Jean-Antoine Watteau (October 10, 1684 - July 18, 1721) was a French Rococo painter. He was born in the Flemish city of Valenciennes, which had just been annexed by the French king Louis XIV. His father was a master tiler. Showing an early interest in painting, he was apprenticed to Jacques-Albert Gérin, a local painter. Having little to learn from Gérin, Watteau left for Paris in about 1702. There he found employment in a workshop at Pont Notre-Dame, making copies of popul ...

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Andreas Sigismund Marggraf (1709 – 1782) was a German chemist and pioneer of analytical chemistry. He discovered the formic and phosphoric acids, and in 1746 he isolated zinc by heating calamine and carbon. In 1747 he announced his discovery of sugar in the beet, from which his student Franz Achard later extracted it in its pure form. Other related archives1709, 1746, 1747, 1782, Franz Achard, analytical chemistry, beet, calamine, carbon, chemist, formic, phosphoric, sugar, zinc

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Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, with carbon being the primary alloying material. Carbon acts as a hardening agent, preventing iron atoms, which are naturally arranged in a lattice, from sliding past one another. Varying the amount of carbon and its distribution in the alloy controls qualities such as the hardness, elasticity, ductility, and tensile strength of the resulting steel. Steel with increased carbon content can be made harder and stronger than iron, but is also more brittle. One classical definition is t ...

Including:

• Steel - Iron and steel
• Steel - History of iron and steelmaking
• Steel - The Iron Age
• Steel - Developments in China
• Steel - India
• Steel - Middle East
• Steel - Ironworking in medieval Europe
• Steel - Ironworking in early modern Europe
• Steel - Industrial steelmaking
• Steel - Types of steel
• Steel - Production methods

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Alicante (Castillian Spanish) or Alacant (Valencian Catalan) is the capital of the province of Alicante and of the comarca of the Alacantí, in the southern part of the Land of Valencia, Spain, a historic Mediterranean port. The population of the city of Alicante proper was 319,380, estimated as of 2005, of the entire urban area, 427,217. Population of the metropolitan area (including satellite towns) was 711,215 as of 2005 estimates, ranking as ...

Including:

• Alicante - Population
• Alicante - History
• Alicante - Famous citizens

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April 22 is the 112th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (113th in leap years). There are 253 days remaining. April 22 - Events. 1500 - Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil. 1509 - Henry VIII ascends the throne of England after the death of his father. 1529 - Treaty of Saragossa divides the eastern hemisphere between Spain and Portugal along a line 297.5 leagues or 17° east of the Moluccas. < ...

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• April 22 - Events
• April 22 - Births
• April 22 - Deaths
• April 22 - Holidays and observances

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Blenheim Palace is a large and monumental country house situated in Woodstock, Oxfordshire, England. It is the only non episcopal country house, in England, to hold the title "palace". The Palace, one of England's greatest houses in every sense of the word, was built between 1705 and circa 1722. Its construction was originally intended to be a gift to the 1st Duke of Marlborough from a grateful nation in return for military triumph against the French. However, it soon became the subject of political infighting which led to Marlborough ...

Including:

• Blenheim Palace - The Churchills
• Blenheim Palace - The site
• Blenheim Palace - Architect
• Blenheim Palace - Funding the construction
• Blenheim Palace - Design and architecture
• Blenheim Palace - Interior
• Blenheim Palace - The Park and gardens
• Blenheim Palace - Failing fortunes
• Blenheim Palace - The 9th Duke of Marlborough
• Blenheim Palace - Blenheim today
• Blenheim Palace - Blenheim on film
• Blenheim Palace - Footnotes

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William IV (William Henry) (21 August 1765 – 20 June 1837) was King of the United Kingdom and of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until his death. William, the son of King George III and younger brother and successor of King George IV, was the penultimate monarch of the House of Hanover. During his youth, he served in the Royal Navy; he was afterwards nicknamed the Sailor King. His reign was one of several reforms: the poor law updated, municipal government democratised, child labour restricted and slavery abolished throughout the British ...

Including:

• William IV of the United Kingdom - Early life
• William IV of the United Kingdom - The Reform Crisis
• William IV of the United Kingdom - Later years
• William IV of the United Kingdom - Legacy
• William IV of the United Kingdom - Style and arms
• William IV of the United Kingdom - Legitimate Issue

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There have been several people known as William Bentinck, including: Lord William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck (1774-1839), Governor General of India from 1827-1835. Hans Willem Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland (1649-1709) William Bentinck, 2nd Duke of Portland (1709-1762) William Bentinck, 4th Duke of Portland (1768-1854) William Bentinck (1704-1774), a fellow of the Royal Society William Bentinck (1764-1813), a fellow of the Royal Society

Austenite (γ-iron; hard) Bainite Martensite Cementite (iron carbide; Fe3C) Ferrite (α-iron; soft) Pearlite (88% ferrite, 12% cementite) Carbon steel (up to 2.1% carbon) Stainless steel (alloy with chromium) Tool steel (very hard; heat-treated) Cast iron (>2.1% carbon) Wrought iron (almost no carbon) Wrought iron is a very pure form of commercial iron, having a very small carbon content. It is tough, malleable, ductil ...

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The city of Chihuahua is the state capital of the Mexican state of Chihuahua. It has a population of about 721,000. The predominant activity is light industry, in the form of maquiladoras. Chihuahua Chihuahua - History. The name derives from the Nahuatl Xicuahua, meaning "dry, sandy place". The name itself is older than the Spanish conquest of Mexico, however. The city was founded on October 12, 1709 by Antonio Deza y Ulloa, a Spanish explorer. The location was chosen because it is the ...

Including:

• Chihuahua Chihuahua - History
• Chihuahua Chihuahua - Transportation
• Chihuahua Chihuahua - Contemporary life in Chihuahua

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The state of Chihuahua is the largest of the 31 states of Mexico and is located in the northwestern part of the country. It has a mainland area of 244,938 km². It is largely a desert state, although there are areas of significant rainfall and green forests. In fact, Chihuahua has more forests than any other Mexican state. The state is named after its capital city, Chihuahua. The origin of the name is not known for sure, but it is old, predating the Spanish, and is thought to derive from the ...

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• Chihuahua - Municipalities

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Coke is a solid carbonaceous residue derived from low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal. The volatile constituents of the coal (including water, coal-gas and coal-tar) are driven off by baking in an airless oven at temperatures as high as 1,000 degrees Celsius so that the fixed carbon and residual ash are fused together. Coke fuel - Properties & usage. Coke typically has a specific gravity in the range 1.85 - 1.9. It is highly porous, and a mass of coke has 40% greater volume than the equivalent mass of c ...

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• Coke fuel - Properties & usage
• Coke fuel - History
• Coke fuel - Other varieties

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Colley Cibber (June 11, 1671 – November 12, 1757) was an English playwright, actor, and Poet Laureate. His status as the first in a long line of actor-managers established his importance in theater history, and his colorful memoir (Apology for the Life of Colley Cibber) was key in starting the British tradition of rambling autobiographical style. Cibber's works provide valuable documentation of London stage practices for today's historians, and two of his original comedies are particularly useful records of the chan ...

Including:

• Colley Cibber - Life
• Colley Cibber - Cibber's autobiography
• Colley Cibber - Cibber as actor
• Colley Cibber - Cibber as playwright
• Colley Cibber - Love's Last Shift
• Colley Cibber - The Careless Husband
• Colley Cibber - Other plays
• Colley Cibber - Cibber as manager
• Colley Cibber - Cibber as poet
• Colley Cibber - Cibber as dunce
• Colley Cibber - Pamphlet wars
• Colley Cibber - The King of Dunces
• Colley Cibber - Plays
• Colley Cibber - Literary Trivia

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Daniel Defoe (1660 [?] – 1731) was an English writer, journalist and spy, who gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe. Defoe is notable for being one of the earliest practitioners of the novel and help popularize the genre in England. He is also a pioneer of economic journalism. Daniel Defoe - Biography. He was born Daniel Foe, probably in the parish of St. Giles Cripplegate, London. Both the date and the place of his birth are uncertain. His father, James Foe, though a membe ...

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• Daniel Defoe - Biography
• Daniel Defoe - Defoe and the Anglo-Scottish Union of 1707
• Daniel Defoe - Quotations
• Daniel Defoe - Bibliography
• Daniel Defoe - Electronic books

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The culture of Georgia has evolved over the country's long history, providing it with a unique national culture and a strong literary tradition based on the Georgian language and alphabet. This has provided a strong sense of national identity that has helped to preserve Georgian distinctiveness despite repeated periods of foreign occupation and attempted assimilation. Culture of Georgia - Culture of old Georgia. The Georgian alphabet was invented in the 5th century BC and reformed by King Parnavaz I of Iber ...

Including:

• Culture of Georgia - Culture of old Georgia
• Culture of Georgia - Ecclesiastical art
• Culture of Georgia - Ecclesiastical monuments
• Culture of Georgia - Literary and other written works
• Culture of Georgia - Culture of modern Georgia
• Culture of Georgia - Famous Georgian cultural figures XX-XXI centuries:
• Culture of Georgia - Actors
• Culture of Georgia - Ballet dancers
• Culture of Georgia - Composers
• Culture of Georgia - Folk Musicians
• Culture of Georgia - Filmmakers
• Culture of Georgia - Opera singers
• Culture of Georgia - Painters
• Culture of Georgia - Pianists
• Culture of Georgia - Poets
• Culture of Georgia - Sculptors
• Culture of Georgia - Theatre producers
• Culture of Georgia - Writers
• Culture of Georgia - Links

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The War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) was a major European armed conflict that arose in 1701 after the death of the last Spanish Habsburg king, Charles II. Charles had bequeathed all of his possessions to Philip, duc d'Anjou (Philip V), a grandson of the French King Louis XIV. The war began slowly, as the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I fought to protect his own dynasty's claim to the Spanish inheritance. As Louis XIV began to expand his territories more aggressively, however, other European nations (chiefly England and the Rep ...

Including:

• War of the Spanish Succession - Origins
• War of the Spanish Succession - Beginning of the war
• War of the Spanish Succession - Early fighting
• War of the Spanish Succession - Blenheim to Malplaquet
• War of the Spanish Succession - Final stages
• War of the Spanish Succession - Result

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The Copley Medal is a scientific award for work in any field of science, the highest award granted by the Royal Society of London. It is also the society's oldest award, the first medal being awarded in 1731. The award was created after a £100 bequest in 1709 to the Royal Society by Sir Godfrey Copley, a wealthy landowner from Sprotbrough, near Doncaster, South Yorkshire, who was elected to the Society in 1691. It is one of ten medals that the Society awards (some awards are made annually, others at different intervals ...

Including:

• Copley Medal - 1730
• Copley Medal - 1750
• Copley Medal - 1800
• Copley Medal - 1850
• Copley Medal - 1900
• Copley Medal - 1950
• Copley Medal - 2000

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Tsunetomo Yamamoto (12 June 1659 - 1719) was a samurai of the Saga domain in Hizen Province under his lord Mitsushige Nabeshima. For thirty years Yamamoto devoted his life to the service of his lord and clan. When Nabeshima died in 1700, Yamamoto did not commit tsuifuku because Mitsushige Nabeshima has expressed a dislike of the practice in his life, so Yamamoto considered it better to follow his lord's wishes after his death, and to refrain from tsuifuku. After some disagreements with Nabeshima's successor, Yamamoto renounced the wor ...

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• Yamamoto Tsunetomo - Famous quotes
• Yamamoto Tsunetomo - External references

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Charles de Brosses (born Dijon, 1709- d. 1777) was one of the most noteworthy French writers of the 18th century. He was the president of the parliament of Dijon (from 1741) and a member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres of Paris (from 1746), and of the Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres of Dijon (from 1761). He was a close friend of Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon (1707-1788), the naturalist who wrote the Histoire naturelle, and a personal enemy of Voltaire (1694-1778), the fa ...

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• Charles de Brosses - Publications

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2 Population sans doubles comptes, i.e. not counting those people already counted in another commune (such as students and military personal). Caen is a city and a commune of northwestern France. It is the préfecture (administrative capital) of the Calvados département, and the capital of the administrative Basse-Normandie (Lower Normandy) région. Population 115,000, total urban sprawl around 200,000. ...

Including:

• Caen - History
• Caen - Geography
• Caen - Monuments
• Caen - Castle
• Caen - Abbeys
• Caen - Others
• Caen - Administration
• Caen - Transport
• Caen - Miscellaneous
• Caen - Education
• Caen - Births
• Caen - Twinnings

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Bookselling is the trading of books of a very ancient date. The early poets and orators recited their effusions in public to encourage their hearers to possess written copies of their poems or orations. Frequently they were taken down viva voce(Latin for "live voice"), and transcripts sold to such to persons wealthy enough to purchase. Bookselling - History. Bookselling - Greek and Roman Booksellers. In the book of Jeremiah the prophet is represented as dictating to Baruc ...

Including:

• Bookselling - History
• Bookselling - Greek and Roman Booksellers
• Bookselling - Christianity
• Bookselling - Modern bookselling
• Bookselling - Selling and publishing
• Bookselling - Bookselling in America

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