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1848 | A Wisdom Archive on 1848 | | 1848 A selection of articles related to 1848 | |
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1848, 1848, 1848 - Births, 1848 - Deaths, 1848 - Events, 1848 - Ongoing events
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO 1848 | | | |  1848: Encyclopedia II - Pittsburgh Cincinnati Chicago and St. Louis Railroad - History
Pittsburgh Cincinnati Chicago and St. Louis Railroad - Pittsburgh to Columbus: 1848-1869.
The Steubenville and Indiana Railroad was chartered February 24, 1848 in Ohio to build west from the Ohio River at Steubenville to the Indiana state line between Wilshire and Fort Recovery, via Mt. Vernon. On March 12, 1849 it was authorized to build a bridge at Steubenville and a branch to Columbus.
The first section opened December 22, 1853 from Steubenville west to Unionport. On February 2, 1854 an extension ...
See also:Pittsburgh Cincinnati Chicago and St. Louis Railroad, Pittsburgh Cincinnati Chicago and St. Louis Railroad - History, Pittsburgh Cincinnati Chicago and St. Louis Railroad - Pittsburgh to Columbus: 1848-1869, Pittsburgh Cincinnati Chicago and St. Louis Railroad - Columbus to Indianapolis: 1847-1867, Pittsburgh Cincinnati Chicago and St. Louis Railroad - Richmond to Chicago: 1848-1865, Pittsburgh Cincinnati Chicago and St. Louis Railroad - Realignments towards Chicago and mergers: 1857-1869, Pittsburgh Cincinnati Chicago and St. Louis Railroad - Expansion: 1869-, Pittsburgh Cincinnati Chicago and St. Louis Railroad - Branches Read more here: » Pittsburgh Cincinnati Chicago and St. Louis Railroad: Encyclopedia II - Pittsburgh Cincinnati Chicago and St. Louis Railroad - History |
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| | | | | 1848: Encyclopedia II - Seneca Falls Convention - Background In the 1840s the United States was in the throes of cultural and economic change. In the years since the Revolution and the Constitutional Convention, the nation's geographic boundaries and population had more than doubled, the population had shifted significantly westward, and many Americans' daily lives had drifted away from Jefferson's vision of a nation composed of independent farmers. Instead, farmers, artisans, and manufacturers existed in a world built around cash crops, manufactured goods, banks, and distant markets. Historians gener ...
See also:Seneca Falls Convention, Seneca Falls Convention - Background, Seneca Falls Convention - The Call for Women's Rights 1848 Read more here: » Seneca Falls Convention: Encyclopedia II - Seneca Falls Convention - Background |
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| | | | | | 1848: Encyclopedia II - Sándor Petőfi - Early life His father was István Petrovics, whose native language was Hungarian (though he was of Serbian descent), and his mother was Mária Hrúzová whose native language was Slovak. However, he had a notably strong Hungarian self-awareness, becoming the cultural leader of the radical groups of the Revolution (who wanted full independence from the Habsburg Monarchy and a free Hungary) and writing some of Hungary's greatest national poetry - from his poem, Nemzeti Dal ("National Song"):
On the God of the Hungarians \ We vow, \ We vow, that we will be sl ...
See also:Sándor Petőfi, Sándor Petőfi - Early life, Sándor Petőfi - The Hungarian Revolution of 1848, Sándor Petőfi - External links Read more here: » Sándor Petőfi: Encyclopedia II - Sándor Petőfi - Early life |
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| | | | | 1848: Encyclopedia II - Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - Noble counties late 13th century - 1848 except for 1785-1790
Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - History.
In the late 13th century, the royal counties gradually turned into noble counties. The reasons for this development were:
The arrival of new hospites (foreign settlers in the Kingdom Hungary, who were allowed to apply their own foreign law in their settlements; esp. Germans and esp. after 1242) considerably restricted the real powers of the county heads, because the hospites were outside his jurisdiction
At the end of the 12th century, but especially i ...
See also:Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary, Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - Royal counties late 10th century - late 13th century, Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - History, Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - Functioning, Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - Noble counties late 13th century - 1848 except for 1785-1790, Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - History, Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - Functioning, Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - State counties 1849 - 1860, Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - 1st provisional arrangement 1849 - 1850, Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - 2nd provisional arrangement so-called Geringer Provisional Arrangement; September 13 1850 - January 18 1853, Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - Definitive arrangement January 19 1853 - October 20 1860, Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - Transitory period 1860 - 1867, Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - Modernised counties 1867 - 1918, Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - History, Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - Functioning, Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - Nomenclature, Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - Origin of the name, Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - Comitatus vs. county, Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - Names in various languages Read more here: » Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary: Encyclopedia II - Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - Noble counties late 13th century - 1848 except for 1785-1790 |
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| | | | | 1848: Encyclopedia II - Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - Noble counties late 13th century - 1848, except for 1785-1790
Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - History.
In the late 13th century, the royal counties gradually turned into noble counties. The reasons for this development were:
The arrival of new hospites (foreign settlers in the Kingdom Hungary, who were allowed to apply their own foreign law in their settlements; esp. Germans and esp. after 1242) considerably restricted the real powers of the county heads, because the hospites were outside his jurisdiction
At the end of the 12th century, but especially i ...
See also:Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary, Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - Royal counties late 10th century - late 13th century, Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - History, Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - Functioning, Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - Noble counties late 13th century - 1848, except for 1785-1790, Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - History, Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - Functioning, Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - State counties 1849 - 1860, Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - 1st provisional arrangement 1849 - 1850, Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - 2nd provisional arrangement so-called Geringer Provisional Arrangement; September 13 1850 - January 18 1853, Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - Definitive arrangement January 19 1853 - October 20 1860, Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - Transitory period 1860 - 1867, Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - Modernised counties 1867 - 1918, Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - History, Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - Functioning, Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - Nomenclature, Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - Origin of the name, Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - Comitatus vs. county, Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - Names in various languages Read more here: » Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary: Encyclopedia II - Comitatus Kingdom of Hungary - Noble counties late 13th century - 1848, except for 1785-1790 |
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| | | | | 1848: Encyclopedia II - Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary - After the 1848/1849 Revolution For details see Comitatus (Kingdom of Hungary)
Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary - 1849-1860.
During this period, Croatia, Slavonia, and the Vojvodina of Serbia and Banatus Temesiensis (Szerb vajdaság és Temesi bánság) were separated from the Kingdom of Hungary and directly subordinated to Vienna (Austria). The remaining territory of the Kingdom of Hungary (which did not include Transylvania at that time) was divided into 5 Districts:
< ...
See also:Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary, Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary - Notes, Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary - Around 1074, Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary - Counties, Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary - Frontier counties, Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary - 15th century, Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary - Counties, Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary - Special status, Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary - Free royal towns and the mining towns Liberae regiae civitate et civitates montanae, Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary - 16th-18th century, Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary - Captaincies 1547 - around 1700, Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary - Counties 17th - 18th century, Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary - Free districts Circuli/Districtus liberi, Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary - Free royal towns and the mining towns Liberae regiae civitate et civitates montanae, Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary - Temporary administrative divisions 1785-1790, Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary - After the 1848/1849 Revolution, Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary - 1849-1860, Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary - 1860-1867, Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary - 1867 - 1918, Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary - Rural Counties, Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary - Towns with municipal rights, Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary - Fiume Rijeka Read more here: » Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary: Encyclopedia II - Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary - After the 1848/1849 Revolution |
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| | | | | | 1848: Encyclopedia II - History of Switzerland - After 1945 Main articles Modern history of Switzerland, Politics of Switzerland.
After the war, Swiss authorities considered the construction of a Swiss nuclear bomb. Leading nuclear physicists at the Federal Institute of Technology such as Paul Scherrer made this a realistic possibility, and in 1958 the population clearly voted in favour of the bomb. The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty of 1968 was seen as a vali ...
See also:History of Switzerland, History of Switzerland - Early history, History of Switzerland - Old Confederacy 1291–1523, History of Switzerland - Reformation 1523–1648, History of Switzerland - Ancien Régime 1648–1798, History of Switzerland - Napoleonic Era 1798–1848, History of Switzerland - Switzerland as a federal state 1848–1914, History of Switzerland - World Wars 1914–1945, History of Switzerland - After 1945, History of Switzerland - English Literature Read more here: » History of Switzerland: Encyclopedia II - History of Switzerland - After 1945 |
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| | | | | 1848: Encyclopedia II - History of Baden - 13th - 17th centuries During the 15th century, a war with the count palatine of the Rhine deprived the Margrave Charles I (died 1475) of a part of his territories, but these losses were more than repaired by his son and successor, Christophe I of Baden (illustration, right). In 1503 the family Baden-Sausenberg became extinct, and the whole of Baden was united by Christophe, who divided it, however, before his death in 1527 among his three sons. One of these died childless in 1533, and in 1535 his remaining sons, Bernard and Ernest, having shared their brot ...
See also:History of Baden, History of Baden - 12th century, History of Baden - 13th - 17th centuries, History of Baden - 18th century, History of Baden - The French Revolution and Napoleon, History of Baden - Baden in the German Confederation, History of Baden - Revolution of 1848/49, History of Baden - Towards the German Empire, History of Baden - Kulturkampf, History of Baden - Baden in the German Empire Read more here: » History of Baden: Encyclopedia II - History of Baden - 13th - 17th centuries |
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| | | | | 1848: Encyclopedia II - History of Baden - 18th century During the wars of the reign of Louis XIV of France the margravate was ravaged by French troops, and the towns of Pforzheim, Durlach, and Baden were destroyed. The margrave of Baden-Baden, Louis William (died 1707), figured prominently among the soldiers who resisted the aggressions of France.
It was the life's work of Charles Frederick of Baden-Durlach to give territorial unity to his country. Beginning to reign in 1738 and coming of age in 1746, this prince is the most notable of the rulers of Baden. He was interested in the develop ...
See also:History of Baden, History of Baden - 12th century, History of Baden - 13th - 17th centuries, History of Baden - 18th century, History of Baden - The French Revolution and Napoleon, History of Baden - Baden in the German Confederation, History of Baden - Revolution of 1848/49, History of Baden - Towards the German Empire, History of Baden - Kulturkampf, History of Baden - Baden in the German Empire Read more here: » History of Baden: Encyclopedia II - History of Baden - 18th century |
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| | | | | 1848: Encyclopedia II - Viktor Vasnetsov - Biography
Viktor Vasnetsov - Childhood 1848-1858.
Viktor Vasnetsov was born in a remote village of Vyatka guberniya in 1848. His father Mikhail Vasilievich Vasnetsov was a village priest. He was a well-educated 'philosophy-inclined' man interested in natural science, astronomy and painting. His grandfather was an icon painter. Two of his three sons, Viktor and Apollinary, became remarkable painters, the third one becoming a schoolteacher. Recalling his childhood in a letter to Vladimir Stasov, Vasnetsov remarked that he "had lived with peasant children and ...
See also:Viktor Vasnetsov, Viktor Vasnetsov - Biography, Viktor Vasnetsov - Childhood 1848-1858, Viktor Vasnetsov - Vyatka 1858-1867, Viktor Vasnetsov - Saint Petersburg 1867-1876, Viktor Vasnetsov - Paris 1876-1877, Viktor Vasnetsov - Moscow 1877-1884, Viktor Vasnetsov - Kiev 1884-1889, Viktor Vasnetsov - Later years 1890-1926, Viktor Vasnetsov - Some works, Viktor Vasnetsov - Sources Read more here: » Viktor Vasnetsov: Encyclopedia II - Viktor Vasnetsov - Biography |
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| | | | | 1848: Encyclopedia II - History of Baden - The French Revolution and Napoleon When the French Revolution threatened to be exported throughout Europe in 1792, Baden joined forces against France, and its countryside was devastated once more. In 1796 the margrave was compelled to pay an indemnity, and to cede his territories on the left bank of the Rhine to France. Fortune, however, soon returned to his side. In 1803, largely owing to the good offices of Alexander I, emperor of Russia, he received the bishopric of Constance, part of the Rhenish Palatinate, and other smaller districts, together with the dignity of a princ ...
See also:History of Baden, History of Baden - 12th century, History of Baden - 13th - 17th centuries, History of Baden - 18th century, History of Baden - The French Revolution and Napoleon, History of Baden - Baden in the German Confederation, History of Baden - Revolution of 1848/49, History of Baden - Towards the German Empire, History of Baden - Kulturkampf, History of Baden - Baden in the German Empire Read more here: » History of Baden: Encyclopedia II - History of Baden - The French Revolution and Napoleon |
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| | | | | 1848: Encyclopedia II - History of Switzerland - Early history Main article: Early history of Switzerland.
Archeological evidence suggests that hunter-gatherers settled in the lowlands north of the Alps already in the late Paleolithic. In the Neolithic period, the area was relatively densely populated. Remains of bronze age pile dwellings have been found in the shallow areas of many lakes. Around 1500 BC, Celtic tribes settled in the area. The Raetians lived in the easte ...
See also:History of Switzerland, History of Switzerland - Early history, History of Switzerland - Old Confederacy 1291–1523, History of Switzerland - Reformation 1523–1648, History of Switzerland - Ancien Régime 1648–1798, History of Switzerland - Napoleonic Era 1798–1848, History of Switzerland - Switzerland as a federal state 1848–1914, History of Switzerland - World Wars 1914–1945, History of Switzerland - After 1945, History of Switzerland - English Literature Read more here: » History of Switzerland: Encyclopedia II - History of Switzerland - Early history |
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| | | | | 1848: Encyclopedia II - History of Baden - Baden in the German Confederation In 1815 Baden became a member of the German Confederation established by the Act of the 8th of June, annexed to the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna of June 9. In the hasteof the winding-up of the Congress, however, the vexed question of the succession to the grand-duchy had not been settled. This was soon to become acute.
By the treaty of the 16th of April 1816, by which the territorial disputes between Austria and Bavaria were settled, the succession to the Baden Palatinate was guaranteed to Maximilian I, king of Bavaria, in the ...
See also:History of Baden, History of Baden - 12th century, History of Baden - 13th - 17th centuries, History of Baden - 18th century, History of Baden - The French Revolution and Napoleon, History of Baden - Baden in the German Confederation, History of Baden - Revolution of 1848/49, History of Baden - Towards the German Empire, History of Baden - Kulturkampf, History of Baden - Baden in the German Empire Read more here: » History of Baden: Encyclopedia II - History of Baden - Baden in the German Confederation |
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| | | | | 1848: Encyclopedia II - History of Baden - Kulturkampf The internal politics of Baden, both before and after 1870, centre in the main round the question of religion. The signing on June 28, 1859 of a concordat with the Holy See, which placed education under the oversight of the clergy and facilitated the establishment of religious orders, led to a constitutional struggle which ended in 1863 with the victory of Liberal principles, making the communes responsible for education, though admitting the priests to a share in the management. The quarrel between Liberalism and Catholicism, however, did n ...
See also:History of Baden, History of Baden - 12th century, History of Baden - 13th - 17th centuries, History of Baden - 18th century, History of Baden - The French Revolution and Napoleon, History of Baden - Baden in the German Confederation, History of Baden - Revolution of 1848/49, History of Baden - Towards the German Empire, History of Baden - Kulturkampf, History of Baden - Baden in the German Empire Read more here: » History of Baden: Encyclopedia II - History of Baden - Kulturkampf |
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| | | | | 1848: Encyclopedia II - History of Baden - Baden in the German Empire The political tendency of Baden, meanwhile, mirrored that of all Germany. In 1892 the National Liberals had but a majority of one in the diet; from 1893 they could maintain themselves only with the aid of the Conservatives; and in 1897 a coalition of Ultramontanes, Socialists, Social Democrats and Radicals (Freisinnige) won a majority for the opposition in the chamber.
Amid all these contests the wise and statesmanlike moderation of the Grand Duke Frederick won him universal esteem. By the treaty under which Baden had become an ...
See also:History of Baden, History of Baden - 12th century, History of Baden - 13th - 17th centuries, History of Baden - 18th century, History of Baden - The French Revolution and Napoleon, History of Baden - Baden in the German Confederation, History of Baden - Revolution of 1848/49, History of Baden - Towards the German Empire, History of Baden - Kulturkampf, History of Baden - Baden in the German Empire Read more here: » History of Baden: Encyclopedia II - History of Baden - Baden in the German Empire |
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| | | | | 1848: Encyclopedia II - History of Switzerland - World Wars 1914–1945 Main article Switzerland during the World Wars.
During both World War I and World War II, Switzerland managed to keep a stance of armed neutrality, and was not involved militarily. It was, however, precisely because of its neutral status, of considerable interest to all parties involved, as the scene for diplomacy, espionage, commerce, and as safe haven for refugees. The 1917 Dada movement of Zurich was essentially a cultural reaction to the war, initiated by exiles. Lenin was also exiled in Zürich, from where he travelled directly to Petrograd to lead the Russi ...
See also:History of Switzerland, History of Switzerland - Early history, History of Switzerland - Old Confederacy 1291–1523, History of Switzerland - Reformation 1523–1648, History of Switzerland - Ancien Régime 1648–1798, History of Switzerland - Napoleonic Era 1798–1848, History of Switzerland - Switzerland as a federal state 1848–1914, History of Switzerland - World Wars 1914–1945, History of Switzerland - After 1945, History of Switzerland - English Literature Read more here: » History of Switzerland: Encyclopedia II - History of Switzerland - World Wars 1914–1945 |
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| | | | | 1848: Encyclopedia II - History of Hungary - The Kingdom of Hungary
History of Hungary - High and Late Middle Ages 1000 - 1526.
Hungary was established as a Christian kingdom under Stephen I of Hungary, who was crowned in December 1000 AD or January 1001 AD. He was the son of Géza and thus a descendant of Árpád. By 1006, Stephen had solidified his power, eliminating all rivals who either wanted to follow the old pagan traditions or wanted an alliance with the orthodox Christian Byzantine Empire. Then he started sweeping reforms to convert Hungar ...
See also:History of Hungary, History of Hungary - Origins of the Hungarian state, History of Hungary - The Kingdom of Hungary, History of Hungary - High and Late Middle Ages 1000 - 1526, History of Hungary - Early modern times 1526 - 1718, History of Hungary - 18th century 1718 - 1780, History of Hungary - Enlightenment 1780 - 1848, History of Hungary - The 1848 Revolution 1848 - 1849, History of Hungary - After the revolution 1849 - 1867, History of Hungary - Austria - Hungary 1867 - 1918, History of Hungary - Reds and Whites 1918-1919, History of Hungary - The Regency 1920 - 1944, History of Hungary - World War II, History of Hungary - Hungary's second communist government 1944-1956, History of Hungary - 1956 Revolution, History of Hungary - Changes under Kádár, History of Hungary - Transition to democracy, History of Hungary - Free Elections and a Democratic Hungary Read more here: » History of Hungary: Encyclopedia II - History of Hungary - The Kingdom of Hungary |
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| | | | | 1848: Encyclopedia II - History of Switzerland - Old Confederacy 1291–1523 Main article: Old Swiss Confederacy.
In 1291, the cantons of Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden conspired against the Habsburgs. Their union is recorded in the Federal Charter, a document probably written after the fact, in the 14th century. At the battles of Morgarten in 1315 and Sempach 1386, the Swiss defeated the Habsburg army and secured a de facto independence.
By 1353, the three original cantons had been joined by the cantons of Glarus and Zug and the city states of Lucerne, Zürich and Berne, forming the "Old Federation ...
See also:History of Switzerland, History of Switzerland - Early history, History of Switzerland - Old Confederacy 1291–1523, History of Switzerland - Reformation 1523–1648, History of Switzerland - Ancien Régime 1648–1798, History of Switzerland - Napoleonic Era 1798–1848, History of Switzerland - Switzerland as a federal state 1848–1914, History of Switzerland - World Wars 1914–1945, History of Switzerland - After 1945, History of Switzerland - English Literature Read more here: » History of Switzerland: Encyclopedia II - History of Switzerland - Old Confederacy 1291–1523 |
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| | | | | 1848: Encyclopedia II - History of Switzerland - Reformation 1523–1648 Main article: Reformation in Switzerland.
Huldrych Zwingli was elected priest of the Great Minster church in Zürich in 1518. Zwingli's Reformation of 1523 was supported by the magistrate and population of Zürich and led to significant changes in civil life and state matters in Zürich. The reformation was spread from Zürich to five other cantons of Switzerland, while the remaining five sternly held onto the Roman Catholic faith, leading to inter-cantonal wars (Kappeler Kr ...
See also:History of Switzerland, History of Switzerland - Early history, History of Switzerland - Old Confederacy 1291–1523, History of Switzerland - Reformation 1523–1648, History of Switzerland - Ancien Régime 1648–1798, History of Switzerland - Napoleonic Era 1798–1848, History of Switzerland - Switzerland as a federal state 1848–1914, History of Switzerland - World Wars 1914–1945, History of Switzerland - After 1945, History of Switzerland - English Literature Read more here: » History of Switzerland: Encyclopedia II - History of Switzerland - Reformation 1523–1648 |
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