18 Brumaire - Article Index

Encyclopedia - 18 Brumaire: Encyclopedia - 18 Brumaire
18 Brumaire, the coup of 18 Brumaire or sometimes simply Brumaire refers to the coup d'état by which General Napoleon Bonaparte overthre...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 18 Brumaire: Encyclopedia Ii - 18 Brumaire - The Events Of 19 Brumaire
By the following day, the deputies had, for the most part, worked out that they were facing an attempted coup rather than being protected...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès: Encyclopedia - Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès (May 3, 1748 – June 20, 1836) was a French abbé and statesman, one of the chief theorists of the revolutionary...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Brumaire: Encyclopedia - Brumaire
Brumaire was the second month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the French word brume (mist) which occur frequ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - French Revolution: Encyclopedia - French Revolution
During the French Revolution (1789-1799) democracy and republicanism replaced the absolute monarchy in France, and the French sector of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coup D'état: Encyclopedia - Coup D'état
A coup d'état (pronounced /ku de'ta/), or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, usually done by a smaller supposedly w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles Maurice De Talleyrand: Encyclopedia - Charles Maurice De Talleyrand
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord (February 2, 1754 - May 17, 1838) was a French diplomat. He worked successfully from the regime o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - France In The Nineteenth Century: Encyclopedia Ii - France In The Nineteenth Century - Historical Overview
France in the nineteenth century - The Period of the French Revolution. Louis XVI of France's reign saw a temporary revival of French f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles Maurice De Talleyrand: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles Maurice De Talleyrand - French Revolution
In the Estates-General of 1789, he represented the clergy, the First Estate. During the French Revolution, he supported the revolutionary...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coup D'état: Encyclopedia Ii - Coup D'état - History
Coups have long been part of political tradition. Indeed, Julius Caesar orchestrated a coup and was subsequently the victim of another co...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First Consul: Encyclopedia Ii - First Consul - History Of The Term
The term consul was used as part of Bonaparte's attempt to liken himself to a Roman ruler of ancient times. He later strengthened his tie...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - French Republican Calendar: Encyclopedia Ii - French Republican Calendar - The Days Of The Year
Instead of most days having a saint as in the Catholic Church's calendar, each day has an animal (days ending in 5), a tool (days ending ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - French Republican Calendar: Encyclopedia Ii - French Republican Calendar - The Days Of The Year
Instead of most days having a saint as in the Catholic Church's calendar, each day has a plant, a tool or an animal associated with it. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Glossary Of The French Revolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Glossary Of The French Revolution - Months Of The French Revolutionary Calendar
See main article French Revolutionary Calendar. Vendémiaire Brumaire Frimaire Nivôse Pluviôse Ventôse Germinal Floréal Prairial Mes...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jean Jacques Régis De Cambacérès: Encyclopedia Ii - Jean Jacques Régis De Cambacérès - Early Career
Cambacérès was born at Montpellier in southern France, into a family of the legal nobility (noblesse de robe). In 1774 he graduated in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Napoleonic Wars: Encyclopedia Ii - Napoleonic Wars - Military Legacy Of The Wars
The Napoleonic Wars also had a profound military impact. Until the time of Napoleon, European states had employed relatively small armies...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Henri Grégoire: Encyclopedia Ii - Henri Grégoire - Constitutional Bishop
Under the new Civil Constitution of the Clergy, to which he was the first priest to take the oath (December 27, 1790), he was elected bis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Si: Encyclopedia Ii - Si - History
The metric system was created during the French Revolution. On August 1, 1793 the National Convention adopted the new decimal "metre" wit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Napoleon I Of France: Encyclopedia Ii - Napoleon I Of France - Ruler Of France
Napoleon I of France - The coup of 18 Brumaire. While in Egypt, Bonaparte had kept a close eye on European affairs, relying largely on ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First French Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - First French Empire - Origins
Napoleon Bonaparte was approached by one of a member of the Directory, Sieyès, seeking his support for a coup to overthrow the constitut...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Napoleon I Of France: Encyclopedia Ii - Napoleon I Of France - Ruler Of France
Napoleon I of France - The coup of 18 Brumaire. While in Egypt, Bonaparte had kept a close eye on European affairs, relying largely on ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - French Revolution: Encyclopedia Ii - French Revolution - History
French Revolution - The Estates-General of 1789. For a more detailed description of the events of August 8, 1788- June 17, 1789, see Es...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Europe: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Europe - The Origins
Homo erectus and Neanderthals settled Europe long before the emergence of modern humans, Homo sapiens. The bones of first Europeans are f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - France In The Nineteenth Century: Encyclopedia Ii - France In The Nineteenth Century - Historical Overview
France in the nineteenth century - The Period of the French Revolution. Main article: French Revolution Louis XVI of France's reign s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coup D'état: Encyclopedia Ii - Coup D'état - History
Coups have long been part of political tradition. Indeed, Julius Caesar orchestrated a coup and was subsequently the victim of another co...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lucien Bonaparte: Encyclopedia Ii - Lucien Bonaparte - Revolutionary Activities
Born in Ajaccio, Corsica, and educated in mainland France, Lucien returned to Corsica at the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles Maurice De Talleyrand: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles Maurice De Talleyrand - French Revolution
In the Estates-General of 1789, he represented the clergy, the First Estate. During the French Revolution he supported the revolutionary ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Napoleonic Wars: Encyclopedia Ii - Napoleonic Wars - The Sixth Coalition
The Sixth Coalition (1812–1814) consisted of the United Kingdom and Russia, Prussia, Sweden, Austria and a number of German States. In ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Napoleonic Wars: Encyclopedia Ii - Napoleonic Wars - The Fifth Coalition
The Fifth Coalition (1809) of the United Kingdom and Austria against France was formed while the United Kingdom was also engaged in the P...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Napoleon I Of France: Encyclopedia Ii - Napoleon I Of France - Legacy
Napoleon is credited with introducing the concept of the modern professional conscript army to Europe, an innovation which other states e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Napoleon I Of France: Encyclopedia Ii - Napoleon I Of France - Exile In Saint Helena And Death
Napoleon was imprisoned and then exiled by the British to the island of Saint Helena (2,800 km off the Bight of Guinea) from 15 October 1...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Napoleonic Wars: Encyclopedia Ii - Napoleonic Wars - The Seventh Coalition
See: War of the Seventh Coalition See also: Neapolitan War between the Kingdom of Naples and the Austrian Empire The Seventh Coalition (1...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Napoleon I Of France: Encyclopedia Ii - Napoleon I Of France - Marriages And Children
Napoleon was married twice: March 9, 1796 to Joséphine de Beauharnais. He formally adopted her son Eugène and cousin Stéphanie after ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Napoleonic Wars: Encyclopedia Ii - Napoleonic Wars - The Seventh Coalition
See: War of the Seventh Coalition See also: Neapolitan War between the Kingdom of Naples and the Austrian Empire The Seventh Coalition (1...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Napoleonic Wars: Encyclopedia Ii - Napoleonic Wars - The First And Second Coalitions
The first attempt to crush the new French republic was made in 1792-1797 by the First Coalition, which consisted of: Austria, Piedmont, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Napoleonic Wars: Encyclopedia Ii - Napoleonic Wars - Gunboat War
See: Gunboat War (1807–1814) Denmark-Norway originally declared itself neutral in the Napoleonic Wars, but engaged in trade that profit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Si: Encyclopedia Ii - Si - Si Writing Style
SI - Spelling variations. Several nations, notably the United States, typically use the spellings 'meter' and 'liter' instead of 'metr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Napoleon I Of France: Encyclopedia Ii - Napoleon I Of France - Childhood And Early Life
He was born Napoleone Buonaparte (in Corsican, Nabolione or Nabulione) in the city of Ajaccio on Corsica on 15 August 1769, only one year...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Napoleon I Of France: Encyclopedia Ii - Napoleon I Of France - First Commands And Toulon
At the age of sixteen Napoléone was commissioned a second lieutenant in the French army. While still a lieutenant Napoléone served in V...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First Consul: Encyclopedia Ii - First Consul - Other Counsuls
The Second Counsul was Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès, the third was Charles-François Lebrun. ... See also:First Consul, First C...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Napoleonic Wars: Encyclopedia Ii - Napoleonic Wars - The Fourth Coalition
The Fourth Coalition (1806-1807) of: The United Kingdom Prussia Saxony Russia Sweden against France was formed within months of the col...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jean Jacques Régis De Cambacérès: Encyclopedia Ii - Jean Jacques Régis De Cambacérès - The Code Napoléon
In December 1799 Cambacérès was appointed Second Consul under Bonaparte. He owed this appointment to his vast legal knowledge and his r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lucien Bonaparte: Encyclopedia Ii - Lucien Bonaparte - Later Years
With the pope a prisoner of Napoleon in 1809, Lucien was sailing for the United States, when he was captured instead by the British and p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles Maurice De Talleyrand: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles Maurice De Talleyrand - French Empire
In March 1804, he may have been involved in the kidnapping and execution of the Duke of Enghien; this remains one of history's great myst...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles Maurice De Talleyrand: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles Maurice De Talleyrand - Restoration
When Napoleon was succeeded by Louis XVIII in April 1814, Talleyrand was one of the key creators of the restoration of the Bourbons while...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Napoleon I Of France: Encyclopedia Ii - Napoleon I Of France - Exile In Saint Helena And Death
Napoleon was imprisoned and then exiled by the British to the island of Saint Helena (2,800 km off the Bight of Guinea) from 15 October 1...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jean Jacques Régis De Cambacérès: Encyclopedia Ii - Jean Jacques Régis De Cambacérès - Cambacérès And Homosexuality
It is widely believed that Cambacérès used the Code Napoléon (or rather, the associated Penal Code) to decriminalise male homosexualit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Si: Encyclopedia Ii - Si - Cultural Issues
The swift worldwide adoption of the metric system as a tool of economy and everyday commerce was based mainly on the lack of customary sy...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Napoleon I Of France: Encyclopedia Ii - Napoleon I Of France - The Victorious General
Napoleon I of France - The whiff of grapeshot. In 1795, Bonaparte was serving in Paris when royalists and counter-revolutionaries organ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles Maurice De Talleyrand: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles Maurice De Talleyrand - French Empire
In March 1804, he was involved in the kidnapping and execution of the Duke of Enghien. In response to those events, and once again, to av...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Si: Encyclopedia Ii - Si - Units
The international system of units consists of a set of units together with a set of prefixes. The units of SI can be divided into two sub...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Napoleon I Of France: Encyclopedia Ii - Napoleon I Of France - Exile In Saint Helena And Death
Napoleon was imprisoned and then exiled by the British to the island of Saint Helena (2,800 km off the Bight of Guinea) from 15 October 1...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Europe: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Europe - The English Civil War And Unification With Scotland
Main article: English Civil War The first and foremost cause of the War was religion. When Charles became King in 1625 his Arminian style...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Europe: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Europe - Early Modern Period: 16th 17th And 18th Century
The Reformation had profound effects on the unity of Europe. Not only were nations divided one from another by their religious orientatio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Europe: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Europe - Colonial Expansion
The numerous wars did not prevent the new states from exploring and conquering wide portions of the world, particularly in Asia (Siberia)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Europe: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Europe - The French Revolution
Main article: French Revolution By the late 18th century France's finances were in disarray. Lavish royal expenditure and costly wars, su...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Europe: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Europe - Congress Of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna was a conference between ambassadors from the major powers in Europe. It was held in Vienna from 1 October 1814, t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Napoleonic Wars: Encyclopedia Ii - Napoleonic Wars - The Third Coalition
Napoleon planned an invasion of the British Isles, and massed 180,000 troops at Boulogne. However, he needed to achieve naval superiority...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Europe: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Europe - Early 20th Century: The World Wars
After the relative peace of most of the 19th Century, the rivalry between European powers exploded in 1914, when World War I started. On ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Europe: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Europe - The 19th Century
After the defeat of revolutionary France, the other great powers tried to restore the situation which existed before 1789. However, their...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Europe: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Europe - Renaissance And Reformation
In the 15th century, at the end of the Middle Ages, powerful states were appearing, built by the New Monarchs who were centralizing power...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Europe: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Europe - Later Middle Ages
Early signs of the rebirth of civilization in western Europe began to appear in the 11th century as trade started again in Italy, leading...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coup D'état: Encyclopedia Ii - Coup D'état - Recent Forms Of Coup
In recent years, the traditional military coup has declined massively in use. A new, more contemporary form of military intervention whic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles Maurice De Talleyrand: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles Maurice De Talleyrand - Restoration
When Napoleon was succeeded by Louis XVIII in April 1814, Talleyrand was one of the key creators of the restoration of the Bourbons while...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles Maurice De Talleyrand: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles Maurice De Talleyrand - French Empire
In March 1804 he was involved in the kidnapping and execution of the Duke of Enghien; in response to those events, and once again, to ave...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coup D'état: Encyclopedia Ii - Coup D'état - Types Of Coups
Samuel P. Huntington has divided coups into three types (ignoring Luttwak's non-military coups) Breakthrough coups - In which a revoluti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coup D'état: Encyclopedia Ii - Coup D'état - Post-military-coup Governments
After the coup, the military is faced with the issue of the type of government to establish. In Latin America, it was common for the post...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Europe: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Europe - Early Middle Ages
Western Europe emerged as the site of a distinct civilization after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, as barbarian...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Europe: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Europe - Rome
Much of Greek learning was assimilated by the nascent Roman state as it expanded outward from Italy, taking advantage of its enemies' ina...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Europe: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Europe - Early 21st Century: The European Union
The process of European integration was slow due to the reluctance of most nation states to give up their sovereignty. However, the proce...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Europe: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Europe - Late 20th Century: The Cold War
World War I and especially World War II ended the pre-eminent position of western Europe. The map of Europe was redrawn at the Yalta Conf...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Henri Grégoire: Encyclopedia Ii - Henri Grégoire - Works
Besides several political pamphlets, Grégoire was the author of: Histoire des sectes religieuses, depuis le commencement du siècle der...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Henri Grégoire: Encyclopedia Ii - Henri Grégoire - Religious Views
Grégoire remained a devout Catholic, fulfilling all his obligations as a Christian and a priest; but he refused to budge from his revolu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First French Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - First French Empire - From Consulate To Empire
Bonaparte, though an emperor, was in a relatively dangerous position compared to other authoritarian European monarchs of the time. Aware...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Napoleon I Of France: Encyclopedia Ii - Napoleon I Of France - Early Life And Military Career
He was born Napoleone Buonaparte (in Corsican, Nabolione or Nabulione) in the city of Ajaccio on Corsica on 15 August 1769, only one year...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Napoleon I Of France: Encyclopedia Ii - Napoleon I Of France - The Victorious General
Napoleon I of France - The whiff of grapeshot. In 1795, Bonaparte was serving in Paris when royalists and counter-revolutionaries organ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Napoleonic Wars: Encyclopedia Ii - Napoleonic Wars - The First And Second Coalitions
The first attempt to crush the new French republic was made in 1792-1797 by the First Coalition, which consisted of: Austria, Piedmont, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Napoleon I Of France: Encyclopedia Ii - Napoleon I Of France - Legacy
Napoleon is credited with introducing the concept of the modern professional conscript army to Europe, an innovation which other states e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Napoleon I Of France: Encyclopedia Ii - Napoleon I Of France - Marriages And Children
Napoleon was married twice: March 9, 1796 to Joséphine de Beauharnais. He formally adopted her son Eugène and cousin Stéphanie after ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - French Revolution: Encyclopedia Ii - French Revolution - Causes
A number of factors led to the revolution; to some extent the old order succumbed to its own rigidity in the face of a changing world; to...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Glossary Of The French Revolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Glossary Of The French Revolution - Symbols
Glossary of the French Revolution - Cockades. Cockades (Fr: cocardes) were rosettes or ribbons worn as a badge, typically on a hat. Bl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - French Republican Calendar: Encyclopedia Ii - French Republican Calendar - Converting To Gregorian Calendar
The calendar was abolished in the year XIV (1805). After this date, opinions seem to differ on the method by which the leap years would h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First French Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - First French Empire - At The Crossroads
After the Treaties of Tilsit, however (July 1807), instead of trying to reconcile Europe to his grandeur, Napoleon had but one thought: t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First French Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - First French Empire - Early Victories
In the first of these campaigns Bonaparte swept away the remnants of the old Holy Roman Empire, and out of its shattered fragments create...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First French Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - First French Empire - The Endgame
(see main articles on Napoleon's Invasion of Russia and the Sixth Coalition ) Napoleon had hardly succeeded in putting down the revolt in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First French Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - First French Empire - Intrigues Unrest And Corruption
But undermining forces already impinged: the faults inherent in his unwieldy achievement. Britain, his chief enemy, was persistently acti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - France In The Nineteenth Century: Encyclopedia Ii - France In The Nineteenth Century - France And The French In The 19th Century
France in the nineteenth century - Geography. At the time of the French Revolution, France had expanded to nearly her modern territoria...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - French Republican Calendar: Encyclopedia Ii - French Republican Calendar - Criticism And Shortcomings Of The Calendar
Leap years in the calendar are a point of great dispute, due to the contradicting statements requiring the year to start at the autumnal ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - French Republican Calendar: Encyclopedia Ii - French Republican Calendar - The Months
The Republican calendar year began at the autumn equinox and had twelve months of 30 days each, which were given new names based on natur...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 18 Brumaire: Encyclopedia Ii - 18 Brumaire - Aftermath
The Directory was crushed, but the coup within the coup was not yet complete. The necessity to use military force had certainly strengthe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 18 Brumaire: Encyclopedia Ii - 18 Brumaire - Context
Ironically, the ground for Bonaparte's coup may have been laid more by his few defeats than by his many victories. In November 1799, Fran...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 18 Brumaire: Encyclopedia Ii - 18 Brumaire - The Events Of 18 Brumaire In The Year Viii
On the morning of 18 Brumaire, members of the Council of Elders sympathetic to the coup warned their colleagues of a Jacobin conspiracy a...   » Read the article