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1848 | A Wisdom Archive on 1848 | | 1848 A selection of articles related to 1848 | |
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1848, 1848, 1848 - Births, 1848 - Deaths, 1848 - Events, 1848 - Ongoing events
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO 1848 | | | |  1848: Encyclopedia II - History of Baden - Revolution of 1848/49The news of the revolution of February 1848 in Paris brought the agitation to a head. Numerous public meetings occurred and adopted the Offenburg programme, and on March 4, under the influence of the popular excitement, the lower chamber accepted this programme almost unanimously. As in other German states, the government bowed to the storm, proclaimed an amnesty and promised reforms. The ministry remodelled itself in a more Liberal direction; and sent a new delegate to the federal diet at Frankfurt, empowered to vote f ...
See also:History of Baden, History of Baden - 12th century, History of Baden - 13th - 17th centuries, History of Baden - 18th century, History of Baden - The French Revolution and Napoleon, History of Baden - Baden in the German Confederation, History of Baden - Revolution of 1848/49, History of Baden - Towards the German Empire, History of Baden - Kulturkampf, History of Baden - Baden in the German Empire Read more here: » History of Baden: Encyclopedia II - History of Baden - Revolution of 1848/49 |
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| | | | | 1848: Encyclopedia II - The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - Preliminaries "Germany" at the time of the Revolutions of 1848 was a collection of over 30 states loosely bound together in the German Confederation after the Congress of Vienna in 1815.
Liberal pressure spread throughout the German states, each of which experienced the revolutions in their own way. Fearing the fate of Louis-Philippe of France, many kings capitulated to the revolutionaries at least temporarily. The revolution began in France at the end of February and soon spread to Germany. In the south and the west of Germany, large popula ...
See also:The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states, The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - Preliminaries, The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - The Revolutions in Prussia, The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - Backlash in Prussia, The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - Bavaria, The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - Saxony, The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - Frankfurt: The National Assembly meets in St. Paul's Church, The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - The end of the Revolutions in the German states, The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - Literature Read more here: » The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states: Encyclopedia II - The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - Preliminaries |
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| | | | | 1848: Encyclopedia II - The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - The Revolutions in Prussia The revolution started in Prussia with the Greater Poland Uprising of 1848, which was a military insurrection of the Polish people in the Grand Duchy of Poznań against the occupying Prussian forces, lead by Ludwik Mirosławski who later lead the defence of Rastatt in South Germany. In Berlin, the Prussian capital, crowds of people gathered, particularly in the beer gardens and outside the gates of town (or the royal palace), their demands culminating in an "address to the king".
King Frederick William, overwhelmed by this pressure, y ...
See also:The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states, The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - Preliminaries, The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - The Revolutions in Prussia, The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - Backlash in Prussia, The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - Bavaria, The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - Saxony, The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - Frankfurt: The National Assembly meets in St. Paul's Church, The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - The end of the Revolutions in the German states, The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - Literature Read more here: » The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states: Encyclopedia II - The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - The Revolutions in Prussia |
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| | | | | 1848: Encyclopedia II - The Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas - Revolution in the Austrian lands
The Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas - A few early victories.
The Paris Revolution filtered over to Vienna, raising the already-insistent calls for liberal reform. The Habsburg Court pressured Prince Klemens von Metternich to step down in order to placate the subject nationalities, and he resigned on March 13, 1848, fleeing to England. He had been in office too long, now 74, and was seen as a reactionary, having conducted foreign affairs for thirty years, notably with l ...
See also:The Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas, The Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas - The early rumblings, The Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas - Revolution in the Austrian lands, The Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas - A few early victories, The Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas - Ethnic disputes, The Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas - The revolters have some more successes, The Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas - Revolution in the Kingdom of Hungary, The Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas - In the end Read more here: » The Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas: Encyclopedia II - The Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas - Revolution in the Austrian lands |
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| | | | | 1848: Encyclopedia II - Chartism - The 1848 petition On 10 April 1848, Feargus O'Connor organised a mass meeting on Kennington Common, which would form a procession to present another petition to Parliament. The number of attendees varies depending on the source (O'Connor estimated 300,000; the government, 15,000; The Sunday Observer suggested 50,000 was more accurate). According to John Charlton the government was well aware that the Chartists had no intention of staging an uprising as they had established an extensive network of spies. The government did however organize a very large show of force, as 8,000 soldiers were in London that day, along with 150,000 special cons ...
See also:Chartism, Chartism - Origin, Chartism - The first wave, Chartism - The 1848 petition, Chartism - Legacy Read more here: » Chartism: Encyclopedia II - Chartism - The 1848 petition |
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| | | | | 1848: Encyclopedia II - The Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas - The early rumblings The focus of hatred was Prince Metternich, a seeming avatar of reaction; the absolute ruler, the Emperor Ferdinand, was feebleminded and incompetent (which, according to some, may be the result of incest in the Habsburg family). He was oddly popular, and people generally saw him as guided by ineffective advisors (which was fairly close to the truth).
Business interests wanted reform. They wanted solid finance, roads, railroads, and technology. High tariffs crippled commerce; the crown would not lower tariffs on foreign wheat at times ...
See also:The Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas, The Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas - The early rumblings, The Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas - Revolution in the Austrian lands, The Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas - A few early victories, The Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas - Ethnic disputes, The Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas - The revolters have some more successes, The Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas - Revolution in the Kingdom of Hungary, The Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas - In the end Read more here: » The Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas: Encyclopedia II - The Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas - The early rumblings |
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| | | | | 1848: Encyclopedia II - Chartism - The 1848 petition On 10 April 1848, Feargus O'Connor organised a mass meeting on Kennington Common, which would form a procession to present another petition to Parliament. The number of attendees varies depending on the source (O'Connor estimated 300,000; the government, 15,000; The Sunday Observer suggested 50,000 was more accurate). According to John Charlton the government was well aware that the Chartists had no intention of staging an uprising as they had established an extensive network of spies. The government did however organize a very large ...
See also:Chartism, Chartism - Origin, Chartism - The first wave, Chartism - The 1848 petition, Chartism - Legacy Read more here: » Chartism: Encyclopedia II - Chartism - The 1848 petition |
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| | | | | 1848: Encyclopedia II - The Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas - Revolution in the Kingdom of Hungary Hungary, at just over half the land area of the Empire, at the time was a bit like the American South of the time: agricultural, backwards economically, controlled by a conservative elite, and soon to fight a war of independence that would eventually fail due to ethnic, linguistic, and religious splits.
The Hungarians set out to form their own government, but restricted the new Pest Diet to speakers of Hungarian. This angered the Slavs and the Romanians who had their own desires for self-rule and saw no benefit in replacing one centra ...
See also:The Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas, The Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas - The early rumblings, The Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas - Revolution in the Austrian lands, The Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas - A few early victories, The Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas - Ethnic disputes, The Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas - The revolters have some more successes, The Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas - Revolution in the Kingdom of Hungary, The Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas - In the end Read more here: » The Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas: Encyclopedia II - The Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas - Revolution in the Kingdom of Hungary |
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| | | | | 1848: Encyclopedia II - The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - Frankfurt: The National Assembly meets in St. Paul's Church In Heidelberg, in the state of Baden (southwest Germany), on March 5 1848, a group of German liberals began to make plans for an election to a German national assembly. This prototype Parliament met on March 31, in Frankfurt's St. Paul's Church. Its members called for free elections to an assembly for all of Germany - and the German states agreed.
Finally, on May 18, 1848 the National Assembly opened its session in St. Paul's Church. Of the 550 delegates of the first freely elected German parliament, so many were professors ( ...
See also:The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states, The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - Preliminaries, The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - The Revolutions in Prussia, The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - Backlash in Prussia, The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - Bavaria, The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - Saxony, The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - Frankfurt: The National Assembly meets in St. Paul's Church, The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - The end of the Revolutions in the German states, The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - Literature Read more here: » The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states: Encyclopedia II - The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - Frankfurt: The National Assembly meets in St. Paul's Church |
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| | | | | 1848: Encyclopedia II - The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - The end of the Revolutions in the German states On April 2, 1849, a delegation of the National Assembly met with King Frederick William IV in Berlin and offered him the crown of the Emperor under this new constitution.
Frederick William told the delegation that he felt honoured but could only accept the crown with the consent of his peers, the other sovereign monarchs and free cities. In a letter to a relative in England, he wrote that he felt deeply ins ...
See also:The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states, The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - Preliminaries, The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - The Revolutions in Prussia, The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - Backlash in Prussia, The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - Bavaria, The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - Saxony, The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - Frankfurt: The National Assembly meets in St. Paul's Church, The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - The end of the Revolutions in the German states, The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - Literature Read more here: » The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states: Encyclopedia II - The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - The end of the Revolutions in the German states |
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| | | | | 1848: Encyclopedia II - German Confederation - The Revolutions of 1848 Main article: The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states
However, the Zollverein, at this point, still did not suffice to eliminate the desires of the German middle class to attain the right to rule. News of the 1848 Revolution in Paris quickly reached discontented bourgeois liberals and more radical workingmen, only leaving the most reactionary regimes of the Romanovs and Ottomans unscathed.
On March 15, 1848, the subjects of Frederick William IV of Prussia thus vented their long-repressed political aspirations ...
See also:German Confederation, German Confederation - Situation in space and time, German Confederation - Impact of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic invasions, German Confederation - Romanticism nationalism and Liberalism in the Vormärz era, German Confederation - Economic Integration, German Confederation - The Revolutions of 1848, German Confederation - Bismarck and the Wars of Unification, German Confederation - Territorial legacy, German Confederation - Notes, German Confederation - Sources and References Read more here: » German Confederation: Encyclopedia II - German Confederation - The Revolutions of 1848 |
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| | | | | | 1848: Encyclopedia II - Italian unification - Revolutions of 1848-49 In January 1848, revolutionary disturbance began on the island of Sicily. Soon, revolution was spreading throughout the continent. In February 1848, the French King Louis Philippe was forced to flee, and a republic was proclaimed. It was inevitable that this disturbance would spread to Italy, and indeed revolutionaries forced constitutions upon most of the Italian rulers, while uprisings in Milan and Venice temporarily ousted the Austrians.
Soon, Charles Albert, the King of Sardinia, decided that this was the moment for unifying Italy ...
See also:Italian unification, Italian unification - Background, Italian unification - Early revolutionary activity 1820 to 1830, Italian unification - Carbonari insurrections 1820 – 1821, Italian unification - 1830 insurrections, Italian unification - Revolutions of 1848-49, Italian unification - Creation of the Italian State, Italian unification - The War of 1859 and its aftermath, Italian unification - The Mille expedition, Italian unification - Defeat of Naples, Italian unification - Garibaldi wants Rome, Italian unification - Third Independence War 1866, Italian unification - Rome, Italian unification - Modern era, Italian unification - Secession movements Read more here: » Italian unification: Encyclopedia II - Italian unification - Revolutions of 1848-49 |
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| | | | | 1848: Encyclopedia II - History of Switzerland - Switzerland as a federal state 1848–1914 Main article Switzerland as a federal state
In 1847, a civil war broke out between the Catholic and the Protestant cantons (Sonderbundskrieg). Its immediate cause was a 'special treaty' (Sonderbund) of the Catholic cantons. It lasted for less than a month, causing fewer than 100 casualties. Apart from small riots, this was the latest armed conflict on Swiss territory.
As a consequence of the civil war, Switzerland adopted a federal constitution in 1848, amending it extensively in 1874 and establishing feder ...
See also:History of Switzerland, History of Switzerland - Early history, History of Switzerland - Old Confederacy 1291–1523, History of Switzerland - Reformation 1523–1648, History of Switzerland - Ancien Régime 1648–1798, History of Switzerland - Napoleonic Era 1798–1848, History of Switzerland - Switzerland as a federal state 1848–1914, History of Switzerland - World Wars 1914–1945, History of Switzerland - After 1945, History of Switzerland - English Literature Read more here: » History of Switzerland: Encyclopedia II - History of Switzerland - Switzerland as a federal state 1848–1914 |
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| | | | | | 1848: Encyclopedia II - Eastern Question - Revolutions of 1848 The Great Powers having reached a compromise to end the revolt of Mehmet Ali, the Eastern Question lay dormant for approximately a decade until revived by the Revolutions of 1848. Though Russia could have seized the opportunity to attack the Ottoman Empire—France and Austria were at the time occupied by their own insurrections—she chose not to do so. The Emperor Nicholas instead committed his troops to the defence of Austria, deeming that the goodwill established in the process would allow him ...
See also:Eastern Question, Eastern Question - Background, Eastern Question - Napoleonic Era, Eastern Question - Greek Revolt, Eastern Question - Mehmet Ali, Eastern Question - Revolutions of 1848, Eastern Question - Crimean War, Eastern Question - Herzegovinian rebellion, Eastern Question - Germany and the Ottoman Empire, Eastern Question - Bosnian Crisis Read more here: » Eastern Question: Encyclopedia II - Eastern Question - Revolutions of 1848 |
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| | | | | 1848: Encyclopedia II - History of Switzerland - Napoleonic Era 1798–1848 Main article: Switzerland in the Napoleonic era
During the French Revolutionary Wars, the revolutionary armies boiled eastward, enveloping Switzerland in their battles against Austria. In 1798 Switzerland was completely overrun by the French and became the Helvetic Republic. The Helvetic Republic encountered severe economic and political problems. In 1798 the country became a battlefield of the Revolutionary Wars.
In 1803 Napoleon's Act of Mediation partially restored the sovereignty of the cantons, and the former tributary and allied territories of Aargau, Thurgau, ...
See also:History of Switzerland, History of Switzerland - Early history, History of Switzerland - Old Confederacy 1291–1523, History of Switzerland - Reformation 1523–1648, History of Switzerland - Ancien Régime 1648–1798, History of Switzerland - Napoleonic Era 1798–1848, History of Switzerland - Switzerland as a federal state 1848–1914, History of Switzerland - World Wars 1914–1945, History of Switzerland - After 1945, History of Switzerland - English Literature Read more here: » History of Switzerland: Encyclopedia II - History of Switzerland - Napoleonic Era 1798–1848 |
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| | | | | 1848: Encyclopedia II - François Guizot - 1848 and after The last scene of his political life was singularly characteristic of his inflexible adherence to a lost cause. In the afternoon of February 23, 1848 the king summoned his minister from the chamber, which was then sitting, and informed him that the aspect of Paris and the country during the banquet agitation for reform, and the alarm and division of opinion in the royal family, led him to doubt whether he could retain his ministry. That doubt, replied Guizot, is decisive of the question, and instantly resigned, returning to the chamber only ...
See also:François Guizot, François Guizot - Early life, François Guizot - The Man of Ghent, François Guizot - A minister of the Citizen-King, François Guizot - The second Soult government, François Guizot - 1848 and after, François Guizot - Bibliography Read more here: » François Guizot: Encyclopedia II - François Guizot - 1848 and after |
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| | | | | | 1848: Encyclopedia II - Józef Bem - 1848 hero A wider field for his activity presented itself in 1848 (along with the Austrian Revolution). First he attempted to hold Vienna against the imperial troops of Windisch-Graetz, and, after the capitulation, hastened to Bratislava/Pozsony to offer his services to Lajos Kossuth, first defending himself, in a long memorial, from the accusations of treachery to the Polish cause and of aristocratic tendencies - which the more fanatical section of the Polish émigré Radicals repeatedly brought against him. He was entrusted with the de ...
See also:Józef Bem, Józef Bem - Early life, Józef Bem - November Uprising, Józef Bem - First exile, Józef Bem - 1848 hero, Józef Bem - Second exile and death, Józef Bem - Character and legacy, Józef Bem - Reference Read more here: » Józef Bem: Encyclopedia II - Józef Bem - 1848 hero |
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| | | | | 1848: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Hungary - Revolution and Emancipation 1848-1849
History of the Jews in Hungary - Jews and the Hungarian Revolution.
Jews entered the national guard as early as March of 1848; although they were excluded from certain cities, they reentered as soon as the danger to the country seemed greater than the hatred of the citizens. At Pest the Jewish national guard formed a separate division. When the national guards of Pápa were mobilized against the Croatians, Leopold Löw, rabbi of Pápa, joined the Hungarian ranks, inspiring his companions by his words of encourage ...
See also:History of the Jews in Hungary, History of the Jews in Hungary - Earliest references through 1095, History of the Jews in Hungary - Early history 1100-1300, History of the Jews in Hungary - Expulsion recall and persecution 1349-1526, History of the Jews in Hungary - During the war with the Ottomans 1526-cca. 1700, History of the Jews in Hungary - Hapsburg rule, History of the Jews in Hungary - Further persecution and expulsions 1686-1740, History of the Jews in Hungary - Population in 1735, History of the Jews in Hungary - Under Maria Theresa 1740-1780, History of the Jews in Hungary - Under Joseph II 1780-1790, History of the Jews in Hungary - Toleration and Repression 1790-1847, History of the Jews in Hungary - Revolution and Emancipation 1848-1849, History of the Jews in Hungary - Jews and the Hungarian Revolution, History of the Jews in Hungary - Brief Emancipation and Aftermath 1849, History of the Jews in Hungary - Struggles for a second emancipation 1859-1867, History of the Jews in Hungary - 20th Century: Persecution and destruction, History of the Jews in Hungary - The Holocaust, History of the Jews in Hungary - Communist Rule, History of the Jews in Hungary - Today Read more here: » History of the Jews in Hungary: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Hungary - Revolution and Emancipation 1848-1849 |
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