18 Brumaire, the coup of 18 Brumaire or sometimes simply Brumaire refers to the coup d'état by which General Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the government of the Directory to replace it by the Consulate. This occurred on 9 November 1799, which was 18 Brumaire in the year VIII under the French Republican Calendar. The name, already well-established in common use, was reinforced by the title of Karl Marx's The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (Der achtzehnte Brumaire des Louis Bonaparte, 1852), an ...

Including:

• 18 Brumaire - Context
• 18 Brumaire - The events of 18 Brumaire in the year VIII
• 18 Brumaire - The events of 19 Brumaire
• 18 Brumaire - Aftermath
• 18 Brumaire - External references

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By the following day, the deputies had, for the most part, worked out that they were facing an attempted coup rather than being protected from a Jacobin rebellion. Faced with their recalcitrance, Bonaparte stormed into the chambers accompanied by a small escort of grenadiers. While perhaps unplanned, this proved to be the coup within the coup: from this point, this was a military affair. Accounts of Bonaparte's confrontation with the councils differ; the following two pa ...

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18 Brumaire, 18 Brumaire - Context, 18 Brumaire - The events of 18 Brumaire in the year VIII, 18 Brumaire - The events of 19 Brumaire, 18 Brumaire - Aftermath, 18 Brumaire - External references

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Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès (May 3, 1748 – June 20, 1836) was a French abbé and statesman, one of the chief theorists of the revolutionary and Napoleonic era. He was born at Fréjus in the south of France, and was educated for the church at the Sorbonne. While there, he eagerly imbibed the teachings of John Locke, Étienne Bonnot de Condillac, and other political thinkers, in preference to theology. Nevertheless he entered the church, and his learning and subtlety earned him rapid promotion to vicar-general and chancellor ...

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Brumaire was the second month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the French word brume (mist) which occur frequently at that time of the year. Brumaire was the second month of the autumn quarter (mois d'automne). It started between October 22 and October 24. It ended between November 20 and November 22. It follows the Vendémiaire and precedes the Frimaire. In political/historical usage, Brumaire often refers to the coup d'état of 18 Brumaire in the year VIII (9 November 17 ...

Including:

• Brumaire - Day Name Table
• Brumaire - Conversion Table

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During the French Revolution (1789-1799) democracy and republicanism replaced the absolute monarchy in France, and the French sector of the Roman Catholic Church was forced to undergo radical restructuring. While France would oscillate among republic, empire, and monarchy for 75 years after the First Republic fell to a coup d'état by Napoleon Bonaparte, the revolution nonetheless spelled a definitive end to the ancien régime, and eclipses both subsequent revolutions in the popular imagination. It is widel ...

Including:

• French Revolution - Causes
• French Revolution - History
• French Revolution - The Estates-General of 1789
• French Revolution - The National Assembly
• French Revolution - The National Constituent Assembly
• French Revolution - The Legislative Assembly and the fall of the Monarchy
• French Revolution - The Convention
• French Revolution - The Directory
• French Revolution - Other revolutions in French history

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A coup d'état (pronounced /ku de'ta/), or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, usually done by a smaller supposedly weaker body that just replaces the top power figures. It may or may not be violent in nature. It is different from a revolution, which is staged by a larger group and radically changes the political system. The term is French for "a (sudden) blow (or stroke) to a state". The term coup can also be used in a casual sense to mean a gain ...

Including:

• Coup d'état - History
• Coup d'état - Recent forms of coup
• Coup d'état - Types of coups
• Coup d'état - Post-military-coup governments
• Coup d'état - Important coups in the 19th century
• Coup d'état - Important coups in the 20th century
• Coup d'état - Recent coups and coup attempts
• Coup d'état - Currently-serving leaders who came to power via coups
• Coup d'état - Reference

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Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord (February 2, 1754 - May 17, 1838) was a French diplomat. He worked successfully from the regime of Louis XVI, through the revolution and then under Napoleon I, Louis XVIII and Louis-Philippe. Known since the turn of the 19th century simply by the name Talleyrand, he is widely regarded as one of the most versatile and influential diplomats in European history, although he was known to accept bribes from other European powers, especially while serving under Napoleon. Charles M ...

Including:

• Charles Maurice de Talleyrand - Early Life
• Charles Maurice de Talleyrand - French Revolution
• Charles Maurice de Talleyrand - French Empire
• Charles Maurice de Talleyrand - Restoration
• Charles Maurice de Talleyrand - Character traits

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France in the nineteenth century - The Period of the French Revolution. Louis XVI of France's reign saw a temporary revival of French fortunes, but the over-ambitious projects and military campaigns of the 18th century had produced chronic financial problems. Deteriorating economic conditions, popular resentment against the complicated system of privileges granted the nobility and clerics, and a lack of alternate avenues for change were among the principal causes for convoking the Estates-General which convened i ...

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France in the nineteenth century, France in the nineteenth century - France and the French in the 19th century, France in the nineteenth century - Geography, France in the nineteenth century - Demographics, France in the nineteenth century - Language, France in the nineteenth century - Historical Overview, France in the nineteenth century - The Period of the French Revolution, France in the nineteenth century - Napoleon and the French Empire, France in the nineteenth century - The Restoration, France in the nineteenth century - July Monarchy, France in the nineteenth century - Second Republic, France in the nineteenth century - Second Empire, France in the nineteenth century - The Third Republic, France in the nineteenth century - French Colonialism, France in the nineteenth century - Literature, France in the nineteenth century - Art

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In the Estates-General of 1789, he represented the clergy, the First Estate. During the French Revolution, he supported the revolutionary cause. He assisted Mirabeau in the secularization of ecclesiastical properties. He participated in the writing of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and proposed the Civil Constitution of the Clergy that nationalized the Church, and was the person to swear in the first two constitutional bishops, though he had himself resigned as Bishop following his excommunication by Pope Pius VI. Notably, he promoted the public education in full spirit of Enlightenment. He celebrated the m ...

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Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand - Early Life, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand - French Revolution, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand - French Empire, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand - Restoration, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand - Character traits

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Coups have long been part of political tradition. Indeed, Julius Caesar orchestrated a coup and was subsequently the victim of another coup. Many Roman emperors, such as Claudius, came to power in coups, as did King Jehu of Israel. In the November of 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte staged a coup and seized power in France. In the late 20th century coups occurred most commonly in developing countries, particularly in Latin America (e.g. Brazil, Chile, Bolivia, and Argentina), Africa and Asia (Pakistan), but also in the Asia Pacific (Fiji and ...

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Coup d'état, Coup d'état - History, Coup d'état - Recent forms of coup, Coup d'état - Types of coups, Coup d'état - Post-military-coup governments, Coup d'état - Important coups in the 19th century, Coup d'état - Important coups in the 20th century, Coup d'état - Recent coups and coup attempts, Coup d'état - Currently-serving leaders who came to power via coups, Coup d'état - Reference

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The term consul was used as part of Bonaparte's attempt to liken himself to a Roman ruler of ancient times. He later strengthened his ties with Rome by constructing triumphal arches (such as the Arc de Triomphe) and monuments in the style of ancient Rome. The title of consul was in Rome used by the two most powerful magistrates in the government. The consuls ran the Republic (along with the Senate) and were the highest ranking military figures. Both consuls had equal authority and could veto each other. This was supposed to combat the onset of a tyranny. However in times of crisi ...

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First Consul, First Consul - History of the Term, First Consul - Other Counsuls

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Instead of most days having a saint as in the Catholic Church's calendar, each day has an animal (days ending in 5), a tool (days ending in 0) or a plant (all other days) associated with it. French Republican Calendar - Autumn. Raisin (Grape) Safran (Saffron) Châtaigne (Chestnut) Colchique (Crocus) Cheval (Horse) Balsamine (Balsamine) Carotte (Carrot) Amarante (Amaranth) Panais (Parsnip) Cuve (Barrel) Pomme de ...

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French Republican Calendar, French Republican Calendar - Criticism and shortcomings of the calendar, French Republican Calendar - The months, French Republican Calendar - The ten days of the week, French Republican Calendar - The days of the year, French Republican Calendar - Autumn, French Republican Calendar - Winter, French Republican Calendar - Spring, French Republican Calendar - Summer, French Republican Calendar - Extra days, French Republican Calendar - Converting to Gregorian Calendar, French Republican Calendar - The French Republican calendar in fiction

Read more here: » French Republican Calendar: Encyclopedia II - French Republican Calendar - The days of the year

Instead of most days having a saint as in the Catholic Church's calendar, each day has a plant, a tool or an animal associated with it. French Republican Calendar - Autumn. Raisin (Grape) Safran (Saffron) Châtaigne (Chestnut) Colchique (Crocus) Cheval (Horse) Balsamine (Balsamine) Carotte (Carrot) Amarante (Amaranth) Panais (Parsnip) Cuve (Barrel) Pomme de terre (Potato) Immortelle (Everlasting flower) ...

See also:

French Republican Calendar, French Republican Calendar - Criticism and shortcomings of the calendar, French Republican Calendar - The months, French Republican Calendar - The ten days of the week, French Republican Calendar - The days of the year, French Republican Calendar - Autumn, French Republican Calendar - Winter, French Republican Calendar - Spring, French Republican Calendar - Summer, French Republican Calendar - Extra days, French Republican Calendar - Converting to Gregorian Calendar, French Republican Calendar - The French Republican calendar in fiction

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See main article French Revolutionary Calendar. Vendémiaire Brumaire Frimaire Nivôse Pluviôse Ventôse Germinal Floréal Prairial Messidor Thermidor Fructidor Under this calendar, the Year I or "Year 1" began September 22, 1792 (the date of the official abolition of the monarchy and the nobility). ...

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Glossary of the French Revolution, Glossary of the French Revolution - The three estates, Glossary of the French Revolution - Social classes, Glossary of the French Revolution - Constitutions, Glossary of the French Revolution - Governmental structures, Glossary of the French Revolution - Political groupings, Glossary of the French Revolution - Ancien régime taxes, Glossary of the French Revolution - Months of the French Revolutionary Calendar, Glossary of the French Revolution - Events commonly known by their Gregorian dates, Glossary of the French Revolution - Events commonly known by their Revolutionary dates, Glossary of the French Revolution - War, Glossary of the French Revolution - Symbols, Glossary of the French Revolution - Cockades, Glossary of the French Revolution - Religion, Glossary of the French Revolution - Other terms

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Cambacérès was born at Montpellier in southern France, into a family of the legal nobility (noblesse de robe). In 1774 he graduated in law and succeeded his father as councillor in the Montpellier court of accounts and finances. He was a supporter of the French Revolution of 1789, and was elected to represent Montpellier at the meeting of the Estates-General at Versailles, although he was unable to take his seat. In 1792 he represented the département of Herault in the Convention which a ...

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Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès, Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès - Early career, Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès - The Code Napoléon, Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès - Cambacérès and homosexuality, Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès - Later career

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The Napoleonic Wars also had a profound military impact. Until the time of Napoleon, European states had employed relatively small armies with a large proportion of mercenaries that sometimes fought for foreign states against their native countries. However, military innovators in the middle of the 18th century began to recognize the potential of a "nation at war". Napoleon was an innovator in the use of mobility to offset numerical disadvantages, as he brilliantly demonstrated in his rout of the Austro-Russian forces in 1805 in the B ...

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Napoleonic Wars, Napoleonic Wars - Political effects of the wars, Napoleonic Wars - Military legacy of the wars, Napoleonic Wars - The First and Second Coalitions, Napoleonic Wars - The Third Coalition, Napoleonic Wars - The Fourth Coalition, Napoleonic Wars - The Fifth Coalition, Napoleonic Wars - The Sixth Coalition, Napoleonic Wars - Gunboat War, Napoleonic Wars - The Seventh Coalition

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Under the new Civil Constitution of the Clergy, to which he was the first priest to take the oath (December 27, 1790), he was elected bishop by two départements. He selected that of Loire-et-Cher, taking the old title of bishop of Blois, and for ten years (1791-1801) ruled his diocese with exemplary zeal. An ardent republican, it was he who in the first session of the National Convention (September 21, 1792) proposed the motion for the abolition of the kingship, in a speech in which occurred the memorable phrase that "kings are in th ...

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Henri Grégoire, Henri Grégoire - Early life, Henri Grégoire - Constitutional bishop, Henri Grégoire - Advocate of Racial Equality, Henri Grégoire - Political Career after Thermidor, Henri Grégoire - During the Restoration, Henri Grégoire - Religious views, Henri Grégoire - Works, Henri Grégoire - Reference

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The metric system was created during the French Revolution. On August 1, 1793 the National Convention adopted the new decimal "metre" with a provisional length as well as the other decimal units with preliminary definitions and terms. On April 7, 1795 (Loi du 18 germinal, an III) the terms gramme and kilogramme repaced the former terms "gravet" and "grave". After the 18 Brumaire Year VIII, the metric system was definitively adopted in France by the First Consul Bonaparte, (the later Napoleon I) on Decembre 10, 1799 (Loi ...

See also:

SI, SI - History, SI - Units, SI - SI writing style, SI - Spelling variations, SI - Cultural issues, SI - Trade

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Napoleon I of France - The coup of 18 Brumaire. While in Egypt, Bonaparte had kept a close eye on European affairs, relying largely on newspapers and dispatches that arrived only irregularly. On 23 August 1799, he abruptly set sail for France, taking advantage of the temporary departure of British ships blockading French coastal ports. Although he was later accused by political opponents of abandoning his troops, his departure actually had been authorized by the Directory, which had suffered a series of military defeats to the ...

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Napoleon I of France, Napoleon I of France - Early life and military career, Napoleon I of France - The victorious general, Napoleon I of France - The whiff of grapeshot, Napoleon I of France - The Italian campaign of 1796–97, Napoleon I of France - The Egyptian expedition of 1798–99, Napoleon I of France - Ruler of France, Napoleon I of France - The coup of 18 Brumaire, Napoleon I of France - The First Consul, Napoleon I of France - An interlude of peace, Napoleon I of France - Emperor of the French, Napoleon I of France - The Peninsular War and the War of the Fifth Coalition, Napoleon I of France - Invasion of Russia, Napoleon I of France - The War of the Sixth Coalition, Napoleon I of France - Exile in Elba Les Cent-Jours The Hundred Days and Waterloo, Napoleon I of France - Exile in Saint Helena and death, Napoleon I of France - Cause of death, Napoleon I of France - Marriages and children, Napoleon I of France - Legacy, Napoleon I of France - Misconceptions about Napoleon's height, Napoleon I of France - Sources

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Napoleon Bonaparte was approached by one of a member of the Directory, Sieyès, seeking his support for a coup to overthrow the constitution. The plot included Bonaparte's brother Lucien, then serving as speaker of the Council of Five Hundred, Roger Ducos, another Director, and Talleyrand. On 9 November (18 Brumaire), and the following day, troops led by Bonaparte seized control and dispersed the legislative councils, leaving a rump to name Bonaparte, Sieyès, and Ducos as provisional Consuls to administer the government. Although Sie ...

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First French Empire, First French Empire - Origins, First French Empire - From Consulate to empire, First French Empire - Early victories, First French Empire - At the crossroads, First French Empire - Intrigues unrest and corruption, First French Empire - The endgame

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