1709 in topic: Arts Architecture - Literature - Music Other topics Canada - Mexico - Science Lists of leaders: Colonial governors - State leaders From Categories: births - deaths 1709 - Events. January 12 - Two-month freezing period begins in France - The coast of the Atlantic and Seine River freeze, crops fail and at least 24.000 Parisians die< ...

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• 1709 - Events
• 1709 - Ongoing events
• 1709 - Births
• 1709 - Deaths

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August II the Strong (Polish: August II Mocny; German: August II der Starke; May 12, 1670 – February 1, 1733) was Elector of Saxony (where he was known as Frederick Augustus I) 1694-1733, and King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1697-1706 and again 1709-1733. He embroiled the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the disastrous Great Northern War. His attempts at internal reforms and at bolstering the royal power came to naught, while his mistakes allowed the Russia ...

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• August II the Strong - Royal titles
• August II the Strong - Biography

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Augustan poetry is the poetry that flourished during the reign of Caesar Augustus as Emperor of Rome, most notably including the works of Virgil, Horace, and Ovid. This poetry was more explicitly political than the poetry that had preceded it, and it was distinguished by a greater degree of satire. In English literature, Augustan poetry is a branch of Augustan literature, and refers to the poetry of the eighteenth-century, specifically the first half of the century. The term comes most originally from a term that George ...

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• Augustan poetry - Overview
• Augustan poetry - Alexander Pope the Scribblerans and poetry as social act
• Augustan poetry - Translation and adaptation as statement
• Augustan poetry - Sentiment and the poetry of the individual

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August 25 is the 237th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (238th in leap years), with 128 days remaining. August 25 - Events. 1537 - The Honourable Artillery Company, the oldest surviving regiment in the British Army, and the second most senior, is formed. 1580 - Battle of Alcantara. Spain defeats Portugal. 1609 - Galileo Galilei demonstrates his first telescope to Venetian lawmakers. 1718 - New Orleans, Louisiana is founded. 1758 - Seven Years ...

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• August 25 - Events
• August 25 - Births
• August 25 - Deaths
• August 25 - Holidays and observances

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August 20 is the 232nd day of the year (233rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 133 days remaining. August 20 - Events. 636 - Battle of Yarmuk: Arab forces led by Khalid bin Walid take control of Syria and Palestine away from the Byzantine Empire, marking the first great wave of Muslim conquests and the rapid advance of Islam outside Arabia. 917 - Battle of Anchialus: Tsar Simeon I of Bulgaria invades Thrace and drives the Byzantines out. ...

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• August 20 - Events
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• August 20 - Deaths
• August 20 - Holidays and observances

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Early history Sukhothai kingdom Ayutthaya kingdom 1768–1932 1932–1973 1973– Regional histories: Srivijaya Haripunchai Lannathai History of Isan The kingdom of Ayutthaya was a Thai kingdom that existed from the 1350 to 1767. King Ramathibodi I (Uthong) founded Ayutthaya (อยุธยา) as the capital of his kingdom in 1350 and absorbed Sukhothai, 640 km to the north, in 1376. Over the next four centuries the kingdom expanded to ...

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• Ayutthaya kingdom - Historical overview
• Ayutthaya kingdom - Thai Kingship
• Ayutthaya kingdom - Social and Political Development
• Ayutthaya kingdom - Economic Development
• Ayutthaya kingdom - Contacts with the West
• Ayutthaya kingdom - The Final Phase
• Ayutthaya kingdom - List of rulers of the Ayutthaya Dynasty

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In his own time, William Shakespeare (1564–1616) was seen as merely one among many talented playwrights and poets, but ever since the late 17th century he has been considered the supreme playwright, and to a lesser extent poet, of the English language. No other dramatist has been performed even remotely as often on the British (and later the world) stage as Shakespeare. The plays have often been drastically adapted in performance; King Lear, for instance, had a happy ending between 1681 and 1838. During the 18th and 19th cent ...

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• Shakespeare's reputation - 17th century
• Shakespeare's reputation - 18th century
• Shakespeare's reputation - Britain
• Shakespeare's reputation - Elsewhere in Europe
• Shakespeare's reputation - 19th century
• Shakespeare's reputation - Shakespeare in performance
• Shakespeare's reputation - Shakespeare in criticism
• Shakespeare's reputation - 20th century
• Shakespeare's reputation - Film
• Shakespeare's reputation - Poetry
• Shakespeare's reputation - Critical quotations

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Bayreuth is a town in northern Bavaria, Germany, on the Red Main river in a valley between the Frankish Alb and the Fichtelgebirge. It is the capital of Upper Franconia. Population: 74.392 (2004). Bayreuth - History. The city is believed to have been founded by the Counts of Andechs on an unknown date in the Middle Ages and was first mentioned in 1194. The city centre still possesses the typical structure of a Bavarian street market: the settlement is grouped around a road widening into a square; the Town H ...

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• Bayreuth - History
• Bayreuth - Richard Wagner and Bayreuth
• Bayreuth - Sights
• Bayreuth - City partnerships:
• Bayreuth - Famous Citizens
• Bayreuth - Economy and traffic

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George Berkeley (British English:/ˈbɑː.kliː/; Irish English: /ˈbɑɹ.kli/) (March 12, 1685 – January 14, 1753), also known as Bishop Berkeley, was an influential Irish philosopher whose primary philosophical achievement is the advancement of what has come to be called subjective idealism, summed up in his dictum, "Esse est percipi" ("To be is to be perceived"). Basically, the theory is that we can only direc ...

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• George Berkeley - Life
• George Berkeley - Contributions to Philosophy
• George Berkeley - The Analyst Controversy

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The Battle of Malplaquet was a battle of the War of the Spanish Succession that took place on September 11, 1709 between France and a British–Austrian alliance (known as the Allies). The Dutch-British army (the Dutch forming the vast majority of the troops) and Austrians were led by the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugène of Savoy, while the French were commanded by Marshal Villars and Marshal Boufflers. Each side had about 90,000 troops, and were encamped within cannon range of each other near the Belgian border. The Aust ...

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The name Basilica of Guadalupe (also Basilica of our Lady of Guadalupe, Basílica de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe in Spanish) may refer to one of the two churches built on top of Tepeyac hill, north of Mexico City. The site is nearby the place where it is said Our Lady of Guadalupe appeared in front of Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin. This site is also known as La Villa de Guadalupe. The new Basilica is the most important religious building in Mexico. It houses the original apron of Juan Diego that shows the ico ...

Including:

• Basilica of Guadalupe - Old basilica
• Basilica of Guadalupe - Modern basilica
• Basilica of Guadalupe - External link

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April 30 is the 120th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (121st in leap years), with 245 days remaining, as the last day in April. April 30 - Events. 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule. 711 - Moorish troops led by Tariq ibn-Ziyad land at Gibraltar to begin their invasion of the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus). 1483 - Orbital calculations suggest that on this day Pluto moved inside Neptune's orbit, m ...

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• April 30 - Events
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• April 30 - Deaths
• April 30 - Holidays and observances

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Balloons are a type of lighter than air aircraft that remain aloft due to their buoyancy. Balloons travel by moving with the wind. They are distinct from airships which are buoyant aircraft which can be propelled through the air in a controlled manner. They are also distinct from aerostats which are balloons that are moored to the ground rather than free flying. Balloon aircraft - Types of balloon aircraft. There are four main types of balloons: hot air balloons obtain their buoyancy by heating ...

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• Balloon aircraft - Types of balloon aircraft
• Balloon aircraft - History
• Balloon aircraft - Balloons as flying machines
• Balloon aircraft - Balloons in the military

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For the two explorers who sailed into the Atlantic in 1291, see Vandino and Ugolino Vivaldi. Antonio Lucio Vivaldi (March 4, 1678, Venice – July 28, 1741, Vienna), nicknamed Il Prete Rosso, meaning "The Red Priest," was an Italian priest and baroque music composer. Antonio Vivaldi - Biography. His father, Giovanni Battista, a barber before becoming a professinal violinist, taught him to play violin at first, then toured Venice playing violin with his father. In 1703 Vivaldi was ...

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• Antonio Vivaldi - Biography
• Antonio Vivaldi - Major works
• Antonio Vivaldi - Published works in his lifetime
• Antonio Vivaldi - Operas
• Antonio Vivaldi - Concertos
• Antonio Vivaldi - Sacred Works
• Antonio Vivaldi - Media
• Antonio Vivaldi - Selected historically informed performance ensembles specialising in Vivaldi
• Antonio Vivaldi - References and further reading

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The Admiralty was formerly the authority in the United Kingdom responsible for the command of the Royal Navy. Originally exercised by a single person, the office of Lord High Admiral was from the 18th century invariably put "in commission", and was exercised by a Board of Admiralty, officially known as The Commissioners for Exercising the Office of Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, &c. (alternatively of England, Great Britain or the United Kingdom of Great B ...

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• Admiralty - History
• Admiralty - The buildings
• Admiralty - Reference

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Admiral of the Fleet is a rank of the British Royal Navy and other navies, the equivalent of Fleet Admiral in the United States Navy. The rank evolved from the ancient sailing days of Royal Navy squadrons. Each squadron was designated a colour, that of Red, White, or Blue. Each coloured squadron was assigned an Admiral, who in turn had command over a Vice-Admiral and a Rear Admiral. The Admiral of the Fleet, therefore, commanded th ...

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• Admiral of the Fleet Royal Navy - Admirals of the Fleet

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1646 - Events. The Westminster Confession of Faith 1646 - Ongoing events. Wars of the Three Kingdoms, including the English Civil War (1642-1649) 1646 - Births. February 4 - Hans Erasmus Aßmann, Freiherr von Abschatz, German statesman and poet (d. 1699) February 17 - Pierre Le Pesant, sieur de Boisguilbert, French economist (d. 1714) February 23 - Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, Japanese shogun (d ...

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• 1646 - Events
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• 1646 - Births
• 1646 - Deaths

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Zulu Warriors, late 19th century (with some Europeans in the background) Gauteng Province: 1.9 million, Mpumalanga Province: 0.8 million, Free State Province: 0.14 million (2001 est. 1) Nguni Basotho Xhosa Swazi Matabele The Zulu are an African ethnic group of about 11 million people who live mainly in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. Their language derives originally from Bantu; more recently from the Nguni subgroup. The Zulu Kingdom played a major role in South African Histor ...

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• Zulu - History
• Zulu - Origins
• Zulu - Kingdom
• Zulu - Interaction with the Voortrekkers
• Zulu - Anglo-Zulu War
• Zulu - Apartheid Years
• Zulu - Rural vs urban Zulu people
• Zulu - Rural Zulu people
• Zulu - Urban Zulu people
• Zulu - Zulu music
• Zulu - Language

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Ahmed III (in Arabic أحمد الثالث) (December 30, 1673 – 1736) was a sultan of the Ottoman Empire and a son of sultan Mehmed IV. He succeeded to the throne in 1703 on the abdication of his brother Mustafa II. Ahmed cultivated good relations with England, in view doubtless of Russia's menacing attitude. He afforded a refuge in Turkey to Charles XII of Sweden after the Swedish defeat at the hands of Peter the Great in the Battle of Poltava in 1709. Forced against his will into war with Russia, he came nearer than ...

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• Ahmed III - Referance

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Aladdin (a corruption of the Arabic name Alauddin/ʿAlāʾu d-Dīn, Arabic: علاء الدين, Chinese: 阿拉丁) is one of the tales with a Syrian origin in the collection 1001 Nights and one of the most famous in Western culture. The story concerns an impoverished young man named Aladdin living in China, who is recruited by a sorcerer to retrieve a wonderful oil lamp from a booby trapped magic cave. After the sorcerer attempts to double-cross him, Aladdin keeps the lamp for himself, and discovers that ...

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• Aladdin - Sources

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