The Russian Federation (Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, transliteration: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya or Rossijskaja Federacija), or Russia (Russian: Росси́я, transliteration: Rossiya or Rossija), is a country that stretches over a vast expanse of Europe and Asia. With an area of 17,075,200 km² (6,595,600 mi²), it is the largest country in the world (by land mass), covering almost twice the territory of the next-largest country, Canada. I ...

Including:

• Russia - History
• Russia - Ancient Rus
• Russia - Imperial Russia
• Russia - Russia as part of Soviet Union
• Russia - Post-Soviet Russia
• Russia - Politics
• Russia - Subdivisions
• Russia - Geography and Climate
• Russia - Borders
• Russia - Spatial extent
• Russia - Cities
• Russia - Economy
• Russia - Demographics
• Russia - Culture
• Russia - Name
• Russia - Miscellaneous topics

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Modelling A locomotive (from lat. locus motivus) is a railway vehicle that provides the motive power for a train, and has no payload capacity of its own; its sole purpose is to move the train along the tracks. In contrast, many trains feature self-propelled payload-carrying vehicles; these are not normally considered locomotives, and may be referred to as multiple units or railcars; the use of these self-propelled vehicles is increasingly common for passenger trains, but very rare for freight (see however CargoSprinter). ...

Including:

• Locomotive - Origins
• Locomotive - Benefits of locomotives
• Locomotive - Classification by motive power
• Locomotive - Steam
• Locomotive - Diesel-mechanical
• Locomotive - Diesel-electric
• Locomotive - Diesel-hydraulic
• Locomotive - Gas turbine-electric
• Locomotive - Electric
• Locomotive - Electro-diesel
• Locomotive - Magnetic levitation
• Locomotive - Classification by use

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Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (IPA: [ˈsœːɔn ˈkʰiɔ̯g̊əˌg̊ɔːˀ]), May 5, 1813 – November 11, 1855), a 19th century Danish philosopher and theologian, is generally recognized as the first existentialist philosopher. Philosophically, he bridged the gap that existed between Hegelian philosophy and what was to become Existentialism. Kierkegaard strongly criticised both the Hegelian philosophy of his time, and what he saw as the empty formalities of the Danish church. Much of h ...

Including:

• Søren Kierkegaard - Life
• Søren Kierkegaard - Early years 1813–1841
• Søren Kierkegaard - Regine Olsen 1837–1841
• Søren Kierkegaard - The First Authorship 1841–1846
• Søren Kierkegaard - The Corsair Affair 1845–1846
• Søren Kierkegaard - The Second Authorship 1846–1853
• Søren Kierkegaard - Attack Upon Christendom 1854–1855
• Søren Kierkegaard - Indirect communication and pseudonymous authorship
• Søren Kierkegaard - The Journals of Søren Kierkegaard
• Søren Kierkegaard - Kierkegaard on Schelling
• Søren Kierkegaard - Kierkegaard on Schopenhauer
• Søren Kierkegaard - Kierkegaard on Hegel
• Søren Kierkegaard - Kierkegaard and Christendom
• Søren Kierkegaard - Kierkegaard in contemporary ethical theory
• Søren Kierkegaard - Important elements of Kierkegaard's philosophy
• Søren Kierkegaard - Alienation
• Søren Kierkegaard - Abstraction
• Søren Kierkegaard - Death
• Søren Kierkegaard - Dread or anxiety
• Søren Kierkegaard - Despair
• Søren Kierkegaard - The individual
• Søren Kierkegaard - Spheres of existence
• Søren Kierkegaard - Subjectivity
• Søren Kierkegaard - Pathos Passion
• Søren Kierkegaard - Criticisms of Kierkegaard
• Søren Kierkegaard - Kierkegaard's influence
• Søren Kierkegaard - Selected bibliography
• Søren Kierkegaard - Notes

Read more here: » Søren Kierkegaard: Encyclopedia - Søren Kierkegaard

Alexander Parkes (December 29, 1813 - June 29, 1890) was a metallurgist and inventor from Birmingham, England. He developed the first form of celluloid. The son of a brass lock manufacturer, Parkes was apprenticed to a brass founder at Messenger and Sons before going to work for George amd Henry Elkington, who patented the electroplating process. Parkes was put in charge of the casting department, and his attention soon began to focus on electroplating, a recently discovered process. Parkes took out his first patent (No. 8005) ...

Read more here: » Alexander Parkes: Encyclopedia - Alexander Parkes

Freemasonry is a worldwide fraternal organisation. Its members are reportedly joined together by shared ideals of both a moral and metaphysical nature, and, in most of its branches, by a constitutional declaration of belief in a Supreme Being. Freemasonry is an esoteric society, in that certain aspects of its internal work are not generally disclosed to the public, but it is not an occult system, and in recent years, it has become less and less a "secret society" than a "society with secrets". However, there are numerous reasons for t ...

Including:

• Freemasonry - Organisational structure
• Freemasonry - Lodges
• Freemasonry - Concordant and Appendant Bodies Other Degrees and Orders
• Freemasonry - Membership Requirements
• Freemasonry - Women in Freemasonry
• Freemasonry - Prince Hall Masonry
• Freemasonry - Principles and activities
• Freemasonry - Ritual and symbols
• Freemasonry - Degrees
• Freemasonry - Landmarks
• Freemasonry - History of Freemasonry
• Freemasonry - The two great schisms of Freemasonry 1753 and 1877
• Freemasonry - Criticism persecution and prosecution
• Freemasonry - Contemporary challenges
• Freemasonry - Cultural references
• Freemasonry - Notes
• Freemasonry - Appendant bodies
• Freemasonry - Organizations with Masonic affiliations

Read more here: » Freemasonry: Encyclopedia - Freemasonry

Aras, Araks, Arax, Araxes, or Araz (Persian: ارس, Armenian: Araks, Azerbaijani: Araz), is a river rising in Anatolia in Turkey, flowing along the Turkey-Armenia border, then along the Azerbaijan-Iran border, entering Azerbaijan, and falling into Kura river as a right tributary. Total length is about 600 miles. Aras was chosen as the border limit between Persia and Russia in the Treaty of Golestan in 1813 by which the whole area north of that river was cut off from Iran and annexed to Russia. Iran and the Soviet Union later ...

Read more here: » Araks River: Encyclopedia - Araks River

April 28 is the 118th day of the year (119th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 247 days remaining. April 28 - Events. 1253 - Nichiren, a Japanese Buddhist monk, propounds Nam Myoho Renge Kyo for the first time and declares it to be the essence of Buddhism, in effect founding Nichiren Buddhism. 1788 - Maryland becomes the 7th state to ratify the Constitution of the United States. 1789 - Mutiny on the HMS Bounty. Captain William ...

Including:

• April 28 - Events
• April 28 - Births
• April 28 - Deaths
• April 28 - Holidays and observances

Read more here: » April 28: Encyclopedia - April 28

Henri-Louis Bergson (October 18, 1859 – January 4, 1941) was a French philosopher, influential in France, but out of the main currents of his time. Henri Bergson - Four principal works. He was born in Paris in the Rue Lamartine, not far from the Paris Opera. He was descended from a Polish Jewish family (originally Berekson) on his father's side, while his mother was from an English and Irish Jewish background. His family lived in London for a few years after his birth, and he obtained an early fami ...

Including:

• Henri Bergson - Four principal works
• Henri Bergson - Education and career
• Henri Bergson - Relationship with James and pragmatism
• Henri Bergson - The lectures on change and Bergson's later life
• Henri Bergson - Monty Python reference
• Henri Bergson - Bibliography

Read more here: » Henri Bergson: Encyclopedia - Henri Bergson

The practice of sati (or suttee[1]) was a funeral custom in which the widow immolated herself alive on her husband’s funeral pyre. The term is derived from the original name of a goddess (see article on Dakshayani), who immolated herself, unable to bear the humiliation of her (living) husband. The term may also be used to refer to the widow herself. The term sati is now sometimes interpreted as 'chaste woman'. Including:

• Sati practice - Origin
• Sati practice - The practice
• Sati practice - Compulsion
• Sati practice - Royal funerals
• Sati practice - Symbolic sati
• Sati practice - Jauhar
• Sati practice - Burials
• Sati practice - Prevalence
• Sati practice - Numbers
• Sati practice - Communities
• Sati practice - Regional variations
• Sati practice - Recent incidence
• Sati practice - Justifications and criticisms
• Sati practice - Law books
• Sati practice - Scriptures
• Sati practice - Counter-arguments within Hinduism
• Sati practice - Non-Hindu views and criticisms
• Sati practice - Suppression
• Sati practice - Mughal period
• Sati practice - British and other European territories
• Sati practice - Modern times
• Sati practice - Influences on art and culture
• Sati practice - Notes

Read more here: » Sati practice: Encyclopedia - Sati practice

13 April is the 103rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (104th in leap years). There are 262 days remaining. It is also the Ides of April. April 13 - Events. 1055 - Victor II is consecrated pope 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor 1180 - Frederick Barbarossa issues the Gelnhausen Charter 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople 1598 - Henry IV of France issues the Edict of Nantes, allowing freedom of religion to the HuguenotsIncluding:

• April 13 - Events
• April 13 - Births
• April 13 - Deaths
• April 13 - Holidays and Observances

Read more here: » April 13: Encyclopedia - April 13

April 19 is the 109th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (110th in leap years). There are 256 days remaining. April 19 - Events. 1012 - Martyrdom of St Alphege in Greenwich, London. 1529 - At the Diet of Speyer, a group of rulers (German: Fürst) and independent cities (German: Reichsstadt) protests the reinstatement of the Edict of Worms, beginning the Protestant movement. 1587 - Sir Francis Drake sinks the French fleet in Cádiz H ...

Including:

• April 19 - Events
• April 19 - Births
• April 19 - Deaths
• April 19 - Holidays and observances

Read more here: » April 19: Encyclopedia - April 19

April 23 is the 113th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (114th in leap years). There are 252 days remaining. April 23 - Events. 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Lake Trasimene. 1014 - Battle of Clontarf: Brian Boru defeats Viking invaders, but is killed in battle. 1348 - The founding of the Order of the Garter by King Edward III of England is announced on St George's ...

Including:

• April 23 - Events
• April 23 - Births
• April 23 - Deaths
• April 23 - Holidays and observances

Read more here: » April 23: Encyclopedia - April 23

In general use, "sugar" is taken to mean sucrose, also called "table sugar" or saccharose, a disaccharide which is a white crystalline solid. It is the most commonly used sugar for altering the flavor and properties (such as "mouthfeel", preservation, and texture) of beverages and food. Table sugar is commercially extracted from either sugar cane or sugar beet. The word sugar originates from the Sanskrit word Sharkara which means "sugar" or "pebble." The "simple" sugars, or monosaccharides, such as glucose, are a store of energy which is used by biological cells. A sugar is denoted by any word ...

Including:

• Sugar - Production
• Sugar - Cane
• Sugar - Beet
• Sugar - Cane versus Beet
• Sugar - Types of culinary sugar
• Sugar - Chemistry
• Sugar - History
• Sugar - The history of sugar in the West
• Sugar - The rise of beet
• Sugar - Mechanization
• Sugar - Health concerns
• Sugar - Sugar and hyperactivity
• Sugar - Sugar economics

Read more here: » Sugar: Encyclopedia - Sugar

April 27 is the 117th day of the year (118th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 248 days remaining. April 27 - Events. 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated by Edward I of England. 1509 - Pope Julius II places the Italian state of Venice under interdict. 1521 - Battle of Mactan: Explorer Ferdinand Magellan is killed by natives in the Philippines led by chief Lapu-Lapu. 1565 ...

Including:

• April 27 - Events
• April 27 - Births
• April 27 - Deaths
• April 27 - Holidays and observances

Read more here: » April 27: Encyclopedia - April 27

Arkansas County is a county located in the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of 2000, the population is 20,749. The county has two county seats, De Witt and Stuttgart. The first of the state's 75 present-day counties to be created, Arkansas County was formed on 13 December 1813 and is named after the Arkansa Indian tribe. Arkansas County Arkansas - Geography. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 2,678 km² (1,034 mi²). 2,560 km² (988 mi²) of it is land and 117 km² (45 mi²) of it ...

Including:

• Arkansas County Arkansas - Geography
• Arkansas County Arkansas - Adjacent counties
• Arkansas County Arkansas - Demographics
• Arkansas County Arkansas - Cities and towns

Read more here: » Arkansas County Arkansas: Encyclopedia - Arkansas County Arkansas

Cúcuta, also known as San José de Cúcuta, is a city in Colombia. It is the capital of Norte de Santander, which is between Los Patios and the border with Venezuela. Simon Bolivar captured Cúcuta in 1813 and set out from there on his march to Caracas. At Cúcuta the constituent congress of 1821 met to draft the constitution of Greater Colombia (present day Venezuela, Ecuador and Colombia). The city was largely destroyed by an earthquake on 18 May 1875, but was soon rebuilt. In 1939 Cúcuta had a population of 59,323 people; in 1990 it had 532,564, and in 2005 the ...

Read more here: » Cúcuta: Encyclopedia - Cúcuta

A confederation is an association of sovereign states, usually created by treaty but often later adopting a common constitution. Confederations tend to be established for dealing with critical issues, such as defence, foreign affairs, foreign trade, and a common currency, with the central government being required to provide support for all members. A confederation, in modern political terms, is usually limited to a permanent union of sovereign states for common action in relation to other states^Including:

• Confederation - Confederation vs. federation
• Confederation - Confederation as an event
• Confederation - Confederation day
• Confederation - List of entities considered to be confederations
• Confederation - Fictional confederations

Read more here: » Confederation: Encyclopedia - Confederation

Westphalia (German: Westfalen) is a region in Germany, centred on the cities of Dortmund, Gelsenkirchen, Münster, Bielefeld, and Osnabrück and included in the states of North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony. Westphalia is roughly the region between the rivers Rhine and Weser, located north of the Ruhr River. No exact definition of borders can be given, because the name "Westphalia" was applied to several different entities in history. For this reason specifications of area and population are greatly differing. They range between 16,000 and 22,000 km² res ...

Read more here: » Westphalia: Encyclopedia - Westphalia

The Governor-General of India (or Governor-General and Viceroy of India) was the head of the British administration in India. The office was created in 1773, with the title of Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William. The officer had direct control only over Fort William, but supervised other British East India Company officials in India. Complete authority over all of British India was granted in 1833, ...

Including:

• Governor-General of India - History
• Governor-General of India - Functions
• Governor-General of India - Council
• Governor-General of India - Style and title
• Governor-General of India - Flag
• Governor-General of India - Residence
• Governor-General of India - Governors-General
• Governor-General of India - Governors-General of Fort William 1773-1833
• Governor-General of India - Governors-General of India 1833-1858
• Governor-General of India - Governors-General and Viceroys of India 1858-1947
• Governor-General of India - Governors-General of India 1947-1950

Read more here: » Governor-General of India: Encyclopedia - Governor-General of India

Watervliet is a city located in Albany County, New York, USA. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 10,207. The City of Watervliet is north of Albany, New York and is at the east border of the Town of Colonie. The city calls itself "the Arsenal City." Watervliet New York - History. The explorer Henry Hudson arrived in the area of Watervliet around 1609. The area was first settled in 1643 as part of the Rensselaerwyck Patroonship (see: Kiliaen Van Rensselaer). In 1776 ...

Including:

• Watervliet New York - History
• Watervliet New York - Past residents of note
• Watervliet New York - Geography
• Watervliet New York - Demographics

Read more here: » Watervliet New York: Encyclopedia - Watervliet New York

The Copley Medal is a scientific award for work in any field of science, the highest award granted by the Royal Society of London. It is also the society's oldest award, the first medal being awarded in 1731. The award was created after a £100 bequest in 1709 to the Royal Society by Sir Godfrey Copley, a wealthy landowner from Sprotbrough, near Doncaster, South Yorkshire, who was elected to the Society in 1691. It is one of ten medals that the Society awards (some awards are made annually, others at different intervals ...

Including:

• Copley Medal - 1730
• Copley Medal - 1750
• Copley Medal - 1800
• Copley Medal - 1850
• Copley Medal - 1900
• Copley Medal - 1950
• Copley Medal - 2000

Read more here: » Copley Medal: Encyclopedia - Copley Medal

Warren County is a county in the state of New York. As of 2000, the population is 63,303. It is named in honor of General Joseph Warren, killed at the Battle of Bunker Hill in the American Revolutionary War. The county seat is Lake George. Warren County New York - History. When counties were established in New York State in 1683, the present Warren County was part of Albany County. This was an enormous county that the northern part of New York State as well as all of the present State of Vermont and, in the ...

Including:

• Warren County New York - History
• Warren County New York - Geography
• Warren County New York - Adjacent counties and areas
• Warren County New York - Demographics
• Warren County New York - Cities Towns and Villages

Read more here: » Warren County New York: Encyclopedia - Warren County New York