The Indus Valley Civilization, 3300 BCE–1700 BCE, was an ancient civilization thriving along the lower Indus River and the Ghaggar-Hakra river in what is now Pakistan and western India. Among other names for this civilization is the Harappan Civilization of the Indus Valley, in reference to its first excavated city of Harappa. Indus Valley Civilization - Overview. The Indus Civilization is among the world's earliest civilizations, contemporary to the Bronze Age civilizations of Mesopotamia and Anci ...

Including:

Indus Valley Civilization - Overview Indus Valley Civilization - Settlements Indus Valley Civilization - Predecessors Indus Valley Civilization - Emergence of Civilization Indus Valley Civilization - Cities Indus Valley Civilization - Science Indus Valley Civilization - Arts and Culture Indus Valley Civilization - Trade Indus Valley Civilization - Agriculture Indus Valley Civilization - Writing or Symbol System Indus Valley Civilization - Geography Indus Valley Civilization - Decline collapse and legacy Indus Valley Civilization - Bibliography

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Including:

Culture of Pakistan - Roots Culture of Pakistan - Film and television Culture of Pakistan - Sexual conservatism & cultural taboos Culture of Pakistan - Adherence to monogamy Culture of Pakistan - Globalization Culture of Pakistan - Sports Culture of Pakistan - Mercantile culture Culture of Pakistan - Food

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Archaeological sites in India like Malhar, Dadupur, Raja Nala Ka Tila and Lahuradewa in state of Uttar Pradesh show iron implements in period 1800 BC - 1200 BC. The earliest known production of steel occurred around 1400 BC in North Africa where steel was being produced in carbon furnaces. The Egyptian ruler Tutankhamun died in 1323 BC and was buried with an iron dagger with a golden hilt. Also an Egyptian sword bearing the name of pharaoh Merneptah and a battle axe with an iron blade and gold-decorated bronze haft were both found in the exc ...

See also:

Iron Age, Iron Age - The Iron Age, Iron Age - The Iron Age in Africa and India, Iron Age - The Iron Age in Asia, Iron Age - Near East, Iron Age - East Asia, Iron Age - The European Iron Age, Iron Age - Eastern Europe, Iron Age - Central Europe, Iron Age - Mediterranean Europe, Iron Age - British Isles, Iron Age - Northern Scandinavia and Finland, Iron Age - Northern Germany and Southern Scandinavia

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Urkesh was a city situated at the base of the Taurus Mountains in what is now northern Syria near the modern city of Qamishli. It was founded during the third millennium BC by the Hurrians on a site which appears to have been inhabited on a small scale for centuries (at least since 5000 BC, the date of the earliest known remains found there). It came under the control of the Akkadian Empire in what is believed to have been a dynastic alliance between the kings of Urkesh and Akkad, with the daughter of the Akkadian king, Na ...

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The Corded Ware culture, Battle Axe culture or Single Grave culture is an enormous European archaeological horizon that begins in the late Neolithic (stone age), flourishes through the copper age and finally culminates in the early bronze age, developing in various areas from ca. 3200 BC/2900 BC to ca. 2300 BC/1800 BC. With the Yamna culture, it represents the introduction of metal into Northern Europe, and the earliest expansion of the Indo-European family of languages. Corded Ware culture - Extent. Including:

Corded Ware culture - Extent Corded Ware culture - Nomenclature Corded Ware culture - Origins and Development Corded Ware culture - Economy Corded Ware culture - Graves Corded Ware culture - Language Corded Ware culture - Subgroups
Corded Ware culture - Corded Ware culture Corded Ware culture - Swedish-Norwegian Battle Axe culture Corded Ware culture - Finnish Battle Axe culture Corded Ware culture - Middle Dnieper and Fatyanovo-Balanovo cultures
Corded Ware culture - Sources

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Mount Vesuvius (Italian: Monte Vesuvio) is a volcano east of Naples, Italy, located at 40°49′N 14°26′E. It is the only active volcano on the European mainland, although it is not currently erupting. There are two other active volcanoes in Italy, although not located on the Italian mainland. Vesuvius is situated on the coast of the Bay of Naples, about nine kilometres (six miles) to the east of the city and a short distance inland from the shore. It forms a conspicuous feature in the beautiful landscape presented by that b ...

Including:

Mount Vesuvius - Origin of the name Mount Vesuvius - Physical aspects Mount Vesuvius - Eruptions
Mount Vesuvius - Before AD 79 Mount Vesuvius - Eruption of 79 Mount Vesuvius - Later eruptions
Mount Vesuvius - Vesuvius Today

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Aleppo (or Halab, حلب Arabic meaning "Fresh Milk") is a city and province in northern Syria. The city has a population of around 1.7 million (1999), making it the second largest city in the country after Damascus. It is one of the oldest cities in the region, known to antiquity as Khalpe and to the Greeks as Beroea, and occupies a strategic trading point midway between the sea and the Euphrates; initially, it was built on a small group of hills in a wide fertile valley on both sides of the river Quweiq. The province o ...

Including:

Aleppo - History
Aleppo - Ancient Aleppo - Medieval Aleppo - Modern
Aleppo - Born in Aleppo Aleppo - See Also

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In archaeology, the Iron Age is the stage in the development of any people where the use of iron implements as tools and weapons is prominent. The adoption of this new material coincided with other changes in past societies often including differing agricultural practices, religious beliefs and artistic styles. The Iron Age is the last principal period in the three-age system for classifying pre-historic societies and its meaning varies depending on the country or geographical region. This variation even occurs within Europe wh ...

Including:

Iron Age - The Iron Age Iron Age - The Iron Age in Africa and India Iron Age - The Iron Age in Asia
Iron Age - Near East Iron Age - East Asia
Iron Age - The European Iron Age
Iron Age - Eastern Europe Iron Age - Central Europe Iron Age - Mediterranean Europe Iron Age - British Isles Iron Age - Northern Scandinavia and Finland Iron Age - Northern Germany and Southern Scandinavia

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Infinity is a term with very distinct, separate meanings which arise in theology, philosophy, mathematics and everyday life. Popular or colloquial usage of the term often does not accord with its more technical meanings. The word infinity comes from Latin : "Infinito", unending. In theology, for example in the work of theologians such as Duns Scotus, the infinite nature of God invokes a sense of being without constraint, rather than a sense of being unlimited in quantity. In philosophy, infinity can be attrib ...

Including:

Infinity - History
Infinity - Ancient view of infinity Infinity - Views from the Renaissance to modern times Infinity - Modern philosophical views Infinity - Infinity symbol
Infinity - Mathematical infinity
Infinity - Infinity in real analysis Infinity - Infinity in complex analysis Infinity - Arithmetic properties of infinity Infinity - Infinity in set theory Infinity - Mathematics without infinity
Infinity - Use of infinity in common speech Infinity - Physical infinity
Infinity - Infinity in cosmology
Infinity - Three types of infinities Infinity - Infinity in science fiction Infinity - Note

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(3rd millennium BC – 2nd millennium BC – 1st millennium BC – other millennia) 2nd millennium BC - Events. To grasp the spirit of the 2nd millennium BC, we must divide it in two parts, for there is a period of change around its middle so important that it creates two separate "sub-millennia". 2nd millennium BC - First half 2000-1500 BC. The first part of the millennium is a time a bit less colorful than others, a lull in the history of Ancient Near East, still living ...

Including:

2nd millennium BC - Events
2nd millennium BC - First half 2000-1500 BC 2nd millennium BC - The break in the middle c. 1600-1500 BC 2nd millennium BC - Second half 1500-1000 BC 2nd millennium BC - Specific events
2nd millennium BC - Inventions discoveries introductions 2nd millennium BC - Cultures 2nd millennium BC - Significant people 2nd millennium BC - Cultural landmarks 2nd millennium BC - Centuries and Decades

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Bases Base 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,16, 20, 24, 26, 27, 30, 32, 36, 60, 64 The unary numeral system is the simplest numeral system to represent natural numbers: in order to represent a number N, an arbitrarily chosen symbol is repeated N times. For example, using the symbol | (a tally mark), the number 6 is represented as | ...

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Ancient Egypt was a civilization along the Lower Nile, reaching from the Nile Delta in the north as far south as Jebel Barkal at the time of its greatest extension (15th century BC). It lasted for three millennia, from circa 3200 BC to 343 BC, ending with the conquest of Alexander the Great. As a civilization based on irrigation it is the quintessential example of a hydraulic empire. Ancient Egypt - Geography. Most of Egypt is in North Africa; though the Sinai Peninsula is in Southwest Asia. The coun ...

Including:

Ancient Egypt - Geography Ancient Egypt - People Ancient Egypt - History Ancient Egypt - Government Ancient Egypt - Language
Ancient Egypt - Writing Ancient Egypt - Literature
Ancient Egypt - Culture Ancient Egypt - Ancient achievements
Ancient Egypt - Timeline Ancient Egypt - Open problems
Ancient Egypt - Notes

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Indo-Aryan migration refers to the migration and expansion of the Indo-Aryans during the 2nd millennium BC or earlier. Archaeological and philological data indicates that there was a shift of settlements from the northwestern part of South Asia to the Gangetic valley and to the south during the second millennium BCE, but does not clearly support a migration of Indo-Aryan people into South Asia. Based on linguistic data, many scholars have argued that Indo-Aryan speakers invaded in South Asia in the second millennium BCE. This correspo ...

Including:

Indo-Aryan migration - Overview Indo-Aryan migration - History Indo-Aryan migration - Linguistics Indo-Aryan migration - Philology
Indo-Aryan migration - Rig Veda Indo-Aryan migration - Vedic and Puranic King lists Indo-Aryan migration - Puranas Indo-Aryan migration - Avesta and Airyanem Vaejah
Indo-Aryan migration - Archaeology
Indo-Aryan migration - Indus Valley Civilization Indo-Aryan migration - Vasishta head Indo-Aryan migration - Pottery Indo-Aryan migration - West Asia
Indo-Aryan migration - Astronomical data Indo-Aryan migration - Physical Anthropology Indo-Aryan migration - Genetics and Archaeogenetics

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Carchemish (pr. kArkemish or karkEmish; called Europus by the Romans) was an important ancient city of the Mitanni and Hittite empires, now on the frontier between Turkey and Syria. It was the location of an important battle between the Babylonians and Egyptians, mentioned in the Bible. The city is said to be known locally as Jarablos (also Jarâblos) [1] , linking it to the Biblical city of Jerablus; a corrupted form on the name is Djerabis. Carchemish - The si ...

Including:

Carchemish - The site Carchemish - History Carchemish - Rediscovery and exploration Carchemish - Kings of Carchemish Carchemish - Books

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(3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC) 19th century BC - Events. Hittite empire in Anatolia In 1876 BC (According to Bible) Israelites enter Egypt after two years of famine. 1829 – 1818 BC -- Egyptian-Nubian war 1818 BC -- Egyptian Campaign in Israel 1813 BC -- Amorite Conquest of Northern Mesopotamia 1806 BC -- Traditional date for the end of the Xia Dynasty in China. 1800 BC -- beginning of the Nordic Bronze Age in ...

Including:

19th century BC - Events 19th century BC - Significant persons

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Sage Yajnavalkya of Mithila (perhaps 1800 BC) advanced a 95-year cycle to synchronize the motions of the sun and the moon. He is also credited with the authorship of the Shatapatha Brahmana, in which the references to the motions of the sun and the moon are found. He is also a major figure in the Upanishads. His deep philosophical teachings in the Brhadaranyaka Upanishad, and the apophatic teaching of 'neti neti' etc. is found to be st ...

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Shatapatha Brahmana (Brahmana of one-hundred paths) is one of the prose texts describing the Vedic ritual. It belongs to the vājasaneyi madhyandina shakha of the White Yajurveda. It survives in two recensions, Madhyandina and Kanva, with the former having the eponymous 100 brahmanas in 14 books, and the latter 104 brahmanas in 17 books. Linguistically, it belongs to the Brahmana period of Vedic S ...

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Ugarit (modern site Ras Shamra رأس شمرة; in Arabic) 35°35´ N; 35°45´E) was an ancient cosmopolitan port city, sited on the Mediterranean coast of northern Syria a few kilometers north of the modern city of Latakia. Ugarit sent tribute to Egypt and maintained trade and diplomatic connections with Cyprus (called Alashiya), documented in the archives recovered from the site and corroborated by Mycenaean and Cypriot pottery found there. The polity was at its height from ca. 1450 BC until 1200 BC. Ugarit - T ...

Including:

Ugarit - The site Ugarit - History Ugarit - Alphabet Ugarit - Ugaritic literature Ugarit - Ugarit religion Ugarit - Kings of Ugarit

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After the reigns of his successors (Mentuhotep III) and (Mentuhotep IV) of the Eleventh Dynasty ended, there was a smooth transition into the illusturous Twelfth Dynasty. The first Pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty, (Amenemhat I), is, according to some sources, the same man as Amenemhat, the (Vizier) of (Upper Egypt), under the reign of Mentuhotep IV. This explains the smooth transition of power in which Amenemhat easily assumed the reins of power after the death of Mentuhotep IV. Amenemhat I built a new capital for Egypt, known as Itjta ...

See also:

Middle Kingdom of Egypt, Middle Kingdom of Egypt - The Eleventh Dynasty, Middle Kingdom of Egypt - The Twelfth Dynasty, Middle Kingdom of Egypt - Thirteenth and Fourteenth Dynasties

Read more here: » Middle Kingdom of Egypt: Encyclopedia II - Middle Kingdom of Egypt - The Twelfth Dynasty

Vesuvius has erupted repeatedly in recorded history, most famously in 79 and subsequently in 472, 512, in 1631, six times in the 18th century, eight times in the 19th century (notably in 1872), and in 1906, 1929, and 1944. There has been no eruption since then. The eruptions vary greatly in severity but are characterised by explosive outbursts of the kind dubbed Plinian after the Roman writer who observed the AD 79 eruption. On occasion, the eruptions have been so large that the whole of southern Europe has been blanketed by ashes; in 472 and 1631, Vesuvian ashes fell on Constantinople (now known as Istanbul), over 1,000 miles away ...

See also:

Mount Vesuvius, Mount Vesuvius - Origin of the name, Mount Vesuvius - Physical aspects, Mount Vesuvius - Eruptions, Mount Vesuvius - Before AD 79, Mount Vesuvius - Eruption of 79, Mount Vesuvius - Later eruptions, Mount Vesuvius - Vesuvius Today

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