Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC - 170s BC - 160s BC 150s BC140s BC 130s BC 120s BC Years: 175 BC 174 BC 173 BC 172 BC 171 BC - 170 BC - 169 BC 168 BC 167 BC 166 BC 165 BC Events Antiochus IV Epiphanes invades Egypt and installs Ptolemy Physcon as king. Perseus of Macedon repulses a Roman army commanded by A. Hostilius Mancinus in Thessaly Parchment is invented, in Pergamum. The earliest known paved streets appear in Rome.< ...

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The Xiongnu (Chinese: 匈奴; Hanyu Pinyin: Xiōngnú; Wade-Giles: Hsiung-nu) were a nomadic (and probably Hunnic/proto-Bulgar) people of Central Asia, generally based in present day Mongolia. From the 3rd century BC they controlled a vast steppe empire extending west as far as the Caucasus. They were active in the areas of southern Siberia, western Manchuria and the modern Chinese provinces of Inner Mongolia, Gansu and Xinjiang. Very anci ...

Including:

• Xiongnu - Origins and early history of the Xiongnu
• Xiongnu - Confederation under Maodun
• Xiongnu - Nature of the Xiongnu state
• Xiongnu - The marriage treaty system
• Xiongnu - War with Han China
• Xiongnu - Leadership struggle among the Xiongnu
• Xiongnu - Tributary relations with the Han
• Xiongnu - Northern and southern Xiongnu
• Xiongnu - The Xiongnu after the Han Dynasty
• Xiongnu - Did the Xiongnu become the Huns?
• Xiongnu - Footnotes

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Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC - 170s BC - 150s BC140s BC 130s BC 120s BC 110s BC Years: 184 BC 183 BC 182 BC 181 BC 180 BC - 179 BC - 178 BC 177 BC 176 BC 175 BC 174 BC Events Praetor Lucius Postumius Albinus celebrates in Rome a triumph on Lusitani. Marcus Aemilius Lepidus becomes both censor and princeps senatus. Emmenes II of Pergamum defeated Pharnaces I of Pontus Wars ended in Spain by the campaigns and peace settl ...

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Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC - 170s BC - 150s BC140s BC 130s BC 120s BC 110s BC Years: 180 BC 179 BC 178 BC 177 BC 176 BC - 175 BC - 174 BC 173 BC 172 BC 171 BC 170 BC Birth Death Events Antiochus IV Epiphanes becomes Seleucid king of Syria. Category: 175 BC ...

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Taranto - Foundation and splendour. Taranto was founded in 708 BC by Spartan immigrants. It is the only Spartan colony, and its origin is peculiar: the founders are parthenii, sons of unmarried Spartan women and perioikoi (free men, but not citizens of Sparta); these unions were decided by the Spartans to increase the number of soldiers (only the citizens of Sparta could become soldiers) during the bloody Messenian wars, but later they were nullified, and the sons were forced to leave. Phalanthus, t ...

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Taranto, Taranto - The Greek period, Taranto - Foundation and splendour, Taranto - Wars against Rome, Taranto - Roman and Byzantine periods, Taranto - Roman Republic and Empire, Taranto - Byzantine Longobard Arab and Norman dominations, Taranto - Principality of Taranto 1088-1465, Taranto - From Renaissance to unification, Taranto - Modern times

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Emperor Wen quickly showed an aptitude to govern the empire with diligence, and appeared to be genuinely concerned for the People's welfare. Heavily influenced by his wife Empress Dou, who was an adherent to Taoism, Emperor Wen governed the country with the general policies of non-intereference with the people and relaxed laws. His personal life was marked by thriftiness and general willingness to forgive. He was initially very deferential to Zhou Bo, Chen Ping (陳平), and Guan Ying (灌嬰), who were instrumental in his accessi ...

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Emperor Wen of Han, Emperor Wen of Han - Era names, Emperor Wen of Han - Early life and career as Prince of Dai, Emperor Wen of Han - Ascension to the throne, Emperor Wen of Han - Early reign, Emperor Wen of Han - Middle reign, Emperor Wen of Han - Late reign, Emperor Wen of Han - Impact on history, Emperor Wen of Han - Bisexuality?, Emperor Wen of Han - Personal information

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The Xiongnu's new power was met with a policy of appeasement by Emperor Guangwu. At the height of his power, Huduershi even compared himself to his illustrious ancestor, Modu. Due to growing regionalism among the Xiongnu, however, Huduershi was never able to establish unquestioned authority. When he designated his son as heir apparent (in contravention of the principle of fraternal succession established by Huhanye), Bi, the Rizhu king of the right, refused t ...

See also:

Xiongnu, Xiongnu - Origins and early history of the Xiongnu, Xiongnu - Confederation under Maodun, Xiongnu - Nature of the Xiongnu state, Xiongnu - The marriage treaty system, Xiongnu - War with Han China, Xiongnu - Leadership struggle among the Xiongnu, Xiongnu - Tributary relations with the Han, Xiongnu - Northern and southern Xiongnu, Xiongnu - The Xiongnu after the Han Dynasty, Xiongnu - Did the Xiongnu become the Huns?, Xiongnu - Footnotes

Read more here: » Xiongnu: Encyclopedia II - Xiongnu - Northern and southern Xiongnu

By historians' account, Liu Bang was the contrary to his rival, Xiang Yu. While Xiang Yu was normally depicted as a romantic and noble man, Liu Bang was often mentioned as a rogue. Xiang Yu was always kind and gentle to his peer and subordinates. However, he was inferior in political maneuver. Han Xin described Xiang Yu as "having the kindness of women," meaning that, in his opinion, Xiang's "kindness" was petty and did ...

See also:

Gaozu of Han, Gaozu of Han - Early Life, Gaozu of Han - Insurrection against Qin, Gaozu of Han - Chu-Han Contention, Gaozu of Han - Reign as the Emperor, Gaozu of Han - Succession, Gaozu of Han - Personality, Gaozu of Han - Personal information

Read more here: » Gaozu of Han: Encyclopedia II - Gaozu of Han - Personality

By historians' account, Liu Bang was the contrary to his rival, Xiang Yu. While Xiang Yu was normally depicted as a romantic and noble man, Liu Bang was often mentioned as a rogue. Xiang Yu was always kind and gentle to his peer and subordinates. However, he was inferior in political maneuver. Han Xin described Xiang Yu as "having the kindness of women," meaning that, in his opinion, Xiang's "kindness" was petty ...

See also:

Emperor Gaozu of Han, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Early Life, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Insurrection against Qin, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Chu-Han Contention, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Reign as the Emperor, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Succession, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Personality, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Personal information

Read more here: » Emperor Gaozu of Han: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Gaozu of Han - Personality

After Liu Bang came into power, he re-centralised China based on Qin's model. He gradually replaced the original vassals, granting their lands to his relatives. Since the economy had been devastated by the war following the demise of the Qin Dynasty, he reduced taxes and corvée, developed agriculture and restricted spending. However, in response to what he saw as the decadence of Qin merchants, he restricted commerce by levying heavy taxes and legal restrictions on merchants. He also made peace with the Xiongnu. Under Gaozu's reign, Confuci ...

See also:

Emperor Gaozu of Han, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Early Life, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Insurrection against Qin, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Chu-Han Contention, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Reign as the Emperor, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Succession, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Personality, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Personal information

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Crown Prince Liu Ying, the eldest son of Liu Bang and Empress Lü, was the heir apparent of Liu Bang. However, Liu Bang disliked him because he considered Ying to be too weak as a ruler. His favorite son was Ruyi, Prince Yin of Zhao, by Lady Qi, one of his favorite concubines. Liu Bang attempted to make Ruyi crown prince but failed because most of his ministers remained loyal to Ying and his mother Empress Lü. Liu Bang's affection for Lady Qi and Ruyi inflamed Exmpress Lü, and after she became empress dowager after her son's accession after Liu Bang's ...

See also:

Emperor Gaozu of Han, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Early Life, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Insurrection against Qin, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Chu-Han Contention, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Reign as the Emperor, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Succession, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Personality, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Personal information

Read more here: » Emperor Gaozu of Han: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Gaozu of Han - Succession

Taranto - Roman Republic and Empire. In 122 BC a Roman colony was founded next to Taranto, according to the law proposed by Gaius Sempronius Gracchus. The colony was named Neptunia, after the Roman sea god Neptune, worshipped by the Tarentines. The Roman colony was separate from the Greek city, and populated by Roman colons, but it was later unified to the main centre when Taranto become a municipium, in 89 BC. In 38 BC Mark Antony, Octavianus and Lepidus signed the Treaty of Tare ...

See also:

Taranto, Taranto - The Greek period, Taranto - Foundation and splendour, Taranto - Wars against Rome, Taranto - Roman and Byzantine periods, Taranto - Roman Republic and Empire, Taranto - Byzantine Longobard Arab and Norman dominations, Taranto - Principality of Taranto 1088-1465, Taranto - From Renaissance to unification, Taranto - Modern times

Read more here: » Taranto: Encyclopedia II - Taranto - Roman and Byzantine periods

According to Sima Qian, the Xiongnu were descendants of Chunwei (淳維), possibly a son of Jie, the final ruler of the Xia Dynasty. However, while there is no direct evidence contradicting this theory, there is no direct evidence supporting it either, and it should be noted that ancient Chinese historians often credit, without sufficient evidence, theories of origins for foreign nations that relate their ancestry back to ancient Chinese figures. It is unknown what the language of the Xiongnu was. It may have been Turkic based on their geographic location and their connection to the Huns (se ...

See also:

Xiongnu, Xiongnu - Origins and early history of the Xiongnu, Xiongnu - Confederation under Maodun, Xiongnu - Nature of the Xiongnu state, Xiongnu - The marriage treaty system, Xiongnu - War with Han China, Xiongnu - Leadership struggle among the Xiongnu, Xiongnu - Tributary relations with the Han, Xiongnu - Northern and southern Xiongnu, Xiongnu - The Xiongnu after the Han Dynasty, Xiongnu - Did the Xiongnu become the Huns?, Xiongnu - Footnotes

Read more here: » Xiongnu: Encyclopedia II - Xiongnu - Origins and early history of the Xiongnu

Taranto became the capital of a Norman principality, whose first ruler was Robert Guiscard's son, Bohemond of Taranto, who obtained it as result of succession dispute: his father repudiated his first wife, Bohemond's mother, and had Roger Borsa, his son by his second wife Sikelgaita, succeed him as Duke of Apulia. Bohemond was compensated with Taranto and lands that covered almost all of the heel of Apulia. The principality of Taranto, during its 377 years of history, was sometimes a powerful and almost independent feudal fief of the Kingdom of Sicily (and later of Naples), sometimes only a title, often given to ...

See also:

Taranto, Taranto - The Greek period, Taranto - Foundation and splendour, Taranto - Wars against Rome, Taranto - Roman and Byzantine periods, Taranto - Roman Republic and Empire, Taranto - Byzantine Longobard Arab and Norman dominations, Taranto - Principality of Taranto 1088-1465, Taranto - From Renaissance to unification, Taranto - Modern times

Read more here: » Taranto: Encyclopedia II - Taranto - Principality of Taranto 1088-1465

In 209 BC Chen Sheng led an uprising against Qin Dynasty and assumed the title "King of Great Chu." Pei was in old Chu territory. At the time that Liu released the prisoners he was to escort to Mount Li and then became a fugitive himself, Xiao He was serving as a secretary to the county magistrate of Pei County. When Chen Sheng started his rebellion, the county magistrate considered joining the rebellion, and at the advice of Xiao and Cao Can (曹參) (who was then a county police official), he sent Liu's brother-in-law Fan Ceng (樊噌) to ...

See also:

Emperor Gaozu of Han, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Early Life, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Insurrection against Qin, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Chu-Han Contention, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Reign as the Emperor, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Succession, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Personality, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Personal information

Read more here: » Emperor Gaozu of Han: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Gaozu of Han - Insurrection against Qin

Now considering the whole former Qin Empire under his domination, Xiang Yu realligned the territories of not only the remaining parts of Qin but also the rebel states, dividing the territories into 19 principalities. Xiang Yu did not honor the promise by Xin, Prince Huai of Chu, who would soon himself be assassinated by Xiang's orders. Instead, he gave Guanzhong to the princes of three Qins. Liu Bang was only awarded the Principalit ...

See also:

Emperor Gaozu of Han, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Early Life, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Insurrection against Qin, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Chu-Han Contention, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Reign as the Emperor, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Succession, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Personality, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Personal information

Read more here: » Emperor Gaozu of Han: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Gaozu of Han - Chu-Han Contention

Liu Bang was born into a peasant family in Pei (present Pei County in Jiangsu Province). When he was young, he did not like farm work, and was evidently living a rogue's life. Not surprisingly, he was not the favorite son of his peasant father. After he grew up, Liu Bang served as a patrol officer in his county. Once he was responsible for transporting a group of prisoners to Mount Li in present Shaanxi province. During the trip many prisoners fled. Fearful that he would be punished for the prisoners' flight, Liu released the remainin ...

See also:

Emperor Gaozu of Han, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Early Life, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Insurrection against Qin, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Chu-Han Contention, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Reign as the Emperor, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Succession, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Personality, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Personal information

Read more here: » Emperor Gaozu of Han: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Gaozu of Han - Early Life

In March 1502, the Spanish fleet of Ferdinand II of Aragon, allied to Louis XII of France, seized the port of Taranto, and conquered the city. 1570 – Admiral Giovanni Andrea Doria set his fleet of 49 galleys in Mar Grande to repair and supply his ships. Among the people on the fleet there was Miguel de Cervantes. The fleet later united to the other parts of the Christian League, and defeated the Turkish fleet at Lepanto: also some Tarentine nobles took part to the battle. 1647 – The insurrection of Masaniello in Naples reached also Taranto. 1714 – After the Treaty of Rastatt, Sp ...

See also:

Taranto, Taranto - The Greek period, Taranto - Foundation and splendour, Taranto - Wars against Rome, Taranto - Roman and Byzantine periods, Taranto - Roman Republic and Empire, Taranto - Byzantine Longobard Arab and Norman dominations, Taranto - Principality of Taranto 1088-1465, Taranto - From Renaissance to unification, Taranto - Modern times

Read more here: » Taranto: Encyclopedia II - Taranto - From Renaissance to unification

The Xiongnu have often been identified with the Huns, who populated the frontiers of Europe, starting with the writings of the French historian de Guignes in the eighteenth century. This theory remains at the level of speculation, although it is accepted by a large number of scholars including Chinese ones. DNA testing of Hun remains has not proven conclusive in determining the origin of the Huns. A variation of the name Xiongnu is Hs ...

See also:

Xiongnu, Xiongnu - Origins and early history of the Xiongnu, Xiongnu - Confederation under Maodun, Xiongnu - Nature of the Xiongnu state, Xiongnu - The marriage treaty system, Xiongnu - War with Han China, Xiongnu - Leadership struggle among the Xiongnu, Xiongnu - Tributary relations with the Han, Xiongnu - Northern and southern Xiongnu, Xiongnu - The Xiongnu after the Han Dynasty, Xiongnu - Did the Xiongnu become the Huns?, Xiongnu - Footnotes

Read more here: » Xiongnu: Encyclopedia II - Xiongnu - Did the Xiongnu become the Huns?

Han China was making preparations for a military confrontation from the reign of Emperor Wen. The break came in 134 BC, following an abortive trap to ambush the chanyu at Mayi. By that point the empire was consolidated politically, militarily, and financially, and was led by an adventurous pro-war faction at court. In that year, Emperor Wu reversed the decision he had made the year before to renew the peace treaty. Full scale war broke out in autumn 129 BC, when 40,000 Chinese cavalry made a surprise attack on the Xiongnu at th ...

See also:

Xiongnu, Xiongnu - Origins and early history of the Xiongnu, Xiongnu - Confederation under Maodun, Xiongnu - Nature of the Xiongnu state, Xiongnu - The marriage treaty system, Xiongnu - War with Han China, Xiongnu - Leadership struggle among the Xiongnu, Xiongnu - Tributary relations with the Han, Xiongnu - Northern and southern Xiongnu, Xiongnu - The Xiongnu after the Han Dynasty, Xiongnu - Did the Xiongnu become the Huns?, Xiongnu - Footnotes

Read more here: » Xiongnu: Encyclopedia II - Xiongnu - War with Han China