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1709 | A Wisdom Archive on 1709 | | 1709 A selection of articles related to 1709 | |
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1709, 1709, 1709 - Births, 1709 - Deaths, 1709 - Events, 1709 - Ongoing events
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO 1709 | | | |  1709: Encyclopedia II - Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich of Russia - Military CareerIn 1703, Alexei was ordered to follow the army to the field as a private in a bombardier regiment. In 1704, he was present at the capture of Narva. At this period, the preceptors of the tsarevich had the highest opinion of his ability. Alexei had strong leanings towards archaeology and ecclesiology. However, Peter had wished his son and heir to dedicate himself to the service of new Russia, and demanded from him unceasing labour in order to maintain Russia's new wealth and power. Painful relations between father and son, quite apart from the ...
See also:Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich of Russia, Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich of Russia - Childhood, Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich of Russia - Military Career, Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich of Russia - Self-Exile, Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich of Russia - The Return Read more here: » Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich of Russia: Encyclopedia II - Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich of Russia - Military Career |
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| | | | | 1709: Encyclopedia II - Antonio Maria Valsalva - Background Valsalva lived during the baroque period and was the contemporary of great men such as Isaac Newton, the composer Bach, and Molière, who ridiculed the medical profession in his writings.
Valsalva was educated in the humanities, mathematics, and natural sciences. After studies of the liberal arts, he studied medicine and philosophy in Bologna. He was taught by Marcello Malpighi, who is known as the founder of microscopic anatomy. Valsalva graduated from the medical school in 1687. In 1705, he was appointed professor of anatomy at Bolo ...
See also:Antonio Maria Valsalva, Antonio Maria Valsalva - Background, Antonio Maria Valsalva - Research Read more here: » Antonio Maria Valsalva: Encyclopedia II - Antonio Maria Valsalva - Background |
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| | | | | 1709: Encyclopedia II - Blenheim Palace - Design and architecture Vanbrugh planned Blenheim in perspective, that is to be best viewed from a distance. As the site covers some seven acres (28,000 m²) this is also a necessity. Close to, and square on, the facades can appear daunting, or weighed down by too much stone and ornamentation.
The plan of Blenheim Palace is basically that of a large central rectangular block (see plan), containing behind the southern facade the principal state apartments. On the east side are the suites of private apartments of the Duke and Duchess, on the west along ...
See also:Blenheim Palace, Blenheim Palace - The Churchills, Blenheim Palace - The site, Blenheim Palace - Architect, Blenheim Palace - Funding the construction, Blenheim Palace - Design and architecture, Blenheim Palace - Interior, Blenheim Palace - The Park and gardens, Blenheim Palace - Failing fortunes, Blenheim Palace - The 9th Duke of Marlborough, Blenheim Palace - Blenheim today, Blenheim Palace - Blenheim on film, Blenheim Palace - Footnotes Read more here: » Blenheim Palace: Encyclopedia II - Blenheim Palace - Design and architecture |
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| | | | | 1709: Encyclopedia II - Dresden - History
Dresden - Early and pre-war history.
An ancient Slavic settlement known as Drežďany ("alluvial forest dwellers") on the northern bank of the river was joined in 1206 by a German town on the southern bank, the heart of the present day Altstadt (“old town”), while the Slavic part is called Neustadt ("new town"). Founder of the city was Dietrich of Meißen, Margrave of Meißen.
Since 1270, starting with Henry the Illustrious, Dresden became the capital of the margravate. After the death of ...
See also:Dresden, Dresden - About the city, Dresden - History, Dresden - Early and pre-war history, Dresden - World War II, Dresden - Post-war period communist rule, Dresden - Post-reunification, Dresden - Education and science, Dresden - Economy, Dresden - Twin cities Read more here: » Dresden: Encyclopedia II - Dresden - History |
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| | | | | 1709: Encyclopedia II - Caen - Geography Caen is built in an area of high humidity. The Orne flows through Caen, as well as different small rivers known as les Odons, most of them having been buried under the city to improve urban hygiene.
Caen sits 10 km away from the Channel. A canal was built under Napoleon III and runs parallel to the river Orne to link Caen to the sea at all times, notwithstanding tides.
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See also:Caen, Caen - History, Caen - Geography, Caen - Monuments, Caen - Castle, Caen - Abbeys, Caen - Others, Caen - Administration, Caen - Transport, Caen - Miscellaneous, Caen - Education, Caen - Births, Caen - Twinnings Read more here: » Caen: Encyclopedia II - Caen - Geography |
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| | | | | 1709: Encyclopedia II - Bookselling - Selling and publishing For later times it is necessary to make a gradual distinction between booksellers, whose trade consists in selling books, either by retail or wholesale, and publishers, whose business involves the production of the books from the author's manuscripts, and who are the intermediaries between author and bookseller, just as the booksellers (in the restricted sense) are intermediaries between the author and publisher and the public. The convenience of this distinction is not impaired by the fact either that a publisher is also a who ...
See also:Bookselling, Bookselling - History, Bookselling - Greek and Roman Booksellers, Bookselling - Christianity, Bookselling - Modern bookselling, Bookselling - Selling and publishing, Bookselling - Bookselling in America Read more here: » Bookselling: Encyclopedia II - Bookselling - Selling and publishing |
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| | | | | 1709: Encyclopedia II - George Frideric Handel - Biography Handel was born at Halle in Saxony in 1685, coincidentally in the same year that both Johann Sebastian Bach and Domenico Scarlatti were born. He displayed considerable musical talent at an early age, by the age of seven he was a skilful performer on the harpsichord and organ, and at nine he began to compose music. However his father, a barber-surgeon to the court of Saxe-Weissenfels, opposed George Frideric pursuing a musical career, preferring him to study law. Nevertheless, the young Handel was permitted to take lessons in musical composition and keyboard techniques from Friedrich Wilh ...
See also:George Frideric Handel, George Frideric Handel - Biography, George Frideric Handel - Works, George Frideric Handel - List of works, George Frideric Handel - Operas, George Frideric Handel - Odes and Masques, George Frideric Handel - Oratorios, George Frideric Handel - Instrumental music, George Frideric Handel - Media, George Frideric Handel - Handel trivia Read more here: » George Frideric Handel: Encyclopedia II - George Frideric Handel - Biography |
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| | | | | 1709: Encyclopedia II - William IV of the United Kingdom - Early life William was born on 21 August 1765 at Buckingham House, the son of King George III and Queen Charlotte. He had two elder brothers (Prince George, Prince of Wales and Prince Frederick, Duke of York), and was not expected to inherit the Crown. He was baptised in the Great Council Chamber of St James's Palace on 18 September 1765 and his godparents were the Duke of Gloucester, Prince Henry and Princess Augusta Charlotte.
At the age of thirteen, he joined the Royal Navy as a midshipman, and was present at the Battle of Cape St. Vincent in ...
See also:William IV of the United Kingdom, William IV of the United Kingdom - Early life, William IV of the United Kingdom - The Reform Crisis, William IV of the United Kingdom - Later years, William IV of the United Kingdom - Legacy, William IV of the United Kingdom - Style and arms, William IV of the United Kingdom - Legitimate Issue Read more here: » William IV of the United Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - William IV of the United Kingdom - Early life |
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| | | | | | 1709: Encyclopedia II - Zulu - History
Zulu - Origins.
The Zulu were a minor clan in what is today Northern KwaZulu-Natal, founded ca. 1709 by Zulu kaNtombhela. At that time, the area was occupied by many small Nguni tribes and clans.
Zulu - Kingdom.
Main article: Shaka
Shaka Zulu was the illegitimate son of Senzangakona, chief of the Zulus. He was born ca 1787. He and his mother, Nandi, were exiled by Senzangakona, and found refuge with the Mthethwa. Shaka fought as a warrior under Dingis ...
See also:Zulu, Zulu - History, Zulu - Origins, Zulu - Kingdom, Zulu - Interaction with the Voortrekkers, Zulu - Anglo-Zulu War, Zulu - Apartheid Years, Zulu - Rural vs urban Zulu people, Zulu - Rural Zulu people, Zulu - Urban Zulu people, Zulu - Zulu music, Zulu - Language Read more here: » Zulu: Encyclopedia II - Zulu - History |
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| | | | | | 1709: Encyclopedia II - Giovanni Battista Gaulli - Works The earliest influences of Gaulli were those in his native Genoa, works by Peter Paul Rubens, Anthony van Dyck, Valerio Castello, Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione, and the warm palette of Bernardo Strozzi.
In the 1660s, he experimented with the cooler palette and linear style of Bolognese classicism, moving away from the warm, dark palette of his Genoa.
From 1669, after viewing the work of Correggio in Parma, Gaulli's work takes on a notably more gentle and illusionary approach.
Giovanni Battista Gaulli - The worship of the Holy Name of Jesus.
The work in ...
See also:Giovanni Battista Gaulli, Giovanni Battista Gaulli - Life history, Giovanni Battista Gaulli - Works, Giovanni Battista Gaulli - The worship of the Holy Name of Jesus, Giovanni Battista Gaulli - Later work and link to the Rococo, Giovanni Battista Gaulli - List of Works Read more here: » Giovanni Battista Gaulli: Encyclopedia II - Giovanni Battista Gaulli - Works |
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| | | | | | | | | 1709: Encyclopedia II - War of the Spanish Succession - Origins As King Charles II of Spain had been both mentally and physically infirm from a very young age, it was clear that he could not produce an heir. Thus, the issue of the inheritance of the Spanish kingdoms—which included not only Spain, but also dominions in Italy, the Low Countries, and the Americas—became quite contentious. Two dynasties claimed the Spanish throne: the French Bourbons and the Austrian Habsburgs; both royal ...
See also:War of the Spanish Succession, War of the Spanish Succession - Origins, War of the Spanish Succession - Beginning of the war, War of the Spanish Succession - Early fighting, War of the Spanish Succession - Blenheim to Malplaquet, War of the Spanish Succession - Final stages, War of the Spanish Succession - Result Read more here: » War of the Spanish Succession: Encyclopedia II - War of the Spanish Succession - Origins |
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| | | | | 1709: Encyclopedia II - Elizabeth of Russia - Life before becoming Empress Elizabeth, the youngest daughter of Peter the Great and Martha Skavronskaya, was born at Kolomenskoye, near Moscow, on 18 December 1709 (O.S.). As her parents were not married at that time, her illegitimacy would be used by political opponents to challenge her right to the throne.
Even as a child her parts were good, if not brilliant, but unfortunately her education was both imperfect and desultory. Her father had no leisure to devote to her training, and her mother was too illiterate to superintend her studies. She had a French gover ...
See also:Elizabeth of Russia, Elizabeth of Russia - Life before becoming Empress, Elizabeth of Russia - Palace Revolution of 1741, Elizabeth of Russia - Bestuzhev's policies, Elizabeth of Russia - Seven Years' War Read more here: » Elizabeth of Russia: Encyclopedia II - Elizabeth of Russia - Life before becoming Empress |
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| | | | | | 1709: Encyclopedia II - List of counts and dukes of Guise - Counts of Guise House of Lorraine In 1520, the Parlement of Paris conferred Guise upon Claude of Lorraine, second son of René II of Lorraine (the grandson of René I of Naples) and heir to his French possessions.
Claude of Lorraine (1520–1528)
He was created Duke of Guise in 1528.
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See also:List of counts and dukes of Guise, List of counts and dukes of Guise - Counts of Guise House of Anjou, List of counts and dukes of Guise - Counts of Guise House of Luxembourg, List of counts and dukes of Guise - Counts of Guise House of Anjou, List of counts and dukes of Guise - Counts of Guise House of Armagnac, List of counts and dukes of Guise - Counts of Guise House of Lorraine, List of counts and dukes of Guise - Dukes of Guise 1528, List of counts and dukes of Guise - Dukes of Guise 1704, List of counts and dukes of Guise - Dukes of Guise of the House of Orléans Read more here: » List of counts and dukes of Guise: Encyclopedia II - List of counts and dukes of Guise - Counts of Guise House of Lorraine |
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| | | | | 1709: Encyclopedia II - Elizabeth of Bohemia - Biography At the time of Elizabeth's birth, her father was still only king of Scotland; a few years later, he succeeded Elizabeth I as ruler of England, Ireland and Wales also, making his daughter an even more attractive bride. Young Elizabeth received her first name as namesake of the old queen.
Part of the intent of the Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was to put the nine year old Elizabeth onto the throne of England (and, presumably, Scotland) as a Catholic monarch, after assassinating her father and the Protestant English aristocracy. At the time of the plot she was staying at Coombe Abbey in Warwickshire, ...
See also:Elizabeth of Bohemia, Elizabeth of Bohemia - Biography, Elizabeth of Bohemia - Children, Elizabeth of Bohemia - The Winter Queen in books Read more here: » Elizabeth of Bohemia: Encyclopedia II - Elizabeth of Bohemia - Biography |
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| | | | | 1709: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Higashiyama - Life In 1687, he acceded to the throne after the abdication of Emperor Reigen. On the 16th day of the 11th month of that year, he revived the Daijōsai (大嘗祭), the first ceremonial offering of rice by a newly enthroned Emperor.
Initially, Emperor Reigen continued to rule in Higashiyama's name, which caused much friction with the Bakufu. However, Higashiyama's gentle character helped to improve relations with the Bakufu, and imperial property was increased, and repairs were carried out on Imperial mausoleums.
In 1701, when the Akō Incident took place, due to the bloodshed by Matsuno Ōroku, Emperor Higashiyama ...
See also:Emperor Higashiyama, Emperor Higashiyama - Genealogy, Emperor Higashiyama - Life, Emperor Higashiyama - Eras of his reign Read more here: » Emperor Higashiyama: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Higashiyama - Life |
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