory, History of Jersey - Christianity, History of Jersey - Normans, History of Jersey - Self-government from 1204, History of Jersey - Reformation to Restoration, History of Jersey - 18th century, History of Jersey - 19th century, History of Jersey - 20th century, History of Jersey - Reference Read more here: » History of Jersey: Encyclopedia II - History of Jersey - 18th century |
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| | | | | | | 18th: Encyclopedia II - Castlevania timeline - 18th Century 1748: (The events of Castlevania: Harmony of Dissonance) In 1746, Maxim Kischine left on a self-training expedition in order to cope with his own self-doubt after Juste Belmont was chosen over him to receive the legendary whip, Vampire Killer. Two years later, upon his return from training (wounded and scarred), Maxim learns of some terrible news- a childhood friend of both him and Juste, named Lydie Erlanger, had been kidnapped, and also, Maxim had lost memory of the events of the past two years (or most of the e ...
See also:Castlevania timeline, Castlevania timeline - 11th Century, Castlevania timeline - 12th-14th Centuries, Castlevania timeline - 15th Century, Castlevania timeline - 16th Century, Castlevania timeline - 17th Century, Castlevania timeline - 18th Century, Castlevania timeline - 19th Century, Castlevania timeline - 20th Century, Castlevania timeline - 21st Century Read more here: » Castlevania timeline: Encyclopedia II - Castlevania timeline - 18th Century |
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| | | | | 18th: Encyclopedia II - Women artists - 18th century Artists from this period include Rosalba Carriera, Guilia Lama, Anna Dorothea Therbusch, Angelica Kauffmann, Mary Moser, Maria Cosway, Anne Vallayer-Coster, Adelaide Labille-Guiard,and Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun.
In many countries of Europe, the Academies were the arbitrars of style. The Academies were also responsible for training artists, exhibiting artwork and, inadvertantly or not, promoting the sale of art. Sadly, most Academies were not open to women. In France, for example, the powerful Academy in Paris had 450 members betwe ...
See also:Women artists, Women artists - Issues in constructing a history of women artists, Women artists - Ancient and classical period, Women artists - Medieval era, Women artists - Renaissance era, Women artists - Baroque era, Women artists - 18th century, Women artists - 19th century, Women artists - 20th century, Women artists - Partial bibliography Read more here: » Women artists: Encyclopedia II - Women artists - 18th century |
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| | | | | 18th: Encyclopedia II - History of Baden - 18th century During the wars of the reign of Louis XIV of France the margravate was ravaged by French troops, and the towns of Pforzheim, Durlach, and Baden were destroyed. The margrave of Baden-Baden, Louis William (died 1707), figured prominently among the soldiers who resisted the aggressions of France.
It was the life's work of Charles Frederick of Baden-Durlach to give territorial unity to his country. Beginning to reign in 1738 and coming of age in 1746, this prince is the most notable of the rulers of Baden. He was interested in the develop ...
See also:History of Baden, History of Baden - 12th century, History of Baden - 13th - 17th centuries, History of Baden - 18th century, History of Baden - The French Revolution and Napoleon, History of Baden - Baden in the German Confederation, History of Baden - Revolution of 1848/49, History of Baden - Towards the German Empire, History of Baden - Kulturkampf, History of Baden - Baden in the German Empire Read more here: » History of Baden: Encyclopedia II - History of Baden - 18th century |
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| | | | | 18th: Encyclopedia II - Livre tournois - The 18th Century In 1726, under Louis XV's minister Cardinal Fleury, a system of monetary stability was put in place. 8 ounces (a mark) of gold was worth 740 livres, 9 sols; 8 ounces of silver was worth 51 livres, 2 sols, 3 deniers. This lead to a strict conversion rate between gold and silver (14 1/2 to 1) and established the values of the coins in circulation in France at:
Louis (gold coin) = 24 livres.
écu (silver coin) = 6 livres.
This stability allowed the return of a real coin "livre", a medium sized silver coin of lesser worth than a silver quart écu, ...
See also:Livre tournois, Livre tournois - Origin, Livre tournois - Subdivisions, Livre tournois - Accounting Currency, Livre tournois - The 18th Century, Livre tournois - The Franc and the Livre, Livre tournois - Later History Read more here: » Livre tournois: Encyclopedia II - Livre tournois - The 18th Century |
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| | | | | 18th: Encyclopedia II - Portrait miniature - England 18th and 19th centuries The 18th century produced a great number of miniature painters, of whom Richard Cosway (1742–1821) is the most famous. His works are of great beauty, and executed with a dash and brilliance which no other artist equalled. His best work was done about 1799. His portraits are generally on ivory, although occasionally he worked on paper or vellum, and he produced a great many full-length pencil drawings on paper, in which he slightly tinted the faces and hands, and these he called "stayned drawings". Cosway's finest miniatures are signed on the back; there is but one genu ...
See also:Portrait miniature, Portrait miniature - England 16th and 17th centuries, Portrait miniature - England 18th and 19th centuries, Portrait miniature - France, Portrait miniature - Materials Read more here: » Portrait miniature: Encyclopedia II - Portrait miniature - England 18th and 19th centuries |
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| | | | | 18th: Encyclopedia II - Italian literature - The Revival in the 18th Century Having for the most part freed itself from the Spanish dominion in the 18th century, the new political condition of Italy began to improve. Promoters of this improvement, which manifested itself in civil reform, were Joseph II, Leopold I and Charles I. These princes were influenced by philosophers, who in their turn felt the influence of a general movement of ideas at large in many parts of Europe, and which came to a head in the French encyclopedists.
Giambattista Vico was a token of the awakening of historical consciousness in Italy ...
See also:Italian literature, Italian literature - Origins, Italian literature - The Sicilian School, Italian literature - Religious poetry, Italian literature - Early prose, Italian literature - The Spontaneous Development of Italian Literature, Italian literature - Dante, Italian literature - Petrarch and after, Italian literature - The Renaissance, Italian literature - Development of the Renaissance, Italian literature - Period of Decadence, Italian literature - The Revival in the 18th Century, Italian literature - Nineteenth Century and After, Italian literature - Bibliography, Italian literature - Further reading, Italian literature - Original texts and criticism, Italian literature - Article sources Read more here: » Italian literature: Encyclopedia II - Italian literature - The Revival in the 18th Century |
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| | | | | 18th: Encyclopedia II - History of the threepence - Early 18th century In the reign of Queen Anne (1701-1714), the same basic design was used, with threepences produced in 1703-1710 and 1713. The obverse shows a left-facing bust of the queen, with the inscription ANNA DEI GRATIA while the reverse shows the crowned "3" and MAG BR FR ET HIB REG date (1703-5, 1707), MAG BR FRA ET HIB REG (1706), or MAG BRI FR ET HIB REG (1708-13).
The design continued in the reign of George I, when threepences were produced in 1717, 1721, 1723, and 1727. The obvers ...
See also:History of the threepence, History of the threepence - Early threepences, History of the threepence - Threepences reintroduced, History of the threepence - Rarer threepences, History of the threepence - Mid to late 17th century, History of the threepence - Early 18th century, History of the threepence - Change of role, History of the threepence - Queen Victoria, History of the threepence - Early 20th century, History of the threepence - Brass vs silver threepences, History of the threepence - Irish threepences, History of the threepence - In conversation Read more here: » History of the threepence: Encyclopedia II - History of the threepence - Early 18th century |
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| | | | | 18th: Encyclopedia II - History of California - 18th century
History of California - Spanish colonization.
Since 1493, Spain had maintained a number of missions throughout New Spain (Mexico, and portions of what today are the Southwestern United States) in order to facilitate colonization of these lands. It was not until the threat of invasion by Tsarist Russia in 1765, however, that King Charles III of Spain felt such installations were necessary in Upper ("Alta") California. Between 1774 and 1791, the Crown sent forth a number of expeditions to explore the Pacific Northwest, but by 1819 chose to limit its "reach" to Northern California due to ...
See also:History of California, History of California - Prehistory, History of California - 16th century, History of California - European exploration, History of California - 17th century, History of California - Other Spanish expeditions, History of California - 18th century, History of California - Spanish colonization, History of California - British influences, History of California - 19th century, History of California - Russian exploration, History of California - Ranchos, History of California - Mexican California, History of California - California Republic, History of California - Statehood, History of California - 20th century Read more here: » History of California: Encyclopedia II - History of California - 18th century |
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| | | | | 18th: Encyclopedia II - History of London - 18th century London The 18th century was a period of rapid growth for London, reflecting an increasing national population, the early stirrings of the Industrial Revolution, and London's role at the centre of the evolving British Empire.
During the Georgian period London spread beyond its traditional limits at an accelerating pace. New districts such as Mayfair were built for the rich in the West End, new bridges over the Thames encouraged an acceleration of development in South London and in the East E ...
See also:History of London, History of London - Legendary foundations and prehistoric London, History of London - Roman London, History of London - Saxon London, History of London - Mediæval London, History of London - Tudor London 1485-1603, History of London - Stuart London 1603-1714, History of London - 18th century London, History of London - 19th century London, History of London - 20th century London, History of London - London from 1900 to World War II, History of London - London in World War II, History of London - Postwar London, History of London - Greater London, History of London - Greater London Authority, History of London - 21st Century London, History of London - Population, History of London - Historical places of note in London Read more here: » History of London: Encyclopedia II - History of London - 18th century London |
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| | | | | 18th: Encyclopedia II - Egypt in the European imagination - 18th century The 18th century witnessed the rise of a first authentically historicist imagination, one that attempted to picture the cultures of the distant past as truly different in kind, not merely in curious detail and superstitious idolatry. In an atmosphere of antiquarian interest, a sense arose that ancient knowledge was somehow embodied in Egyptian monuments and lore, an Egyptian imagery pervaded the Freemasonry and its imagery, such as the eye on the pyramid — still depicted, with the masonic "Novus Ordo Seclorum", on the Great Seal of ...
See also:Egypt in the European imagination, Egypt in the European imagination - 18th century, Egypt in the European imagination - 19th century, Egypt in the European imagination - 20th century, Egypt in the European imagination - 21st century Read more here: » Egypt in the European imagination: Encyclopedia II - Egypt in the European imagination - 18th century |
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