18 August

Japanese copyright law - Copy-protected CDs. Very soon, CDs will be copy-protected in Japan. Avex and Warner Music, Japan have already sold copy-protected CDs [The Japan Times Online, 21 December 2002; ibid. 3 April 2002]. Steven McClure, journalist for The Japan Times Online, and author of the latter, quoted article comments on this evolution with skepticism. He states: "Many people, though, say copy-protected (or copy-controlled) CDs go against the concept of "fair use" — which means the user sh ...

See also:

Japanese copyright law, Japanese copyright law - Author's rights, Japanese copyright law - Applicability, Japanese copyright law - Moral rights, Japanese copyright law - Economic rights, Japanese copyright law - Neighboring rights, Japanese copyright law - Performers' rights, Japanese copyright law - Phonogram producers' rights, Japanese copyright law - Broadcasters' and wire diffusers' rights, Japanese copyright law - Exceptions, Japanese copyright law - Length of protection, Japanese copyright law - Recent movement, Japanese copyright law - Copy-protected CDs, Japanese copyright law - Compensation system for digital private recording, Japanese copyright law - Downloadable tunes for mobile phones, Japanese copyright law - Right of communication to the public, Japanese copyright law - Copyright management business law, Japanese copyright law - Right of transfer of ownership, Japanese copyright law - Right of presentation

Read more here: » Japanese copyright law: Encyclopedia II - Japanese copyright law - Recent movement

See also List of historic tsunamis by death toll. Tsunamis occur most frequently in the Pacific Ocean, but are a global phenomenon; they are possible wherever large bodies of water are found, including inland lakes, where they can be caused by landslides. Very small tsunamis, non-destructive and undetectable without specialized equipment, occur frequently as a result of minor earthquakes and other events. < ...

See also:

Tsunami, Tsunami - Causes, Tsunami - Characteristics, Tsunami - Signs of an approaching tsunami, Tsunami - Warnings and prevention, Tsunami - Past tsunamis, Tsunami - 6100 B.C. and before, Tsunami - 1650 B.C. - Santorini, Tsunami - 1607 - Bristol Channel England and Wales, Tsunami - 1700 - Vancouver Island Canada, Tsunami - 1755 - Lisbon Portugal, Tsunami - 1883 - Krakatoa explosive eruption, Tsunami - 1929 - Newfoundland tsunami, Tsunami - 1946 - Pacific tsunami, Tsunami - 1960 - Chilean tsunami, Tsunami - 1963 - Vajont Dam disaster, Tsunami - 1964 - Good Friday tsunami, Tsunami - 1979 - Tumaco tsunami, Tsunami - 1993 – Okushiri tsunami, Tsunami - 2004 - Indian Ocean tsunami, Tsunami - Other tsunamis in South Asia, Tsunami - Other historical tsunamis, Tsunami - North American and Caribbean tsunamis, Tsunami - European tsunamis

Read more here: » Tsunami: Encyclopedia II - Tsunami - Past tsunamis

Recently released papers from the British War Cabinet have shown that, as early as December 1942, they had discussed their policy for the punishment of the leading Nazis if captured. Winston Churchill had then advocated a policy of summary execution, (possibly by electrocution), and was only dissuaded from this by US pressure later in the War. By 1944, victory for the Allies had become inevitable. Advocate groups (who had received detailed information regarding Nazi plans of mass extermination, or the "Final Solution") and governments ...

See also:

Nuremberg Trials, Nuremberg Trials - Origin of the trials, Nuremberg Trials - Creation of the court, Nuremberg Trials - Location, Nuremberg Trials - Participants, Nuremberg Trials - The validity of the court, Nuremberg Trials - The main trial, Nuremberg Trials - Influence on the development of international criminal law, Nuremberg Trials - Endnotes, Nuremberg Trials - Notes

Read more here: » Nuremberg Trials: Encyclopedia II - Nuremberg Trials - Origin of the trials

By 1944, victory for the Allies had become inevitable. Advocate groups (who had received detailed information regarding Nazi plans of mass extermination, or the "Final Solution") and governments in exile became concerned that the Nazis would unleash a final wave of atrocities. To help prevent the escalation of violence, the United Nations War Crimes Commission (UNWCC) was established, an organization which began to compile a list of probable war criminals. However, the Allies did not consolidate these threats (of the possible prosecution of war crimes) against the ...

See also:

Nuremberg Trials, Nuremberg Trials - Origin of the trials, Nuremberg Trials - Creation of the court, Nuremberg Trials - Location, Nuremberg Trials - Participants, Nuremberg Trials - The validity of the court, Nuremberg Trials - The main trial, Nuremberg Trials - Influence on the development of international criminal law, Nuremberg Trials - Notes

Read more here: » Nuremberg Trials: Encyclopedia II - Nuremberg Trials - Origin of the trials

Until March 2004 Labor under Latham's leadership held a strong lead in national opinion polls. Latham's commitment to withdraw from Iraq caused a sharp drop in Labor's lead, but following the revelations of prisoner abuse in the Abu Ghraib prison, however, Labor's lead increased again, suggesting that support for involvement in Iraq had declined, undermining Howard's position. In June 2004, Labor's "troops home by Christmas" policy came under fire from U.S. President George W. Bush who, at a White House press conference during Howard' ...

See also:

Mark Latham, Mark Latham - Early career, Mark Latham - Party leader, Mark Latham - 2004 election, Mark Latham - Departure from politics, Mark Latham - Biography, Mark Latham - Publication of Latham's Diaries and public appearances

Read more here: » Mark Latham: Encyclopedia II - Mark Latham - 2004 election

As early as 1560 or 1561 Frobisher had formed a resolution to undertake a voyage in search of a Northwest Passage as a trade-route to India and China (referred to at that time as Cathay). It took him fifteen years to gain the necessary funding for his project. In 1576, mainly by help of the Earl of Warwick, he was put in command of an expedition of small ships. It consisted of two tiny barks, the Gabriel and Michael,< ...

See also:

Martin Frobisher, Martin Frobisher - Early life, Martin Frobisher - The first voyage in search of the Northwest Passage, Martin Frobisher - The second voyage, Martin Frobisher - The third voyage, Martin Frobisher - Action against the Spaniards 1580-1588, Martin Frobisher - Later life

Read more here: » Martin Frobisher: Encyclopedia II - Martin Frobisher - The first voyage in search of the Northwest Passage

MTR - Overview. Construction of the MTR was prompted by a government-commissioned study released in 1967. The government of Hong Kong commissioned the study in the 1960s to find solutions to the growing traffic problem caused by expansion of the colony's economy. Construction started soon after release of the study, and the first line was opened in 1979. The MTR was immediately popular with the residents of Hong Kong, and as a result subsequent lines have been built to cover more territory. There are continuing d ...

See also:

MTR, MTR - The MTR network, MTR - History of the MTR, MTR - Overview, MTR - Initial proposal, MTR - Modified Initial System now part of Kwun Tong Line and Tsuen Wan Line, MTR - Tsuen Wan Line, MTR - Island Line, MTR - Eastern Harbour Crossing extension, MTR - Airport Express and Tung Chung Line, MTR - Quarry Bay Congestion Relief Works, MTR - Tseung Kwan O Line, MTR - West Rail Interface Works, MTR - East Rail Interface Works, MTR - Disneyland Resort Line, MTR - AsiaWorld-Expo Station, MTR - Privatisation of MTR, MTR - Safety on the MTR, MTR - Station facilities amenities and services, MTR - Telecommunications network coverage, MTR - Shops and other services, MTR - Newspapers, MTR - Airport Express, MTR - Fares and tickets, MTR - Single journey ticket, MTR - Octopus cards, MTR - Tourist pass, MTR - Disneyland Resort pass, MTR - Airport Express fares, MTR - MTR rolling stock, MTR - Depots, MTR - Art promotion, MTR - Future expansion, MTR - Airport Station SkyPlaza departure platform, MTR - Improvements on Tung Chung Line and Airport Express, MTR - Pedestrian Links, MTR - Tseung Kwan O Extension Phase 2, MTR - West Island Line and South Island Line, MTR - Outsourcing

Read more here: » MTR: Encyclopedia II - MTR - History of the MTR

As requested by the Security Council, the Secretary-General submitted on 11 September a report (S/2003/875) providing update on the situation in the country, and containing his recommendations on the role the United Nations could play to facilitate the effective implementation of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, as well as on the size, structure and mandate of a peacekeeping operation in Liberia. The Secretary-General recommended that the Council, acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, authorize the deployment of a ...

See also:

UNMIL, UNMIL - History, UNMIL - 1997–2003, UNMIL - Recommendation for the establishment of a UN peacekeeping mission, UNMIL - Establishment of UNMIL, UNMIL - External link

Read more here: » UNMIL: Encyclopedia II - UNMIL - Recommendation for the establishment of a UN peacekeeping mission

At the age of 15, Amuro, along with a group of classmates, formed the pop group known as the Super Monkeys. Although moderately successful in their home prefecture, Okinawa, a move to Tokyo (presumably at the behest of their record label, Toshiba EMI) garnered more exposure for the Super Monkeys, and Namie in particular, so much that the group came to be known as 'Namie Amuro with Super Monkeys'. Namie soon embarked on a solo career, in the process moving from Toshiba EMI to the avex trax label (also home of popular Japanese acts such ...

See also:

Namie Amuro, Namie Amuro - Biography, Namie Amuro - Discography, Namie Amuro - Singles, Namie Amuro - Albums, Namie Amuro - Compilation Albums, Namie Amuro - DVD-Audio Releases, Namie Amuro - Videos, Namie Amuro - Collaborative Releases, Namie Amuro - Singles, Namie Amuro - Albums, Namie Amuro - Videos, Namie Amuro - Concerts & Tours, Namie Amuro - Filmography, Namie Amuro - Extra Information

Read more here: » Namie Amuro: Encyclopedia II - Namie Amuro - Biography

Like the other princes of the imperial blood at the time, Prince Nashimoto pursued a military career. Educated at the Central Military Preparatory School and the Imperial Military Academy, he received a commission as a second lieutenant in the Thirty-Ninth Infantry Regiment in 1899. In 1903, he went to the French Military Staff College at St. Cyr, but returned to Japan the following year and served with his regiment in the Russo-Japanese War. He returned to France in August 1906 and remained until July 1909. He was promoted to lieutenant gen ...

See also:

Morimasa Prince Nashimoto, Morimasa Prince Nashimoto - Early Life, Morimasa Prince Nashimoto - Military Career, Morimasa Prince Nashimoto - Post War

Read more here: » Morimasa Prince Nashimoto: Encyclopedia II - Morimasa Prince Nashimoto - Military Career

The inability of the NFP to make significant inroads into the ethnic Fijian vote kept the party in opposition in the years following independence. In the March 1977 election, however, a split in the ethnic Fijian vote enabled the NFP to win a plurality in the House of Representatives. Internal dissension, however, prevented the party from forming a government, as the party fractured over disputes about the leadership and the allocation of ministerial positions. The Governor-General, Ratu Sir George Cakobau, reappointed the defeated Pr ...

See also:

National Federation Party Fiji, National Federation Party Fiji - 1963 to 1970, National Federation Party Fiji - 1970 to 1999, National Federation Party Fiji - Since 2000, National Federation Party Fiji - The Reconciliation Tolerance and Unity Bill, National Federation Party Fiji - Party conference July 2005, National Federation Party Fiji - Towards 2006

Read more here: » National Federation Party Fiji: Encyclopedia II - National Federation Party Fiji - 1970 to 1999

Abraham Bristow, a whaling captain, discovered the islands in 1806 and named them "Lord Auckland's" on 18 August 1806 in honour of his father's friend William Eden, 1st Baron Auckland. Britain claimed the archipelago the following year. The explorers Dumont D'Urville in 1839, and James Clark Ross visited in 1839 and in 1840 respectively. Now uninhabited, the islands saw unsuccessful settlements in the mid-19th century. Whalers and sealers had set up temporary bases, a small party of Māori from the New Zealand mainland migrated to the ...

See also:

Auckland Islands, Auckland Islands - Geography, Auckland Islands - History, Auckland Islands - Ecology

Read more here: » Auckland Islands: Encyclopedia II - Auckland Islands - History

Many of the "disputed" facts in this section were very quickly resolved. Some were later demonstated as being patently false and to be fabrications of various "eyewitnesses" and journalists within the media. Disputed facts include: Jean Charles de Menezes - Clothing. With regards to his dress on the day of the shooting The Observer reported that he was dressed in "baseball cap, blue fleece and baggy trousers." Mark Whitby, a witness to the shooting, told Reuters that he observed Menezes weari ...

See also:

Jean Charles de Menezes, Jean Charles de Menezes - Biography, Jean Charles de Menezes - Background to the shooting, Jean Charles de Menezes - Pursuit and shooting, Jean Charles de Menezes - An innocent man, Jean Charles de Menezes - Public reaction, Jean Charles de Menezes - Independent Police Complaints Commission inquiry, Jean Charles de Menezes - Controversy over police procedure, Jean Charles de Menezes - The Jean Charles de Menezes Family Campaign, Jean Charles de Menezes - Similar incidents, Jean Charles de Menezes - Disputed facts and events, Jean Charles de Menezes - Clothing, Jean Charles de Menezes - Police challenge, Jean Charles de Menezes - Ticket barrier, Jean Charles de Menezes - CCTV footage, Jean Charles de Menezes - Motivations, Jean Charles de Menezes - Gunshots, Jean Charles de Menezes - Involvement of special forces, Jean Charles de Menezes - Notes

Read more here: » Jean Charles de Menezes: Encyclopedia II - Jean Charles de Menezes - Disputed facts and events

List of early British railway companies - Cambrian - Isle of Wight. Cambrian Railways incorporated between 1864 and 1904 Oswestry and Newtown Railway 30 miles: incorporated 6 June 1855; opened 1860-1 Llanidloes and Newtown Railway 12.25 miles: 4 August 1853; 1859. Until 1861 this section of the line was completely isolated Newtown and Machynlleth Railway 23 miles: 27 July 1857; 1863 Oswestry, Ellesmere and Whitchurch Railway 18 miles: 1 August 1861; 1863-4

Mkhulunkosi Qomizitha Sukuta Madlasomo Ndlovu Ngewkati Mawawa/Kuwawa Sidvwabasilutfuli Gebase Kunene Nkabingwe Madlabane Hhili Dulunga Dondobola Sihuba Mlangeni Msimudze Mbhondlo/Mbhoholo Tembe Sikhulumaloyo Langa Samuketi Nkomo Khabako Nkosi I: 1355 - 1400 Ngwane I: 1400 - 1435 Dlamini I Mswati I Ngwane II Dlamini II N ...

See also:

List of kings of Swaziland, List of kings of Swaziland - Pre-1780 Kings/Paramount Chiefs of Swaziland, List of kings of Swaziland - Paramount Chiefs of Swaziland 1780-1968, List of kings of Swaziland - Kings of Swaziland 1968-present

Read more here: » List of kings of Swaziland: Encyclopedia II - List of kings of Swaziland - Pre-1780 Kings/Paramount Chiefs of Swaziland

In the postwar period Molotov's position began to decline. In 1949 he was replaced as Foreign Minister by Andrei Vishinsky, retaining his position as Deputy Prime Minister and membership of the Politburo. Following the death of Andrei Zhdanov, who had come to be seen as Stalin's most likely successor, Stalin and Beria began to plan a new purge, which would have removed most of the older party leaders, such as Molotov and Voroshilov, from their positions. New leaders, such as Georgii Malenk ...

See also:

Vyacheslav Molotov, Vyacheslav Molotov - Origins and early life, Vyacheslav Molotov - Early career, Vyacheslav Molotov - Prime Minister, Vyacheslav Molotov - Foreign Minister, Vyacheslav Molotov - Postwar career

Read more here: » Vyacheslav Molotov: Encyclopedia II - Vyacheslav Molotov - Postwar career

Although a sudden outgassing of CO2 had occurred at Lake Monoun in 1984, killing 37 local residents, a similar threat from Lake Nyos was not anticipated. However, on August 21, 1986, a limnic eruption occurred at Lake Nyos which triggered the sudden release of about 1.6 million tonnes of CO2. The gas rushed down two nearby valleys, displacing all the air and suffocating up to 1800 people within 20 km of the lake, mostly rural villagers, as well as 3500 livestock. About 4000 inhabitants fled the area, and many of these developed respiratory problems, ...

See also:

Lake Nyos, Lake Nyos - Formation and geological history, Lake Nyos - Gas saturation, Lake Nyos - The 1986 disaster, Lake Nyos - Degassing, Lake Nyos - Weakening dam

Read more here: » Lake Nyos: Encyclopedia II - Lake Nyos - The 1986 disaster

1730 English cricket season - Match Notes. The Andrews/Richmond match is also mentioned in FL18 with the additional information that Mr Andrews was a resident of Sunbury, Middlesex. Mr Andrews may therefore have been involved on Thursday, 23 July, when Sunbury played Epsom on Epsom Downs. The match at Blackheath on 31 July was played for 20 guineas. It is not clear if the Richmond v Gage match on 5 August was eventually played as an announcement states that it was pu ...

See also:

1730 English cricket season, 1730 English cricket season - Season Overview, 1730 English cricket season - Major Matches, 1730 English cricket season - Match Notes, 1730 English cricket season - Other Events, 1730 English cricket season - Focus, 1730 English cricket season - Article & Match Sources

Read more here: » 1730 English cricket season: Encyclopedia II - 1730 English cricket season - Major Matches

Sixty-eighth United States Congress - Senate. Alva B. Adams, Democrat, Colorado. Adams was appointed to fill Samuel D. Nicholson's seat after Nicholson's death. Henry F. Ashurst, Democrat, Arizona Lewis H. Ball, Republican, Delaware Thomas F. Bayard, Jr., Democrat, Delaware Hiram Bingham, Republican, Connecticut. Bingham was elected to Frank B. Brandegee's seat after Brandegee's death. William E. Borah, Republican, Idaho Frank B. Brandegee, Republican, C ...

See also:

Sixty-eighth United States Congress, Sixty-eighth United States Congress - Major Political Events, Sixty-eighth United States Congress - Major Legislation, Sixty-eighth United States Congress - Officers, Sixty-eighth United States Congress - Senate, Sixty-eighth United States Congress - House of Representatives, Sixty-eighth United States Congress - Members, Sixty-eighth United States Congress - Senate, Sixty-eighth United States Congress - House of Representatives, Sixty-eighth United States Congress - Delegates, Sixty-eighth United States Congress - Resident Commissioners, Sixty-eighth United States Congress - Employees, Sixty-eighth United States Congress - Senate, Sixty-eighth United States Congress - House of Representatives

Read more here: » Sixty-eighth United States Congress: Encyclopedia II - Sixty-eighth United States Congress - Members

Julius, humiliated by the failure of the Imperial invasion, turned to Louis XII of France (who, having been left in possession of Milan after the Second Italian War, was interested in further expansion into Italy) with an offer of alliance. In mid-March, the Republic provided a pretext for an attack on itself by appointing her own candidate to the vacant bishopric of Vicenza (an act in keeping with prevailing custom, though Julius considered it a personal provocation); the Pope proceeded to call for all Christian nations to join him in an ex ...

See also:

War of the League of Cambrai, War of the League of Cambrai - Prelude, War of the League of Cambrai - League of Cambrai 1508–10, War of the League of Cambrai - Veneto-Papal alliance 1510–11, War of the League of Cambrai - Holy League 1511–13, War of the League of Cambrai - Franco-Venetian alliance 1513–16, War of the League of Cambrai - Aftermath, War of the League of Cambrai - Notes

Read more here: » War of the League of Cambrai: Encyclopedia II - War of the League of Cambrai - League of Cambrai 1508–10

Cabinet Ministers are formally appointed by the President, but he is constitutionally required to do so only on the advice of the Prime Minister. An unusual feature of the Fijian constitution is its provision for a compulsory coalition cabinet - even if one party has a parliamentary majority in its own right. Every political party with more than 8 seats in the 71-member parliament must be offered a proportionate number of cabinet posts. If the Prime Minister wishes to give cabinet posts to members of a party with fewer than 8 representatives ...

See also:

Cabinet Fiji, Cabinet Fiji - The multi-party Cabinet provision, Cabinet Fiji - Problems with the model, Cabinet Fiji - Calls for amendments, Cabinet Fiji - Membership

Read more here: » Cabinet Fiji: Encyclopedia II - Cabinet Fiji - The multi-party Cabinet provision

The Allied war strategy for 1916 was largely formulated during a conference at Chantilly held between 6 December and 8 December 1915, when it was decided that for the next year, simultaneous offensives were to be mounted by the Russians in the East, the Italians in the Alps and the Anglo-French on the Western Front, thereby assailing the Central Powers from all sides. In late December 1915, General Sir Douglas Haig had replaced General Sir John French as Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). Haig favoured a Brit ...

See also:

Battle of the Somme 1916, Battle of the Somme 1916 - Prelude, Battle of the Somme 1916 - The first day on the Somme, Battle of the Somme 1916 - Aftermath of the first day, Battle of the Somme 1916 - Battle of Bazentin Ridge, Battle of the Somme 1916 - Pozières and Mouquet Farm, Battle of the Somme 1916 - Attrition: August and September, Battle of the Somme 1916 - Tank!, Battle of the Somme 1916 - The final phase, Battle of the Somme 1916 - Conclusion, Battle of the Somme 1916 - Casualties

Read more here: » Battle of the Somme 1916: Encyclopedia II - Battle of the Somme 1916 - Prelude