18 Brumaire, the coup of 18 Brumaire or sometimes simply Brumaire refers to the coup d'état by which General Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the government of the Directory to replace it by the Consulate. This occurred on 9 November 1799, which was 18 Brumaire in the year VIII under the French Republican Calendar. The name, already well-established in common use, was reinforced by the title of Karl Marx's The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (Der achtzehnte Brumaire des Louis Bonaparte, 1852), an ...

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• 18 Brumaire - Context
• 18 Brumaire - The events of 18 Brumaire in the year VIII
• 18 Brumaire - The events of 19 Brumaire
• 18 Brumaire - Aftermath
• 18 Brumaire - External references

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Ironically, the ground for Bonaparte's coup may have been laid more by his few defeats than by his many victories. In November 1799, France was suffering the effects of military reverses brought on by Bonaparte's adventurism in the Middle East. The looming threat of opportunistic invasion by the Second Coalition had provoked internal unrest, with Bonaparte stuck in Egypt. The coup was first prepared not by Bonaparte, but by the Abbé Sieyès, then one of the five Directors, attempting to head off a return to Jacobinism. Dazzled by Bon ...

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18 Brumaire, 18 Brumaire - Context, 18 Brumaire - The events of 18 Brumaire in the year VIII, 18 Brumaire - The events of 19 Brumaire, 18 Brumaire - Aftermath, 18 Brumaire - External references

Read more here: » 18 Brumaire: Encyclopedia II - 18 Brumaire - Context

By the following day, the deputies had, for the most part, worked out that they were facing an attempted coup rather than being protected from a Jacobin rebellion. Faced with their recalcitrance, Bonaparte stormed into the chambers accompanied by a small escort of grenadiers. While perhaps unplanned, this proved to be the coup within the coup: from this point, this was a military affair. Accounts of Bonaparte's confrontation with the councils differ; the following two pa ...

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18 Brumaire, 18 Brumaire - Context, 18 Brumaire - The events of 18 Brumaire in the year VIII, 18 Brumaire - The events of 19 Brumaire, 18 Brumaire - Aftermath, 18 Brumaire - External references

Read more here: » 18 Brumaire: Encyclopedia II - 18 Brumaire - The events of 19 Brumaire

The Directory was crushed, but the coup within the coup was not yet complete. The necessity to use military force had certainly strengthened Bonaparte's hand vis a vis Sieyès and the other plotters. With the Council routed, the plotters convened two commissions, each consisting of twenty-five deputies from the two Councils and essentially intimidated them into declaring a provisional government, the first form of the consulate with Bonaparte, Sieyès, and Roger-Ducos as consuls, and then into drawing up what Malcolm Crook refers to a ...

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18 Brumaire, 18 Brumaire - Context, 18 Brumaire - The events of 18 Brumaire in the year VIII, 18 Brumaire - The events of 19 Brumaire, 18 Brumaire - Aftermath, 18 Brumaire - External references

Read more here: » 18 Brumaire: Encyclopedia II - 18 Brumaire - Aftermath

On the morning of 18 Brumaire, members of the Council of Elders sympathetic to the coup warned their colleagues of a Jacobin conspiracy and persuaded them to remove to Saint-Cloud, west of Paris. Bonaparte was charged with the safety of the two Councils. Later that morning Sieyès and Roger Ducos resigned as Directors; Talleyrand persuaded Barras to do the same. (The presence of troops in the garden outside was, no doubt, rather persuasive.) The resignation of three Directors was sufficient to destroy the quorum, but the two Jacobin D ...

See also:

18 Brumaire, 18 Brumaire - Context, 18 Brumaire - The events of 18 Brumaire in the year VIII, 18 Brumaire - The events of 19 Brumaire, 18 Brumaire - Aftermath, 18 Brumaire - External references

Read more here: » 18 Brumaire: Encyclopedia II - 18 Brumaire - The events of 18 Brumaire in the year VIII