Main article: Ancien Régime of Switzerland. At the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, Switzerland attained legal independence from the Holy Roman Empire. The Valtellina became a dependency of the Drei Bünde again after the Treaty and remained so until the founding of the Cisalpine Republic by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1797. In 1653, peasants of territories subject to Lucerne, Berne, Solothurn and Basel revolted because of currency devaluation (Bauernkrieg). The rebels laid siege to Lucerne and Berne, but a comprom ...

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History of Switzerland, History of Switzerland - Early history, History of Switzerland - Old Confederacy 1291–1523, History of Switzerland - Reformation 1523–1648, History of Switzerland - Ancien Régime 1648–1798, History of Switzerland - Napoleonic Era 1798–1848, History of Switzerland - Switzerland as a federal state 1848–1914, History of Switzerland - World Wars 1914–1945, History of Switzerland - After 1945, History of Switzerland - English Literature

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Key: (A) – American Victory; (M) – Mexican Victory; (I) – Inconclusive. Battles of the Mexican-American War - 1846. Battles of the Mexican-American War - 1847. Battles of the Mexican-American War - 1848. From January to August Mexican partisans harassed the U.S. Army of Occupation. Formal fighting, however, had ceased by the end of January. Battles of the Mexican-American War - Notes. See also:

Battles of the Mexican-American War, Battles of the Mexican-American War - Background, Battles of the Mexican-American War - List of battles, Battles of the Mexican-American War - 1846, Battles of the Mexican-American War - 1847, Battles of the Mexican-American War - 1848, Battles of the Mexican-American War - Notes, Battles of the Mexican-American War - Reference

Read more here: » Battles of the Mexican-American War: Encyclopedia II - Battles of the Mexican-American War - List of battles

The commonly accepted view of the origin of the Magyars (known as Hungarians in most western languages) is that they were a nomadic people, with indeterminate and disputed origin from the Eurasian plains until the end of the 9th century AD. They were a confederacy of seven Magyar and three allied Khabar tribes; the name Hungary / Hungarian is most probably derived from the Turkish term Onogur meaning 'Ten Arrows', signifying united military strength in nomadic symbolism. In 896 they settled temporarily around the upper Tisza river basin ...

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History of Hungary, History of Hungary - Origins of the Hungarian state, History of Hungary - The Kingdom of Hungary, History of Hungary - High and Late Middle Ages 1000 - 1526, History of Hungary - Early modern times 1526 - 1718, History of Hungary - 18th century 1718 - 1780, History of Hungary - Enlightenment 1780 - 1848, History of Hungary - The 1848 Revolution 1848 - 1849, History of Hungary - After the revolution 1849 - 1867, History of Hungary - Austria - Hungary 1867 - 1918, History of Hungary - Reds and Whites 1918-1919, History of Hungary - The Regency 1920 - 1944, History of Hungary - World War II, History of Hungary - Hungary's second communist government 1944-1956, History of Hungary - 1956 Revolution, History of Hungary - Changes under Kádár, History of Hungary - Transition to democracy, History of Hungary - Free Elections and a Democratic Hungary

Read more here: » History of Hungary: Encyclopedia II - History of Hungary - Origins of the Hungarian state

Krefeld is connected to the Deutsche Bahn network with several stations, however they all carry local trains only. The Düsseldorf-based Rheinbahn operates a Stadtbahn service to the centrally located Rheinstraße stop. This line was the first electric inter-city rail line in Europe, established in 1898, and commonly called the K-Bahn because of the letter "K" used to denote the trains to Krefeld. Nowadays, in the VRR notation it is called U76, with the morning express trains numbered as U70, the line number there being of a red colour instead of the usual blue used for U-Bahn lines. The term 'K ...

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Krefeld, Krefeld - Districts, Krefeld - Incorporations, Krefeld - Historical population of Krefeld, Krefeld - Mayors of Krefeld from 1848, Krefeld - City counsellors 1946 until 1999, Krefeld - Transportation, Krefeld - Twinnings, Krefeld - Sons of the city

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In 1918, as a result of defeat in World War I, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy collapsed. On October 31, 1918, the success of the Aster Revolution in Budapest brought the liberal count Mihály Károlyi to power as Prime-Minister. The new government officially declared Hungary an independent republic in November, after the end of the war. On 22 November 1918 the Central Romanian Council of Romanians from Transylvania announced the Hungarian gouvernment that it had assumed control of Transylvania. On 1 December 1918 the gathering of Alba Iulia (Gyulafehérvá ...

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History of Hungary, History of Hungary - Origins of the Hungarian state, History of Hungary - The Kingdom of Hungary, History of Hungary - High and Late Middle Ages 1000 - 1526, History of Hungary - Early modern times 1526 - 1718, History of Hungary - 18th century 1718 - 1780, History of Hungary - Enlightenment 1780 - 1848, History of Hungary - The 1848 Revolution 1848 - 1849, History of Hungary - After the revolution 1849 - 1867, History of Hungary - Austria - Hungary 1867 - 1918, History of Hungary - Reds and Whites 1918-1919, History of Hungary - The Regency 1920 - 1944, History of Hungary - World War II, History of Hungary - Hungary's second communist government 1944-1956, History of Hungary - 1956 Revolution, History of Hungary - Changes under Kádár, History of Hungary - Transition to democracy, History of Hungary - Free Elections and a Democratic Hungary

Read more here: » History of Hungary: Encyclopedia II - History of Hungary - Reds and Whites 1918-1919

The Mexican-American War lasted from 1846 until 1848. It grew out of unresolved border disputes between the Republic of Texas and Mexico after the independence of the former during the Texas Revolution of 1836. Texas was admited into the United States on 1845 and as a consequence tension with Mexico increased over the disputed border. The U.S. government claimed that the southern border of Texas was the Rio Grande; Mexico maintained it to be the Nueces River. President James K. Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor to place troops betwe ...

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Battles of the Mexican-American War, Battles of the Mexican-American War - Background, Battles of the Mexican-American War - List of battles, Battles of the Mexican-American War - 1846, Battles of the Mexican-American War - 1847, Battles of the Mexican-American War - 1848, Battles of the Mexican-American War - Notes, Battles of the Mexican-American War - Reference

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In January 1920, Hungarian men and women cast the first secret ballots in the country's political history. The votings were not totally free, because the entire left-wing either boycotted or was excluded from the voting. A large right-wing majority was elected to a unicameral assembly. In March, the parliament annulled the Compromise of 1867, and it restored the Hungarian monarchy but postponed electing a king until civil disorder had subsided. Instead, Miklos Horthy was elected regent and was empowered, among other things, to appoint Hungary's prime minister, veto legislation, con ...

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History of Hungary, History of Hungary - Origins of the Hungarian state, History of Hungary - The Kingdom of Hungary, History of Hungary - High and Late Middle Ages 1000 - 1526, History of Hungary - Early modern times 1526 - 1718, History of Hungary - 18th century 1718 - 1780, History of Hungary - Enlightenment 1780 - 1848, History of Hungary - The 1848 Revolution 1848 - 1849, History of Hungary - After the revolution 1849 - 1867, History of Hungary - Austria - Hungary 1867 - 1918, History of Hungary - Reds and Whites 1918-1919, History of Hungary - The Regency 1920 - 1944, History of Hungary - World War II, History of Hungary - Hungary's second communist government 1944-1956, History of Hungary - 1956 Revolution, History of Hungary - Changes under Kádár, History of Hungary - Transition to democracy, History of Hungary - Free Elections and a Democratic Hungary

Read more here: » History of Hungary: Encyclopedia II - History of Hungary - The Regency 1920 - 1944

The dispute was formally settled on January 14, 1963, when the United States and Mexico ratified a treaty that generally followed the 1911 arbitration recommendations. The agreement awarded to Mexico 366 acres (1.5 km²) of the Chamizal area and 71 acres east of the adjacent Cordova Island. Although no payments were made between the two governments, the United States received compensation from a private Mexican bank for 382 structures included in the transfer. The United States also received 193 acres of Cordova Island from Mexico, and the t ...

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Chamizal dispute, Chamizal dispute - Origin: 1848–1895, Chamizal dispute - Disputes and Controversy: 1895–1963, Chamizal dispute - Resolution: 1963

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The Soviet Army occupied Hungary from September 1944 until April 1945. It took almost 2 months to conquer Budapest and almost the whole city was destroyed. By signing the Peace Treaty of Paris, Hungary again lost all the territories that it gained between 1938 and 1941. Neither Western Allies nor the Soviet Union supported any change in Hungary's pre-1938 borders. The Soviet Union itself annexed Sub-Carpathia, which is now part of Ukraine. The Treaty of Peace with Hungary signed on 10 February 1947 declared that "The dec ...

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History of Hungary, History of Hungary - Origins of the Hungarian state, History of Hungary - The Kingdom of Hungary, History of Hungary - High and Late Middle Ages 1000 - 1526, History of Hungary - Early modern times 1526 - 1718, History of Hungary - 18th century 1718 - 1780, History of Hungary - Enlightenment 1780 - 1848, History of Hungary - The 1848 Revolution 1848 - 1849, History of Hungary - After the revolution 1849 - 1867, History of Hungary - Austria - Hungary 1867 - 1918, History of Hungary - Reds and Whites 1918-1919, History of Hungary - The Regency 1920 - 1944, History of Hungary - World War II, History of Hungary - Hungary's second communist government 1944-1956, History of Hungary - 1956 Revolution, History of Hungary - Changes under Kádár, History of Hungary - Transition to democracy, History of Hungary - Free Elections and a Democratic Hungary

Read more here: » History of Hungary: Encyclopedia II - History of Hungary - Hungary's second communist government 1944-1956

The Hungarian Uprising began on October 23 by a peaceful manifestation of students in Budapest. The students demanded an end to Soviet occupation and the implementation of "true socialism". The police made some arrests and tried to disperse the crowd with tear gas. When the students attempted to free those people who had been arrested, the police opened fire on the crowd. The following day commissioned officers and soldiers joined the students on the streets of Budapest. Stalin's statue was brought down and the protesters chanted "Rus ...

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History of Hungary, History of Hungary - Origins of the Hungarian state, History of Hungary - The Kingdom of Hungary, History of Hungary - High and Late Middle Ages 1000 - 1526, History of Hungary - Early modern times 1526 - 1718, History of Hungary - 18th century 1718 - 1780, History of Hungary - Enlightenment 1780 - 1848, History of Hungary - The 1848 Revolution 1848 - 1849, History of Hungary - After the revolution 1849 - 1867, History of Hungary - Austria - Hungary 1867 - 1918, History of Hungary - Reds and Whites 1918-1919, History of Hungary - The Regency 1920 - 1944, History of Hungary - World War II, History of Hungary - Hungary's second communist government 1944-1956, History of Hungary - 1956 Revolution, History of Hungary - Changes under Kádár, History of Hungary - Transition to democracy, History of Hungary - Free Elections and a Democratic Hungary

Read more here: » History of Hungary: Encyclopedia II - History of Hungary - 1956 Revolution

Hungary's transition to a Western-style democracy was the first and the smoothest among the former Soviet bloc. By 1987, activists within the party and bureaucracy and Budapest-based intellectuals were increasing pressure for change. Some of these became reform socialists, while others began movements which were to develop into parties. Young liberals formed the Federation of Young Democrats (Fidesz); a core from the so-called Democratic Opposition formed the Association of Free Democrats (SZDSZ), and the national opposition established the Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF). Civic activ ...

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History of Hungary, History of Hungary - Origins of the Hungarian state, History of Hungary - The Kingdom of Hungary, History of Hungary - High and Late Middle Ages 1000 - 1526, History of Hungary - Early modern times 1526 - 1718, History of Hungary - 18th century 1718 - 1780, History of Hungary - Enlightenment 1780 - 1848, History of Hungary - The 1848 Revolution 1848 - 1849, History of Hungary - After the revolution 1849 - 1867, History of Hungary - Austria - Hungary 1867 - 1918, History of Hungary - Reds and Whites 1918-1919, History of Hungary - The Regency 1920 - 1944, History of Hungary - World War II, History of Hungary - Hungary's second communist government 1944-1956, History of Hungary - 1956 Revolution, History of Hungary - Changes under Kádár, History of Hungary - Transition to democracy, History of Hungary - Free Elections and a Democratic Hungary

Read more here: » History of Hungary: Encyclopedia II - History of Hungary - Transition to democracy

The first free parliamentary election, held in May 1990, was a plebiscite of sorts on the communist past. The revitalized and reformed communists performed poorly despite having more than the usual advantages of an "incumbent" party. Populist, center-right, and liberal parties fared best, with the Democratic Forum (MDF) winning 43% of the vote and the Free Democrats (SZDSZ) capturing 24%. Under Prime Minister József Antall, the MDF formed a center-right coalition government with the Independent Smallholders' Party (FKGP) and the Christian D ...

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History of Hungary, History of Hungary - Origins of the Hungarian state, History of Hungary - The Kingdom of Hungary, History of Hungary - High and Late Middle Ages 1000 - 1526, History of Hungary - Early modern times 1526 - 1718, History of Hungary - 18th century 1718 - 1780, History of Hungary - Enlightenment 1780 - 1848, History of Hungary - The 1848 Revolution 1848 - 1849, History of Hungary - After the revolution 1849 - 1867, History of Hungary - Austria - Hungary 1867 - 1918, History of Hungary - Reds and Whites 1918-1919, History of Hungary - The Regency 1920 - 1944, History of Hungary - World War II, History of Hungary - Hungary's second communist government 1944-1956, History of Hungary - 1956 Revolution, History of Hungary - Changes under Kádár, History of Hungary - Transition to democracy, History of Hungary - Free Elections and a Democratic Hungary

Read more here: » History of Hungary: Encyclopedia II - History of Hungary - Free Elections and a Democratic Hungary

Although the forces unleashed by the French Revolution were seemingly under control after the Vienna Congress, the conflict between conservative forces and liberal nationalists was only deferred at best. The era until the failed 1848 revolution, in which these tensions built up, is commonly referred to as Vormärz, "pre-March," in reference to the outbreak of riots in March 1848. This competition entailed the forces of the old order competing with those inspired by the French Revolution and the Rights of Man. The sociological b ...

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German Confederation, German Confederation - Situation in space and time, German Confederation - Impact of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic invasions, German Confederation - Romanticism nationalism and Liberalism in the Vormärz era, German Confederation - Economic Integration, German Confederation - The Revolutions of 1848, German Confederation - Bismarck and the Wars of Unification, German Confederation - Territorial legacy, German Confederation - Notes, German Confederation - Sources and References

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Thus began, under dark and adverse circumstances, on October 29, 1840, the important administration in which Guizot remained the master-spirit for nearly eight years. He himself took the office of minister for foreign affairs, to which he added some years later, on the retirement of Marshal Soult, the ostensible rank of prime minister. His first care was the maintenance of peace and the restoration of amicable relations with the other powers of Europe. If he succeeded, as he did succeed, in calming the troubled elements and healing the wound ...

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François Guizot, François Guizot - Early life, François Guizot - The Man of Ghent, François Guizot - A minister of the Citizen-King, François Guizot - The second Soult government, François Guizot - 1848 and after, François Guizot - Bibliography

Read more here: » François Guizot: Encyclopedia II - François Guizot - The second Soult government

He was born at Nîmes of a bourgeois Protestant family. His parents, at the time of their union, could not be publicly or legally married by a Protestant pastor, and the ceremony had to take place in secret. The liberal opinions of his family did not, however, save them from the sanguinary intolerance of the Reign of Terror, and on April 8, 1794 his father died on the scaffold at Nîmes. From then on, the boy's mother was completely responsible for his upbringing. She was a woman of slight appearance and of homely manners, bu ...

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François Guizot, François Guizot - Early life, François Guizot - The Man of Ghent, François Guizot - A minister of the Citizen-King, François Guizot - The second Soult government, François Guizot - 1848 and after, François Guizot - Bibliography

Read more here: » François Guizot: Encyclopedia II - François Guizot - Early life

By 1844, the Family Compact had started calling itself Tories as well. This election also saw the creation of the Liberal Party, made up of pro-Patriot members from Canada East, who spoke English. Due to the double majority rule (legislation needed a majority of both Canada East and Canada West MPs) this parliament was not able to get much done. ...

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List of elections in the Province of Canada, List of elections in the Province of Canada - 1841, List of elections in the Province of Canada - 1844, List of elections in the Province of Canada - 1848, List of elections in the Province of Canada - 1852, List of elections in the Province of Canada - 1854, List of elections in the Province of Canada - 1858, List of elections in the Province of Canada - 1861, List of elections in the Province of Canada - 1863, List of elections in the Province of Canada - Further Reference

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In 1831 Casimir-Périer formed a more vigorous and compact administration, terminated in May 1832 by his death; the summer of that year was marked by a formidable republican rising in Paris, and it was not till October 11, 1832 that a stable government was formed, in which Marshal Soult was first minister, the duc de Brogue took the foreign office, Adolphe Thiers the home department, and Guizot the department of public instruction. This ministry, which lasted for nearly four years, was by far the ablest that ever served Louis Philippe. Guizo ...

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François Guizot, François Guizot - Early life, François Guizot - The Man of Ghent, François Guizot - A minister of the Citizen-King, François Guizot - The second Soult government, François Guizot - 1848 and after, François Guizot - Bibliography

Read more here: » François Guizot: Encyclopedia II - François Guizot - A minister of the Citizen-King

The Eastern Question emerged as the power of the Ottoman Empire began to decline during the seventeenth century. The Ottoman Turks were at the height of their power in 1683, when they lost the Battle of Vienna to Austria. Peace was made much later (in 1699) with the Treaty of Karlowitz, which forced the Ottoman Empire to cede many of its Central European possessions, including Hungary. Its westward expansion arrested, the Ottoman Empire would never again pose a serious threat to Austria, which bec ...

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Eastern Question, Eastern Question - Background, Eastern Question - Napoleonic Era, Eastern Question - Greek Revolt, Eastern Question - Mehmet Ali, Eastern Question - Revolutions of 1848, Eastern Question - Crimean War, Eastern Question - Herzegovinian rebellion, Eastern Question - Germany and the Ottoman Empire, Eastern Question - Bosnian Crisis

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At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the attention of Europe was captured by the French dictator Napoleon Bonaparte. To secure his own domination and to render the rest of Europe virtually powerless, Napoleon established an alliance with Russia by concluding the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807. Russia undertook to aid Napoleon in his war against the United Kingdom; in turn, the Emperor of Russia would receive the Ottoman territories of Moldavia and Wallachia. If the Sultan refused to surrender these territories, France and Russia were to att ...

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Eastern Question, Eastern Question - Background, Eastern Question - Napoleonic Era, Eastern Question - Greek Revolt, Eastern Question - Mehmet Ali, Eastern Question - Revolutions of 1848, Eastern Question - Crimean War, Eastern Question - Herzegovinian rebellion, Eastern Question - Germany and the Ottoman Empire, Eastern Question - Bosnian Crisis

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Arkhip Kuindzhi. 1869 Without Kith or Kin (Непомнящий родства). 1871 Grave-digger. 1871 Amusement Moving House 1876 Acrobats. Festival in a Paris suburb. 1877 Three queens of the underground kingdom 1879 Alyonushka.1881 Sergii Radonezhsky 1882 Tatiana Mamontova 1884 Palace of Tsar Berendei. Set desighn for Rimski-Korsakov opera The Snow Maiden, 1885 The field of Igor Svyatoslavich's battle with the Polovtsy, 1889 The Virgin and Child. 1887 His only begotten son and the word of God 1885-1896 Rus ...

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Viktor Vasnetsov, Viktor Vasnetsov - Biography, Viktor Vasnetsov - Childhood 1848-1858, Viktor Vasnetsov - Vyatka 1858-1867, Viktor Vasnetsov - Saint Petersburg 1867-1876, Viktor Vasnetsov - Paris 1876-1877, Viktor Vasnetsov - Moscow 1877-1884, Viktor Vasnetsov - Kiev 1884-1889, Viktor Vasnetsov - Later years 1890-1926, Viktor Vasnetsov - Some works, Viktor Vasnetsov - Sources

Read more here: » Viktor Vasnetsov: Encyclopedia II - Viktor Vasnetsov - Some works

In 1875, the territory of Herzegovina rebelled against its ruler, the Sultan, in the now famous Herzegovinian rebellion, which led to insurrection in the Province of Bosnia as well as in Bulgaria. The Great Powers believed that their intervention was necessary, lest a disastrous and bloody war break out in the Balkans. The first to act were the members of the League of the Three Emperors (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia), whose common attitude toward the Eastern Question was embodied in the Andrassy Note (named for the Hungarian diplomat ...

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Eastern Question, Eastern Question - Background, Eastern Question - Napoleonic Era, Eastern Question - Greek Revolt, Eastern Question - Mehmet Ali, Eastern Question - Revolutions of 1848, Eastern Question - Crimean War, Eastern Question - Herzegovinian rebellion, Eastern Question - Germany and the Ottoman Empire, Eastern Question - Bosnian Crisis

Read more here: » Eastern Question: Encyclopedia II - Eastern Question - Herzegovinian rebellion

Bem was born in the area of Poland that had become part of the Habsburg Monarchy through the First Partition (in 1772). After the creation of the tiny Duchy of Warsaw on the territories captured by Napoleon I, Bem moved with his parents to Kraków, where after finishing military school (where he distinguished himself in mathematics) he joined the ducal forces as a fifteen-year-old cadet. Bem joined a Polish artillery regiment as a sub-lieutenant and then lieutenant in the French service, took part in the Russian campaign of 1812, and subsequently so brilliantly distinguished himself in the defence of Danzig (January-November 1813) that ...

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Józef Bem, Józef Bem - Early life, Józef Bem - November Uprising, Józef Bem - First exile, Józef Bem - 1848 hero, Józef Bem - Second exile and death, Józef Bem - Character and legacy, Józef Bem - Reference

Read more here: » Józef Bem: Encyclopedia II - Józef Bem - Early life